利用基因型值构建水稻核心种质的方法研究

以992份水稻品种为材料,通过13个性状的测定和评价,进行水稻核心种质的构建方法研究。采用调整无偏预测法（AUP）无偏预测水稻性状的基因型值,用基因型值计算不同遗传材料间的马氏距离,分别用3种聚类方法(最长距离法、不加权类平均以及离差平方和)结合随机取样法、优先取样和变异度取样3种抽样方法构建出9个不同的水稻核心种质。水稻核心种质和原种质资源群体的方差差异百分率、均值差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率的比较结果表明,采用不加权类平均法进行多次聚类、结合变异度取样的方法可以较好地构建出水稻核心种质。基于基因型值构建的水稻核心种质比利用表现型值构建的核心种质更能代表原种质资源群体的遗传多样性。     

樱桃番茄核心种质资源构建策略

为了有效确定樱桃番茄核心资源,促进樱桃番茄种质资源的创新利用,本研究采用混合线性模型对219份樱桃番茄种质的叶片长、叶片宽、第一花序节位、果实纵径、果实横径、果肉厚、单果重7个性状的基因型值进行预测;基于基因型预测值,按照30%的抽样率,采用2种遗传距离（欧氏距离和马氏距离）、8种聚类方法（最短距离法、最长距离法、重心法、中间距离法、类平均法、可变法、可变类平均法和离差平方和法）和3种抽样方法（优先抽样法、随机抽样法和偏离度抽样法）构建樱桃番茄核心种质资源,采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数评价不同方法构建樱桃番茄核心种质的优劣。欧氏距离和马氏距离法构建的樱桃番茄核心种质7个性状的方差均高于原群体,采用欧氏距离构建的核心种质7个性状的均值与原群体没有显著性差异,采用马氏距离构建的核心种质4个性状的均值与原群体没有显著性差异,3个性状的均值与原群体存在显著性差异,表明欧氏距离法优于马氏距离法。8种聚类方法构建的樱桃番茄核心种质7个性状的方差和变异系数均高于原群体,采用最短距离法构建的樱桃番茄核心种质具有较大的遗传变异,明显优于其他方法。采用3种抽样方法构建的樱桃番茄核心种质7个性状的变异系数和方差均有所提高,偏离度抽样法优于优先抽样和随机抽样法。基于欧氏距离、最短距离聚类和偏离度抽样法获取的65份樱桃番茄核心资源能够代表原群体的遗传多样性。     

亚麻种质资源聚类分析及核心品种抽取方法

对亚麻种质资源进行了聚类分析并探讨了核心品种的抽取方法。以134份亚麻品种为材料，通过14个性状的分析，采用离差平方和法进行聚类，根据树状图，将该亚麻群体分为7个类群，对各类群品种性状进行了分析。根据取样比例，将该群体分为23个组，在各组内，采用随机抽样、按样品间最小遗传距离和最大遗传距离抽样三种方法，构建了3个亚麻核心种质库，并加以比较。结果显示最大遗传距离法构建的核心种质库，能最大限度地保存原群体的遗传多样性。     

苎麻种质资源核心种质构建

选用国家长沙苎麻圃的790份种质资源,在已有的25个性状数据的基础上,采取优先取样+多次聚类变异度取样方法,利用离差平方和法的聚类方法,无序质量性状采用simple matching,有序质量性状和数量性状采用欧氏距离,在20%的抽样水平下,构建了158份苎麻核心种质.构建的核心种质的质量性状多样性指数均值、数量性状方差差异百分率、变异系数变化率均高于原种质,极差符合率100%;质量性状的性状频率分布与原种质有差异的性状为12.5%;原种质的各数量性状间的相关性共适应基因系统基本上在核心种质中得到保留.构建的核心种质可以很好的代表原种质的遗传多样性.     

亚麻种质资源聚类分析及核心品种抽取方法

对亚麻种质资源进行了聚类分析并探讨了核心品种的抽取方法.以134份亚麻品种为材料,通过14个性状的分析,采用离差平方和法进行聚类,根据树状图,将该亚麻群体分为7个类群,对各类群品种性状进行了分析.根据取样比例,将该群体分为23个组,在各组内,采用随机抽样、按样品间最小遗传距离和最大遗传距离抽样三种方法,构建了3个亚麻核心种质库,并加以比较.结果显示最大遗传距离法构建的核心种质库,能最大限度地保存原群体的遗传多样性.     

