果蔬采后处理与贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

该文论述了国内外果实品质的无损伤检测技术，果实分级的机械化与自动化技术；介绍了果蔬贮藏库的现代设备；综述了国内外有关果蔬贮藏保鲜的新技术及研究进展，包括：天然果蔬保鲜剂的应用、利用调压技术贮藏、臭氧及负氧离子保鲜、利用生物技术保鲜、静电场处理贮藏、低剂量辐射处理保鲜，以及细胞水结构化气调保鲜等国内外近几年发展起来的现代果蔬贮藏保鲜技术。最后提出了中国果蔬贮藏保鲜产业持续、稳定、健康的发展要倚重于科技创新。     

不同保鲜运输方式对荔枝果实品质的影响

为掌握不同保鲜运输方式对荔枝果实品质的影响,该文以"妃子笑"荔枝果实为试验材料,采用果蔬保鲜运输试验平台对泡沫箱加冰、冷藏和气调3种运输方式进行了试验,分析不同运输方式对荔枝果实主要品质指标的影响。结果表明:荔枝果实运输时间在1 d内,泡沫箱加冰、冷藏和气调3种保鲜运输方式的荔枝果实品质无显著性差异(p0.05);随着运输时间的延长,冷藏和气调2种保鲜运输方式可有效延缓荔枝果实品质的下降;运输4 d后,与泡沫箱加冰和冷藏运输方式相比,气调运输方式可以显著(p0.05)抑制荔枝果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、果皮相对电导率、货架期品质等指标的下降;就保持荔枝运输中果实品质而言,1 d内的荔枝运输可以选择以上3种保鲜运输方式中的任何1种,2~4 d的荔枝运输可以选择冷藏运输或气调运输,4 d以上的荔枝运输选择气调运输方式为宜。该研究结果可为荔枝果实保鲜运输方式选择提供参考。     

冰温或冷藏对牦牛肉贮藏品质及水分迁移的影响

为了从分子水平探索牦牛冷鲜肉贮藏品质特性,在冰温(-2℃)和冷藏(0℃)条件下贮藏过程中,研究牦牛肉感官品质、丙二醛含量、菌落总数和色泽的变化,利用低场核磁共振技术(low-field nuclear mag-netic resonance,LF-NMR)研究牦牛肉在贮藏过程其水分迁移规律,采用傅立叶红外光谱技术(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)研究牦牛肉在贮藏过程其蛋白质结构变化。结果表明:牦牛肉在冰温贮藏条件下贮藏24 d仅降为"二级鲜肉",菌落总数为5.12 lg(CFU/g),而冷藏条件下贮藏至18 d已为"二级鲜肉",菌落总数为5.25 lg(CFU/g)至24 d已腐败变质,菌落总数为6.28 lg(CFU/g)。牦牛肉样在贮藏过程色泽红度值先上升后下降,与冰温贮藏相比,冷藏条件下降速度更显著(P0.05)。牦牛肉丙二醛含量随贮藏时间延长逐渐增加,冷藏条件与冰温贮藏条件比较,丙二醛增加更快。上述数据表明冰温对牦牛肉的贮藏保鲜效果更好。同时,在上述两种贮藏条件下,牦牛肉中结合水含量变化趋势相同,两种贮藏条件下结合水含量差异不显著(P0.05),不易流动水含量在冰温条件下比冷藏条件下波动小,自由水含量在冷藏条件下比冰温条件下波动小。不同贮藏条件下牦牛肉弛豫时间对应的结合水和自由水迁移明显,且冰温条件变化幅度低于冷藏条件,说明冰温条件更利于维持水分子与其他生物大分子相互作用,间接说明冰温保鲜效果更佳。对于贮藏过程蛋白质二级结构变化,冰温条件下贮藏18 d后无规则卷曲相对平均含量,比冷藏条件下无规则卷曲相对平均含量低,且差异显著(P0.05)。综合分析表明,与冷藏条件相比,冰温条件下牦牛肉结合水、蛋白质分子结构更加稳定,对维持肉生理、生化品质更为有利,因而冰温贮藏比冷藏效果更好。研究为冷鲜肉贮藏保鲜的基础研究提供新的方法参考。     

