2000-2014年天山山区蒸散发时空动态特征

利用MODIS ET数据集中2000-2014年的地表实际蒸散发量产品,运用变异系数、Theil-Senmedian趋势分析与Mann-Kendall检验和Hurst指数法,探讨了中国天山山区蒸散发的空间格局、空间异质性和时间变化特征及未来趋势预测.研究表明:(1) 2000-2014年天山山区蒸散发量总体较高,蒸散发量大于400mm的区域占总面积的49.172％.受降水量控制,ET在空间上有西部大东部小、北部大南部小的特点;受土地覆盖的影响,ET的高值区(＞400 mm)主要为山区的林地和草地,而低值区(＜200 mm)主要为稀疏植被区,不同土地覆盖的ET大小为:农用地＞林地＞草地＞稀疏植被.(2)近15a全区蒸散发变异程度不明显,以相对较低的波动变化为主,面积比例为45.140％,其中高波动变化的区域是受土地覆盖演变的影响.(3) 15 a间全区年均蒸散发量大致分布在305～387mm,呈波动变化,总体有减小趋势,变化率为-2.911 6mm/a.基于像元尺度的分析也表明全区ET以减小的变化趋势为主,面积比例为83.022％.天山山区蒸散发量的减小趋势,是区域降水量减少所致.(4)全区ET的Hurst指数均值为0.747,Hurst指数大于0.5的范围所占比例为86.382％.未来全区蒸散发的变化趋势以持续性减小为主,面积比例为69.888％,其中15.589％区域的变化趋势无法确定.     

基于遥感与数量化Ⅱ类的滑坡危险度划分

以日本广岛地区为例,利用高分辨率遥感影像动态监测滑坡体,就滑坡灾害各种自然及环境因素建立其多元回归分析方程.利用数量化理论第Ⅱ类方法对可能发生滑坡灾害区域进行以遥感影像像素为单元的危险度划分.根据发生滑坡可能性的大小可将其划分为高、中、低3个等级,为预测预报提供依据.     

活动断裂与滑坡关系的探讨

<正> 活动断裂与滑坡关系的研究,是近年来滑坡科学研究的重要内容之一。在滑坡发育过程中,构造条件特别是活动断裂,是影响滑坡稳定的重要因子,它们对滑坡的区域分布具有明显的控制作用。不同性质的活动断裂对滑坡发育及密集程度有不同的影响,开展活动断裂与滑坡关系的研究,对于进行滑坡预测预报和危险度区划,具有一定的现实意义。     

中国单沟泥石流危险度评价模型比较研究

我国自20世纪80年代开始泥石流危险度研究,泥石流危险度研究不断深入;单沟泥石流危险度评价模型从最初的分级评分模式发展到函数赋值;单沟泥石流危险度评价的基本原理和技术方法已初步成型并在实践应用中逐步完善与改进。首先将我国不同时期的单沟泥石流危险度评价研究中出现的模型体分为3种类型：分级评分模型,分级赋值模型和函数赋值模型;结合云南省37条典型泥石流沟的基础数据,对这3种模型的危险度评价结果进行比较分析。结果表明：在评价因子参数个数不同及存在不确定性的情况下,3种模型的危险度评价结果的相似度指数仍大于0.91;并进一步对其原因进行了初步分析。     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素趋势预测

 从荒漠化治理的实践出发,用Hurst指数对内陆河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素进行预测分析,对体现民勤绿洲荒漠化主要影响因子的农村人口、耕地面积、农村用电量、机井眼数和沙尘暴时间5个指标进行预测。结果表明:未来10年内,农村人口Hurst指数为0.381,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年耕地面积Hurst指数为0.578 3,与1989—2003年时的上升趋势一致,但持续性不强;农村用电量Hurst指数为0.3324,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年机井眼数Hurst指数为0.2618,与1989—2003年的上升趋势具有较强的长期相关性,但为相反趋势;年沙尘暴时间Hurst指数为0.4043,呈与1953—1998年的下降趋势相反的弱持续相关性。通过预测认为:应该加强对耕地面积的宏观调控,抑制土地利用所引起荒漠化的发展,控制开荒,提高现有耕地的利用效率;同时要继续宏观调控农村人口、农村用电量、机井数量变化向良性方向发展。     

一种区域种植业发展水平的度量方法及其应用——以重庆市万盛区石林镇为例

随着经济的快速发展,工业化、城镇化的快速推进,农业问题日益突出,能否对区域种植业发展水平进行全面和客观的定量评价尤为重要.文章提出了区域种植业发展指数的概念并基于农产品产量波动系数、最小人均耕地面积、耕地压力指数构建了区域种植业发展水平的度量模型,并以重庆市万盛区石林镇为例,进行动态研究及预测,结果表明:石林镇种植业发展指数呈下降趋势,在未来5 a内还有恶化的趋势.针对动态分析及预测结果,提出了相应的调控措施.     