黄灯笼辣椒种质资源遗传多样性ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对22份国内外黄灯笼辣椒种质的遗传多样性进行了分析,为选配黄灯笼辣椒杂交育种亲本选择提供了参考.根据加拿大哥伦比亚大学公布的100对ISSR引物,从中筛选出17条多态性好、条带稳定的引物,用其对22份黄灯笼辣椒种质进行扩增,共获得154条谱带,其中140条为多态性条带,多态性比率为90.9％,表明ISSR标记对黄灯笼辣椒具有较高的多态性;通过对黄灯笼辣椒ISSR遗传相似系数的统计与分析,品种间的遗传相似系数在0.461～0.870之间,平均为0.778.聚类分析表明,22份材料在遗传相似系数0.52处分为2类,其中L508为种间杂种后代,与其它种质具有较远的亲缘关系,单独为一类;在遗传相似系数0.72处可以分为4类,把不同亲缘关系的种质明显区分开来,表明ISSR分子标记进行黄灯笼辣椒遗传多样性的分析是可行的.黄灯笼辣椒品种间具有较丰富的遗传多样性,并为黄灯笼辣椒品种的选育和种质资源的保护提供了理论依据.     

高产马铃薯种质资源核心样品的初步建立

以国家种质克山马铃薯试管苗保存库保存的1 045份种质资源为研究基础,筛选出150份高产马铃薯种质资源,在28个表型性状聚类的基础上,按随机取样法,并依据遗传多样性指数加以调整。提出在生产上或育种中起过重要作用的品种(系)为必选材料。初步构建了高产马铃薯种质资源核心样品,确定高产马铃薯核心种质占全部种质的14%。     

基于表型性状构建禾初级核心种质

“禾”是适应贵州黔东南山区峡谷森林中遮荫、泥沼、寒冷、积水等特殊自然生境生长的地方水稻品种。以402份禾种质资源为材料,依据禾颖尖颜色差异将原始种质划分为5组,基于26个表型性状,采用逐步聚类法以6种总体取样规模、4种组内取样比例和2种组内取样方法筛选最佳取样策略,构建禾初级核心种质,并对其进行综合评价。结果表明,10%为最适总体取样规模,组内取样比例法以对数比例法最优,聚类取样法是组内最佳取样方法。在最佳取样策略下,共获得47份禾初级核心种质,占比11.69%,表型保留比例为95.77%。核心种质评价结果表明,构建的核心种质作为原始种质的浓缩能够代表禾原始种质的遗传多样性。     

中国茶树初级核心种质取样策略研究

为了快速、准确地从丰富的茶树种质资源中鉴定出育种上迫切需要的优异基因源,需要建立茶树资源的核心种质。利用"茶树种质资源鉴定评价数据库"中数据齐全的1048份资源的基本数据和鉴定评价数据,从总体取样比例、分组方法、组内取样比例和取样方法等方面进行了茶树核心种质构建取样策略研究,为进行茶树核心种质构建提供方法依据。结果表明,以20%的总体取样比例遗传多样性指数最高,能够保留95%以上的表型性状。在此比例下,对3种分组方法、4种组内取样比例、2种组内取样方法与不分组完全随机取样共25种取样方法构建的茶树初级核心种质进行了比较,用表型保留比例、表型方差、表型频率方差、多样性指数、数量性状变异系数5个参数对不同取样方法与原始种质都进行了的比较分析,发现不同检验指标下各种方法的排序结果不同,分组方法与确定组内取样比例的方法之间存在明显的互作效应。综合5种检验参数的排序结果,确定茶区-对数比例-聚类取样为茶树初级核心种质构建的最佳取样策略。     

基于香气物质进行乌龙茶核心种质构建与遗传评估

选择12个代表性的乌龙茶品种(种质)作为供试材料,基于SPME-GC-MS方法获得香气物质表型数据,探索乌龙茶核心种质构建技术流程.当取样比例为25％时,采用多次聚类随机取样法,可以获得'金牡丹'、'铁观音'、'悦茗香'3个核心种质,乙酸苄酯、香叶醇、橙花叔醇、吲哚、芳樟醇及其氧化物等7个核心香气物质.结合SSR标记基因型数据,进行遗传多样性差异分析,核心种质与原生种质2个种群间,在7个表型性状上无显著遗传差异.初步搭建成乌龙茶核心种质构建与遗传评估分析技术流程.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.