冷板冷藏汽车箱体内温度场的数值模拟及试验

冷板冷藏汽车内空气的温度分布对其储运能力有很大影响,均匀的温度场使得货物在运输过程中品质得到有效保证。该文采用数值模拟方法,计算空载车箱内部温度场,并分析不同堆码方式对货物区温度场及流场的影响。通过对不同情况下冷板冷藏汽车箱体内的温度场特性进行数值模拟研究,得出了车箱内温度分布规律及其影响因素,可为其结构的优化改造及运输货物堆放方式合理性的验证提供理论依据。模拟研究发现车箱顶部温度相对较高,在该模型中货物区最高温差达到18℃左右,不利于货物贮运,建议顶部安装适量冷板并寻找合适的送风方式加强冷空气与货物的对流换热,以改善冷板冷藏汽车冷却速度慢的缺点。验证试验实测温度与模拟温度的偏差在1.7℃左右,两者偏差不大,说明所建立的模型适用于冷板冷藏车箱体内温度场的模拟。     

装设均匀送风管道对冷藏库气流流场特性的改善

果蔬冷藏环境对库内温湿度及速度场的均匀性有较高要求,采用冷风机加均匀送风管道的形式可以更好地满足果蔬贮藏的条件。该文针对某200 t苹果冷藏库,研究了库内装设与不装设均匀送风管道时库内的温度场、速度场及相对湿度场的分布情况。文中建立了冷风机(加均匀送风管道)-货物-库内空气环境的气体流动、传热与传质的三维耦合数学求解模型。在冷风机送风速度为5.24 m/s,送风温度为271.15 K,送风相对湿度为90%的条件下,数值模拟研究了冷藏库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场,并通过计算不均匀系数及空气分布特性指标(air diffusion performance index,ADPI)对流场特性进行了评价。结果显示,当库内装设均匀送风管道时货物区速度不均匀系数比不设送风管道时降低22.65%,温度不均匀系数降低20%,相对湿度不均匀系数降低22.73%,空气分布特性指标增大11.13%。因此,装设均匀送风管道时库内速度场、温度场及相对湿度场均更加均匀。     

保鲜运输车温度场分布特性试验研究

为解决果蔬保鲜运输车厢体内温差过大的问题,搭建了基于压差原理的保鲜运输温度场试验平台。通过改变回风道风速、回风道长度、开孔隔板开孔率、堆栈方式、气流导轨等影响气流形式的因素,研究了这些因素对保鲜运输车厢温度场分布的影响。结果表明:回风道风速越大,回风道越长,保鲜厢内的温度场均匀性越好;堆栈方式为中间两侧留空时,厢体内温度场均匀性优于仅中间留空、两侧留空和满载等3种堆栈方式;开孔隔板开孔率对保鲜室中横截面温度场均匀性的影响较大;有气流导轨时的温度场均匀性优于无气流导轨时。当回风道长度为1.5m,回风道风速为8m/s,开孔率为16.11%,堆栈方式为中间两侧留空,有气流导轨时,保鲜运输车厢内的温度场均匀性较优,此时保鲜室内中纵截面温度分布的标准差为1.15℃,中横截面温度分布的标准差为2.04℃。研究结果为果蔬保鲜运输车的厢体结构优化提供参考。     

干雾湿度控制系统的组建及果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验

为了实现果蔬贮藏所需环境恒定高湿度的精准自动控制,该文作者以净化水和压缩空气为原料,采用特殊的雾化器、湿度传感器及微电脑控制终端等组件,设计组建了干雾湿度控制系统,可喷发2~10μm的水雾离子均匀扩散到环境空气中,提供90%~98%的精确高湿度。加湿性能及加湿效果测试证明该系统可有效实现果蔬贮藏库内恒定湿度的精准自动控制。果蔬贮藏保鲜应用试验表明,干雾湿度控制系统可有效防止未包装果蔬在贮藏过程中的失水失质量,延长其贮藏保鲜期1倍以上。作为采后果蔬贮运保鲜加湿的技术,干雾湿度控制系统具有低温下高湿度不会凝露滴水,库内呈"干爽"状态,节能环保,节约劳动力等优点,可替代采用聚乙烯薄或袋的保湿保鲜方法。     

果蔬平衡调湿包装设计及试验验证

为了探究果蔬多孔膜包装内水分的传递规律,优化并控制包装内的适宜相对湿度条件,降低果蔬失水及袋内凝水对果蔬采后品质的影响,该文对果蔬冷藏期间的蒸腾及包装内水蒸气向膜外扩散的过程进行了分析,并根据Fick扩散模型对多孔膜平衡调湿包装进行设计计算,确定开孔面积与袋内相对湿度的关系,利用计算结果将开孔面积调节到一定范围,能够使包装内形成一个平衡的、且适合于果蔬保鲜需要的最佳相对湿度条件,既可避免包装袋透湿性过小导致凝水现象,又可防止透湿性过大造成的产品失水严重影响品质的问题,从而更好地保持产品品质。以250 g包装的双孢菇在2℃、80%相对湿度条件下贮藏对平衡调湿包装进行了试验验证,结果表明,适宜的开孔(11个直径2 mm的孔,孔的总面积约34.6 mm2)能够避免凝水的生成,且产品在贮藏10 d后的失重率为4.9%±0.2%,较好地保持产品的贮藏品质,保鲜期可达13 d,试验数据与模型预测值具有较高的吻合度,研究结果为采后果蔬平衡调湿包装的设计及实际应用提供了参考。     