基于土壤湿度与植被覆盖变化的黄土高原生态恢复项目适宜性评价

基于2001—2014年的MODIS数据和Landsat数据,利用温度植被干旱指数对黄土高原土壤湿度进行了反演,并应用Theil-Sen趋势和Hurst指数,通过分析土壤湿度与植被覆盖的时空变化特征及其相互关系,得到了未来不同土壤湿度情境下植被覆盖的变化特征,经过筛选和分析划分出了黄土高原生态恢复项目适宜性区域。结果表明:(1)黄土高原TVDI的Hurst指数均值为0.49,其中持续性和反持续性面积分别占42.54%,57.46%。根据TVDI未来变化特征来看,未来土壤湿度减小的区域面积占54.08%且遍布整个研究区。(2) NDVI的Hurst均值为0.52,其中持续性面积占55.01%,表明黄土高原植被覆盖持续性强于反持续性。根据NDVI未来变化特征,植被覆盖持续改善面积达46.95%,退化转为改善占6.08%,呈良好趋势。(3)生态恢复项目弱适宜区面积最大,占总面积的59.90%,其次为不适宜区,面积占25.39%;适宜区面积仅占黄土高原的13.41%,较适宜区面积仅为1.30%。(4)未来的植被恢复工程主要针对坡度较大的耕地实施退耕还林,还需要考虑对土壤水分适宜的地区进行了退草还林,而且坡度较小的较适宜区应在粮食安全的基础上进行了退耕还林和退草还林。     

应用重标度极差分析法（R/S）分析无定河流域水沙变化

河流水沙变化是降水、蒸发及下垫面条件改变的客观反映,揭示流域水沙演变规律及成因,可为水资源合理利用提供决策依据。应用R/S分析法对时变指数Hurst的计算及其检验,分析无定河流域赵石窑站和白家川站径流与输沙量时间序列的长程相关性。结果表明：两站的径流时间序列的Hurst指数分别为0.56、0.61,均大于0.5,呈现长程正相关;而两站的输沙量时间序列的变化存在差异,赵石窑站的输沙量时间序列有2个突变点,分别发生在1966和1979年,3个标度分布范围的Hurst指数分别为0.97、0.71和0.90,均明     

基于土地利用变化的河北省坝上地区景观生态风险评价

[目的]对河北省坝上地区近40 a来的土地利用动态变化和生态风险进行分析评价并对未来趋势作出预测,为该地区生态建设和治理、可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于坝上地区1980—2018年5期土地利用数据以及通过土地转移矩阵、空间相关性分析等方法揭示和预测该区1980—2026年的土地利用变化特征并评估该区生态风险水平。[结果](1)整个研究期间,坝上地区土地利用类型以耕地为主,所占比例近50%,其中,1980—2018年,耕地、林地扩张面积均超过300 km~2,草地减少近616.60 km~2,水域面积缩减36.04%,其中耕地、林地、草地之间的互相流转程度较为剧烈,空间变化上表现为各地类的重心在2000—2010年明显迁移。(2)1980—2026年,坝上地区6个时期内生态风险值全局空间自相关Moran’s I指数均在0.500左右,其空间分布表现出较高的趋同集聚性。(3)近40 a来,坝上生态风险水平升至为高风险级,其区域增加了123.22 km~2,较高风险区域分布在城镇地区,据CA-Markov模型预测,未来坝上地区中等及中等以上风险区域持续扩张,丰宁县和围场县将分别出现小规模高风险区和较高风险区。[结论](1)近40 a来坝上地区草地退化严重,水域面积显著减少,原因系安固里淖干涸所致。(2)该区生态风险水平与土地格局分布具有较强相关性,且在未来会继续升高。     

黄土滑坡稳定性评价的集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法

[目的] 为提升区域滑坡稳定性评价模型的预测精度,解决传统滑坡稳定性分析基于静态的物理模型过度简化滑坡发生机理与力学机制,导致过度预测的缺点,以及模型参数通常具有的时空变异性、不确定性的问题。[方法] 基于集合卡尔曼滤波的数据同化方法,以甘肃省兰州市北环路周边区域为例,构建了基于TRIGRS模型和SBAS-InSAR观测数据的区域滑坡数据同化方案,对模型中的安全系数(F_s)进行同化,更新模型参数内摩擦角,进而修正滑坡稳定性,并利用均方根偏差(RMSD)检验同化值的精度。[结果] 同化后研究区域滑坡安全系数明显高于模型预测的结果,不稳定区域的面积比例由12 %降低至7 %,与实际观测更为接近;试验使内摩擦角参数逐渐向观测值方向改正,实现了模型参数的动态更新;均方根偏差从0.33减小到0.04左右。[结论] 基于集合卡尔曼滤波的数据同化方法有效修正了模型稳定性预测结果,可以更准确体现当前区域滑坡实际情况,具有更高的预测精度。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.