冻结和冻藏对中华绒螯蟹蟹肉品质的影响

为了研究冻结和冻藏对中华绒螯蟹蟹肉品质的影响,本研究对冻结和冻藏中华绒螯蟹的蛋白质特性、游离氨基酸、核苷酸关联成分、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及解冻汁液流失率进行了全面的评价。中华绒螯蟹较耐冻结但不耐冻藏,冻藏2周后蟹肉弹性程度开始下降。中华绒螯蟹在冻藏过程中,蟹肉中游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及解冻汁液流失率都发生明显变化。冻藏12周后相对于新鲜蟹,游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及解冻汁液流失率分别下降了25.3%、100%、41.6%和增加了9.2%。普通冻藏(-20℃)条件下,中华绒螯蟹蟹肉发生快速蛋白质分解和ATP降解,表现为游离氨基酸成分与ATP关联物成分都发生很大变化,蛋白质变性显著、汁液流失现象严重等。推测中华绒螯蟹蟹肉不耐冻藏可能与其自身的自溶酶和ATP酶类有关。     

暗纹东方鲀心型脂肪酸结合蛋白H-FABP基因克隆与表达分析

为深入了解心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart-type fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP)的结构与功能,采用RACE技术克隆得到暗纹东方鲀H-FABP的全长cDNA序列,共772 bp,开放阅读框为402 bp,编码133个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,暗纹东方鲀H-FABP基因具有一个脂质转运蛋白家族保守结构域和多个蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。NJ法系统进化分析显示,暗纹东方鲀与红鳍东方鲀亲缘关系最近,其次是鲈形目。经荧光定量PCR检测,H-FABP基因在暗纹东方鲀所有被检测的组织中都有表达,其中肝脏中的表达量最高,其次为肌肉和心脏,预示H-FABP主要参与脂肪酸氧化分解过程。为探究豆油作为脂肪源的可行性,采用不同比例(0、25%、50%和75%)豆油替代鱼油的饲料投喂初始体质量为(8.31±0.20)g的暗纹东方鲀8周。结果显示,全鱼油组肝脏中H-FABP基因的表达量显著高于50%豆油组和75%豆油组,但与25%豆油组无显著性差异,且随着饲料中豆油比例的增加,暗纹东方鲀肝脏中H-FABP基因的表达量呈下降趋势。研究表明,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油可以促进脂肪酸氧化分解,能预防脂肪肝。因此,为不影响暗纹东方鲀肝脏脂肪代谢,饲料中豆油替代鱼油的比例应控制在50%以下。     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长及摄食的影响

为研究盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长和摄食的影响,将暗纹东方鲀幼鱼在盐度分别为0、10、17、26、40的水体中饲养6周,比较不同盐度下幼鱼存活率、特定生长率、摄食率和饲料系数的差异。结果表明:当盐度为40时,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的死亡率为100 %;各盐度组的特定生长率无显著差异;幼鱼的摄食率随着盐度的增高而下降。在淡水环境中,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的摄食率最高,达5.02 %;在高盐度水体中最低,为3.75 %。暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的饲料系数随着盐度的升高逐渐升高,淡水组和26盐度组与10、17盐度组有显著差异。     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶活性及c型溶菌酶mRNA表达的影响

以初重为(41.26±1.09)g的暗纹东方鲀为实验鱼,配制5种玉米蛋白粉使用量为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的实验饲料,玉米蛋白粉对饲料中鱼粉的替代水平分别为0%、7.4%、14.8%、22.2%和29.6%。用实验饲料饲养暗纹东方鲀60d,研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏组织的溶菌酶活性及其c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量的影响。结果表明,(1)暗纹东方鲀肝胰脏、头肾和脾脏的溶菌酶比活力分别为9.14、42.12和40.49U/mgprot,头肾和脾脏组织中c-型溶菌酶mRNA相对表达量分别是肝胰脏的3.76和3.24倍。(2)玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉显著影响暗纹东方鲀溶菌酶比活力。5%和10%组的肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而15%和20%组肝胰脏和头肾组织溶菌酶比活力则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);5%和10%组的脾脏组织溶菌酶活力与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),而15%和20%组显著低于对照组和5%组(P<0.05)。(3)玉米蛋白粉对暗纹东方鲀c型溶菌酶基因mRNA相对表达量有显著影响(P<0.05)。肝胰脏组织中5%和10%组表达量显著高...     

pH影响暗纹东方魨蛋白酶活性的研究

鱼类消化酶的研究是鱼类消化生理的重要研究内容,也为配合饲料的研制提供依据,暗纹东方鲀,俗称河豚,是我国特有种类.随着人繁技术的成功,暗纹东方鲀也成了具有极高经济价值的特种水产养殖对象,因此对其消化酶的研究具有重要意义,消化酶活性与环境因素有密切关系,其中pH是主要影响因素.本文报道pH影响暗纹东方鲀蛋白酶活性的初步研究成果,期望对配合饲料的研制有所帮助.     