乙二醇蓄冷库性能及其在黄冠梨保鲜上的应用

为解决果蔬贮藏保鲜设施运行成本高的问题,促进产地冷藏设施建设,研制了以乙二醇为载冷剂的蓄冷库,并对该库的性能、贮藏保鲜效果和运行成本进行了分析,探讨该冷库用于果品贮藏保鲜的可能性。研究发现乙二醇蓄冷库的平均温度为0.18~0.32℃,测温点间最大温差为0.8℃,好于对照冷藏库。结果说明乙二醇蓄冷库的温度稳定性和均匀性较好,有利于保障果品贮藏品质。乙二醇蓄冷库和对照冷藏库用于贮藏黄冠梨,贮藏效果差异不大。一个贮藏周期一间容量30t的乙二醇蓄冷库,用电量略高于对照冷藏库;但因实行峰谷电价,运行电费仅是对照冷库的75%。总体来说,与对照冷藏库相比,研制的乙二醇蓄冷库性能优良,保鲜效果理想,运行成本更低,是实施峰谷电价地区适宜的果品贮藏保鲜设施。     

保鲜运输车果蔬堆码方式对温度场影响的数值模拟

温度场是保障果蔬运输品质的重要因素之一。为了解温度场的分布规律,该文以基于差压原理的运输厢体为研究对象,采用香蕉为试验物料,建立厢体的1/4等比例三维紊流数值计算模型,结合有孔模型,采用SIMPLE算法和壁面函数法,对厢体中间两侧留空、两侧留空和满载等3种果蔬堆码方式的模型进行温度场的数值计算,得出了厢体内纵截面和横截面的温度以及货物表面的温度分布图。经对比分析发现,合理的货物堆码方式可以改善厢体内温度场的分布;中间两侧留空方式较两侧留空方式和满载方式相比较,冷空气与货物的热交换好,厢体温度场较均匀。经过试验验证,模拟值与测试值平均温度偏差均不超过1.5℃,试验结果与模拟结果吻合较好。该研究揭示了果蔬保鲜车厢体内部温度场分布的一般规律,对保鲜运输车的货物堆码方式以及结构优化设计等研究有一定的参考价值。     

Postharvest-applied agrochemicals and their residues in fresh fruits and vegetables.

Many agrochemicals are applied postharvest on fruits and vegetables to extend their lives and preserve quality during storage, transport, and marketing. Persistence and distribution of residues on the edible portions of produce have been reported for citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, mangos, strawberries, bananas, kiwi fruits, avocados, some minor fruit commodities, and bell peppers and tomatoes. Data on the persistance and residues of the fungicides benomyl, biphenyl, sec-butylamine, captan, carbendazim, dicloran, fosetyl-aluminum, guazatine, imazalli, iprodione, metalaxyl, o-phenylphenol, prochloraz, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimeton, and vinclozolin, the fumigants ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and sulfur dioxide, the insecticides dimethoate and fenthion, the antiscald compounds diphenylamine and ethoxyquin, and the growth regulators 2,4-D and daminozide are presented and discussed.     

Addition of Glucose Oxidase for the Improvement of Refrigerated Dough Quality

Refrigerated dough encompasses a wide range of products and is a popular choice for consumers. Two of the largest problems that occur during refrigerated dough storage are dough syruping and loss of dough strength. The goal of this study was to evaluate glucose oxidase as an additive to refrigerated dough with the purpose of maintaining dough strength and retarding dough syruping. Refrigerated dough was evaluated for the degree of dough syruping (DDS), dough strength, rheological characteristics, baking quality, and protein quality. The addition of glucose oxidase at 10 mg/kg was able to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce dough syruping and maintain the strength of the dough. Addition of glucose oxidase at 5 and 25 mg/kg was not able to reduce the level of dough syruping at a satisfactory level. Degradation of protein was found to occur during storage of refrigerated dough. DDS had a negative correlation (r = –0.60 to –0.94) to the level of polymeric proteins and a positive correlation (r = 0.60 to 0.98) to the low‐molecular‐weight proteins. Overall, glucose oxidase at 10 mg/kg can improve refrigerated dough quality by reducing dough syruping and maintaining dough strength.     

