海红米司康饼的研制

以低筋面粉为主,辅以海红米粉,研制独具海红米香味、色泽和营养的新型司康饼。以感官评价为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验法研究低筋面粉和海红米粉的混合比例、黄油和淡奶油的用量、烘烤温度和时间对司康饼感官品质的影响,最终确定产品最佳配方。结果表明,经过优化后的海红米司康饼的最佳配方为低筋面粉75 g,海红米粉25 g,黄油29 g,淡奶油40 g,糖粉25 g,鸡蛋20 g,泡打粉2.5g,食盐1.6 g;烘烤条件为烘烤温度170℃,烘烤时间34 min。     

燕麦蔬菜膳食纤维饼干的研制

以燕麦、西红柿、芹菜和西兰花为主要原料,采用单因素试验和响应面优化试验研究燕麦蔬菜膳食纤维饼干制备工艺,结果表明以饼干中低筋面粉100 g计,燕麦粉用量为60 g,蔬菜汁用量为20 g,烘烤温度为面火190℃,底火200℃,烘烤时间为12 min为最佳工艺。     

隔水焙烤对黑色辅食饼干品质的影响

以低筋面粉、黑米粉、木耳粉、奶粉、白砂糖、黄油、鸡蛋为主要原料,无化学添加剂,采用隔水焙烤工艺,研究上下火温度和焙烤时间等因素对黑色辅食饼干质构、口感、风味等品质的影响。经过混合搅拌、和面,揉面、烘焙等工艺而制成的黑色辅食饼干制品,通过单因素试验和正交试验进行研究。温度过低、焙烤时间过短,产品未熟;温度过高、焙烤时间过长,产品焦煳严重,感官品质难以接受。为了黑色辅食饼干的安全和品质,得出该饼干制品最佳工艺条件为上火温度170℃,下火温度140℃,焙烤时间15 min。     

绿豆酥性饼干的制作工艺

以绿豆和低筋面粉为主要原料制作绿豆酥性饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评价和质构分析的综合评分为指标,确定了绿豆酥性饼干的最佳工艺配方为绿豆粉35 g,白砂糖30 g,黄油35 g。通过正交设计试验确定了制作绿豆酥性饼干的最佳烘烤条件为面火温度190℃,底火温度180℃,烘烤时间10 min,并且通过SAS软件分析,感官评分和质构数据中饼干硬度呈负相关且相关性显著。     

小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干工艺条件的优化

以面粉、小米粉、豆渣粉为主料,木糖醇为甜味剂制作小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验确定各因素的最适条件,通过正交试验确定饼干的最佳配方为小米粉用量15 g,豆渣粉用量15 g,低筋面粉用量26 g,鸡蛋液用量22 g,木糖醇用量20 g,黄油用量22 g,擀压成5 mm厚的面坯后,于上层温度105℃,下层温度115℃的烤箱中烘烤10 min。此条件下可获得色泽焦黄、香味浓郁、口感松脆、硬度适中的小米豆渣饼干。     

决明子多糖酥性饼干的研制

以低筋小麦粉为主料,以决明子多糖、枸杞粉、黄油、燕麦粉、鸡蛋和白砂糖等为辅料,通过单因素试验与正交试验获得决明子多糖酥性饼干的最佳配方为低筋面粉用量100 g,决明子多糖用量2 g,枸杞粉用量7 g,黄油用量25 g,燕麦粉用量20 g。最佳烘烤条件为面火温度170℃,底火温度150℃,时间10 min。在此条件下制作的决明子多糖酥性饼干色泽金黄、风味独特,有较好的营养价值和一定的功能特性。     

马铃薯苏打饼干的制作工艺研究

为丰富饼干种类，对以低筋面粉为主要原料，添加马铃薯雪花粉制作马铃薯苏打饼干的工艺进行研究。以感官评分作为评价指标，通过单因素试验及正交试验考察马铃薯雪花粉添加量、黄油添加量、酵母添加量和烘烤时间对马铃薯苏打饼干感官品质的影响，确定马铃薯苏打饼干的最优制作工艺参数。结果表明，以100 g面粉为基准，马铃薯雪花粉添加量12 g，水油面团中黄油添加量20 g，酵母添加量2.2 g，其他原料为：高筋面粉20 g，低筋面粉80 g，白砂糖3.5 g，食盐1.6 g，奶粉2 g，鸡蛋液10 g，小苏打0.5 g，碳酸氢铵0.2 g。马铃薯苏打饼干经两次发酵后，上下火220 ℃烘烤13 min。按照最优工艺参数及相关工艺流程制作的马铃薯苏打饼干表面呈浅褐黄色，口感硬脆细腻，组织结构清晰，发酵香味及马铃薯特征风味浓郁。该试验为马铃薯雪花粉应用于休闲食品的研发提供了理论参考。     

海绵蛋糕的水分含量对感官品质影响研究

结合了单因素试验与正交试验,以牛奶添加量、大豆油添加量和白砂糖添加量为因素,结合水分含量与感官评定,对海绵蛋糕感官品质进行评价,并探讨高水分含量对海绵蛋糕贮藏和销售的影响,最终发现当烘烤时间为20 min,烘烤温度为面火170℃,底火140℃时,以鸡蛋液56 g,低筋面粉27.5 g,白砂糖27 g,大豆油10 g,牛奶15 g,食盐0.5 g,白醋1滴为基础配方的海绵蛋糕感官品质最好。     

油菜花粉酥性饼干加工工艺研究

选用油菜花粉、低筋面粉为主要原材料,通过添加不同用量的油菜花粉、黄油、绵白糖、小苏打,研究其对油菜花粉酥性饼干的影响。根据感官评分及饼干硬度,得出油菜花粉酥性饼干工艺的最优方案为以50 g低筋面粉基准,黄油15 g,绵白糖15 g,油菜花粉0.5 g,小苏打0.4 g,食盐0.2 g,蛋液10 g,水6 g。将烤箱温度控制在面火180℃,底火160℃的条件下焙烤8～10 min,制作出的酥性饼干色泽金黄、口感怡人,测得其硬度为15.751 N,水分3.37%,灰分1.04%,碱度0.31%,脂肪13.32%,酸价2.42 mg/g,过氧化值0.17 g/100 g,所测得的结果均在酥性饼干的国标范围之内。     

黑色杂粮饼干制作工艺研究

研究黑色杂粮饼干的加工工艺流程。以膨化黑小麦粉、黑米粉、黑豆粉及低筋面粉为主要原料,通过单因素试验,确定各因素的最适条件;通过正交试验,确定黑色杂粮饼干的最佳配方。结果表明,黑色杂粮饼干的最适工艺参数及最佳配方为粉碎过80目筛,烘烤温度200℃,烘烤时间10 min;添加黑小麦粉15%,黑米粉15%,黑豆粉20%,黑芝麻5%。所制得的黑色杂粮饼干口感酥脆、厚薄均匀,具有杂粮的独特风味。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.