不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长的影响

比较投饵率水平分别为3%、4%、5%、6%时,对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、饲料效率的影响,以确定暗纹东方鲀幼鱼阶段的适宜投饵率。在23℃下,对规格为3.45～3.56g的暗纹东方鲀幼鱼进行30d的生长实验,结果表明:不同投饵率对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率、质量相对增加率、饲料效率、存活率均有显著影响(p<0.05);暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的适宜投饵率为4%,在投饵率为4℅时,质量相对增加率为116.04±0.04%,饲料效率达83.70±0.02%,特定生长率为111.49±0.03%/d,存活率为84.44±0.02%。     

暗纹东方鲀养殖关键技术浅析

<正>暗纹东方鲀俗称"河豚",其肉质鲜美,但含剧烈神经性麻痹毒素。暗纹东方鲀属海江生殖洄游鱼类,是我国长江下游地区重要的渔业资源。随着环境变化以及人类活动的影响,野生的暗纹东方鲀资源日渐稀少,江苏省扬中市水产技术研究所从1995年起开展了暗纹东方鲀的人工繁殖和养殖技术研究。目前,人工养殖的暗纹东方鲀已经全面取代了野生的暗纹东方鲀成为了食用鱼源。本文所要探讨的便是人工养殖暗纹东方鲀的一些关键技术。     

暗纹东方鲀江水漂养高效试验

为了提高暗纹东方鲀的养殖效益和品质,我们从2012年4月至10月,在泰兴市长江渔场进行暗纹东方鲀江水漂养试验。试验共使用3口鱼池,9亩水面,每口鱼池3亩。每亩放养暗纹东方鲀1000尾,搭配鲢鱼200尾,投喂粗蛋白45%粉状饲料和蚌肉、小鱼等鲜活饵料,取得了良好的效益。现将试验情况总结如下:     

浸渍冻结对调理草鱼冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白特性的影响

为了探讨浸渍冻结对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)冻藏过程蛋白质变性的影响,对蛋白质溶解性、巯基、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、肌原纤维的降解及二级结构进行了研究。结果发现浸渍冻结的肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、总巯基含量、活性巯基总量和Ca~(2+)-ATPase的活性均比空气冻结的高,冻藏150 d后分别比空气冻结的高17.51%、14.20%、4.86%和28.73%。初步表明浸渍冻结更有利于减缓蛋白质变性。电泳结果表明,冻藏过程中浸渍冻结的肌球蛋白重链的电泳条带颜色比空气冻结的深,原肌球蛋白的电泳条带颜色比空气冻结的浅,说明浸渍冻结可减缓调理草鱼块蛋白质的降解。红外光谱的结果进一步发现浸渍冻结的肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋含量的下降程度较空气冻结的小,β-折叠、无规卷曲和β-转角含量的增加程度无空气冻结的明显。结果揭示了浸渍冻结更有利于维持冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构。总的来说,浸渍冻结更有利于减轻蛋白质变性而引起调理草鱼块品质下降的问题。     

低温速冻处理对养殖大黄鱼冻藏品质的影响

研究了养殖大黄鱼分别用-20℃空气冻结和-65℃低温速冻处理后,在-18℃冻藏过程中肌肉蛋白质生化特性、质构特性以及组织结构的变化情况。结果表明,无论是-20℃空气冻结还是-65℃低温速冻,随着贮藏时间的延长,养殖大黄鱼的盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性、硬度均呈下降趋势,pH值先下降后上升。低温速冻处理冻结速率快,组织细胞产生的冰晶小且均匀,细胞形态基本保持完整,对盐溶性蛋白质含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性影响极显著(P0.01),低温速冻更有利于保持养殖大黄鱼的品质。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.