基于酶动力学方程的双孢蘑菇气调贮藏呼吸速率模型

为了给气调贮藏设计提供理论设计依据,采用酶动力学方程,建立了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间变化的理论模型;研究了在贮藏温度为5℃、气体体积分数为20%O_2、80%N2的贮藏条件下,贮藏时间对双孢蘑菇采后呼吸速率的影响,并建立了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间变化的数学模型,模型决定系数R~2为0.9766、0.9331。模型与实测值进行配对T检验差异不显著(P0.05),呼吸速率值的绝对误差小于5 m L/(kg·h),相对误差变化范围为0.06%~24.95%。在已建模型基础上,研究不同贮藏温度(5、10、15、20℃)对已建模型参数的影响,利用Arrhenius方程来描述贮藏温度对果蔬呼吸速率的影响,建立了包含温度和贮藏时间因子的呼吸速率模型,模型决定系数R~2为0.9073、0.9350。验证试验结果表明,模型与实测值进行配对T检验差异不显著(P0.05),呼吸速率值的绝对误差小于17 m L/(kg·h),相对误差变化范围为1.00%~25.25%。该模型可为双孢蘑菇气调贮藏期间呼吸速率的预测及贮藏品质研究提供参考。     

Refrigerated dough syruping in relation to the arabinoxylan population

Refrigerated doughs develop syruping upon prolonged storage. To assess the role of arabinoxylans (AX), in this phenomenon, the evolution of the AX population and syruping in refrigerated doughs during storage were studied. When doughs were kept at 6 degrees C for up to 34 days of storage, dough syruping increased from 0% (fresh dough) to 22% of dough weight, reaching a plateau after 16 days of storage. High-performance size exclusion chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography showed hydrolysis of water-unextractable AX in the refrigerated dough, resulting in increased levels of solubilized AX in the first 2 days of storage. Longer storage resulted in further degradation of solubilized and water-extractable AX. Increased syruping was accompanied by a decrease in farinograph dough consistency. The results support the hypothesis that loss of water-holding capacity due to degradation of AX by endogenous xylanases is responsible for dough syruping.     

十水硫酸钠相变蓄冷保温箱保冷特性的试验研究

针对果蔬保鲜冷链物流中2~8℃的运输温区要求,为了保证运输中果蔬等农产品的品质,研发一种经济性较高,相变温度为6.4℃,相变潜热为141 J/g的硫酸钠水合盐体系,其成分为(75.5%Na2SO4·10H2O+3%硼砂+1.25%聚丙烯酸钠+16%NH4Cl+4%KCl+0.25%去离子水).相变材料封装于聚乙烯蓄冷板中,应用于发泡聚丙烯(expanded polypropylene)保温箱和真空绝热板(vacuum insulation panel)保温箱中,组成蓄冷式冷链运输装备.利用产品供应规范(good supply practice GSP)验证设备建立保温箱温度测试系统,得到箱内各点的升温曲线,通过平均保冷时间来评价保温箱的保冷效果,对比了保温箱载货与空载情况下箱内各点的温度变化.综合考虑保温箱内侧面布置、顶层布置等不同的摆放方式,聚丙烯发泡与真空绝热板不同保温箱体材质对保冷性能的影响.研究表明真空绝热板的保温效果优于发泡聚丙烯,可提高保冷时间13.31%;蓄冷剂在侧布形式下的保冷时间较侧布加顶布方式延长4.7%;在真空绝热板保温箱中分析了载货情况下的保冷性能较空载保冷时间减少0.77 h.研究结果为蓄冷保温箱在冷链物流中的进一步设计和优化提供支持,以及蓄冷技术在果蔬冷链物流中的应用提供参考.     

Physicochemical and microbiological qualities of steamed and irradiated ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

The effects of steam and irradiation treatments on the physicochemical properties (moisture content, pH, extractable yield, reducing sugar, soluble pigment, antioxidant activity, piperine, Hunter's color, and sensory attributes) and microbiological quality (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeasts and molds) of ground black pepper stored at refrigerated and room temperatures for 6 months were compared and evaluated. Irradiation resulted in a higher microbial reduction in pepper, with minimal effects on the proximate composition, functional components, color, and sensory attributes of the spice. Steamed peppers appeared darker, and a considerable decrease in the piperine content was observed after treatment and storage. This study illustrates that irradiation is a better decontamination method than steam treatment in eliminating microorganisms without apparently affecting the quality of the powdered spice. Storage at 4 degrees C enhanced the microbial quality and minimized the loss of piperine content in ground black peppers.     

Effect of cold storage and packaging material on the major aroma components of sweet cream butter

The major aroma compounds of commercial sweet cream AA butter quarters were analyzed by GC-olfactometry and GC-MS combined with dynamic headspace analysis (DHA) and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE). In addition, the effect of long-term storage (0, 6, and 12 months) and type of wrapping material (wax parchment paper vs foil) on the aroma components and sensory properties of these butters kept under refrigerated (4 degrees C) and frozen (-20 degrees C) storage was evaluated. The most intense compounds in the aroma of pasteurized AA butter were butanoic acid, delta-octalactone, delta-decalactone, 1-octen-3-one, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, dimethyl trisulfide, and diacetyl. The intensities of lipid oxidation volatiles and methyl ketones increased as a function of storage time. Refrigerated storage caused greater flavor deterioration compared with frozen storage. The intensity and relative abundance of styrene increased as a function of time of storage at refrigeration temperature. Butter kept frozen for 12 months exhibited lower styrene levels and a flavor profile more similar to that of fresh butter compared to butter refrigerated for 12 months. Foil wrapping material performed better than wax parchment paper in preventing styrene migration into butter and in minimizing the formation of lipid oxidation and hydroxyl acid products that contribute to the loss of fresh butter flavor.     

高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹特性的影响

为了解高压脉冲电场（high pulsed electric field,HPEF）预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响,该文应用DMA-Q800热动态力学性能分析仪对几种大众果蔬苹果、梨、萝卜、马铃薯等进行了动态压缩试验研究,获得了不同高压脉冲电场参数、不同振荡频率下果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切等黏弹性参数,并结合果蔬细观组织结构扫描电镜分析了高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响机理。结果表明：果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切随频率的增加而增大,随着电场强度、脉冲宽度、脉冲时间的增大,苹果和马铃薯组织模量下降,白萝卜组织模量增加,梨试样组织模量先增大后减小,果蔬细观组织扫描电镜分析表明高压脉冲电场预处理引起的果蔬细胞结构、膨压及细胞间隙变化是造成果蔬动态黏弹性变化的主要原因,在25～90℃温度范围内,随温度的升高4种果蔬组织的储能模量、损耗模量呈下降趋势,梨和白萝卜的对照组试样先上升后下降。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场预处理果蔬实现低能耗冻干加工工艺参数优化等应用提供理性分析基础。     

Fate of postharvest-applied dichlorvos in stored and processed dates

The fate of dichlorvos (DDVP) on dates after storage and processing of postharvest-treated fruits has been investigated. Residues were determined using GC-ECD after extraction of the fruits. A postharvest application was made to fruits at different stages of maturity: khalal fruits (mature full colored stage), rutab fruits (soft brown stage), and the mature tamer fruits (hard raisin-like stage). The fate of the residues was followed during the storage at refrigerated, room, and summer average temperatures (3, 22, and 43 degrees C). The amount of residues absorbed varied with the level of maturity. The rate of the loss of the residues was found to follow first-order kinetics. First-order rate constants were calculated for the different levels of maturity. The rate of the loss of DDVP increased as the temperature of storage increased. Also, it decreased with increasing maturation of the dates, which was characterized by a decrease in moisture content as well as water activity and an increase in sugar content. The period of storage study was limited by the time of maturation to the next stage. Most common home-cooking methods, including dehydration, jam-making, and syrup-making, resulted in significant decreases in residue levels. Only 0-13% of initial DDVP residues was detected in final products.     

Evolution of antioxidant capacity during storage of selected fruits and vegetables

Interest in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is, to a large extent, due to its content of bioactive nutrients and their importance as dietary antioxidants. Among all of the selected fruits and vegetables, strawberries and black grapes have relatively high antioxidant capacities associated with high contents of total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and flavonols. More interesting, the results of this study indicated that in most fruits and vegetables storage did not affect negatively the antioxidant capacity. Better, in some cases, an increase of the antioxidant capacity was observed in the days following their purchase, accompanied by an increase in phenolic compounds. In general, fruits and vegetables visually spoil before any significant antioxidant capacity loss occurs except in banana and broccoli. When ascorbic acid or flavonoids (aglycons of flavonols and anthocyanins) were concerned, the conclusions were similar. Their content was generally stable during storage.