俄引及黑龙江春小麦黄色素含量相关基因分析

为了将俄引小麦资源的优良基因快速用于我国春小麦品种的改良,利用与黄色素含量相关的八氢番茄红素合酶(Psy)基因STS分子标记,对250份俄罗斯引进和125份黑龙江主栽过的春小麦品种进行了研究分析,利用7A和7B染色体上的标记进行鉴定。结果显示,俄引小麦有242个品种(96.8%)扩增出高黄色素含量基因Psy-A1a;8个品种(3.2%)扩增出低黄色素含量基因Psy-A1b;黑龙江小麦有73个品种(58.4%)扩增出Psy-A1a基因,52个品种(41.6%)扩增出Psy-A1b基因。俄引小麦有187个品种(74.8%)扩增出高黄色素含量的Psy-B1a等位基因,63个品种(25.2%)扩增出低黄色素含量的Psy-B1b等位基因,15个品种(6.0%)扩增出高黄色素含量的Psy-B1c等位基因,40个品种(16.0%)扩增出Psy-B1d等位基因;而黑龙江小麦有40个品种(32.0%)扩增出Psy-B1a等位基因,85个品种(68.0%)扩增出Psy-B1b等位基因,5个品种(4.0%)扩增出Psy-B1c等位基因,24个品种(19.2%)扩增出Psy-B1d等位基因,所有供试小麦品种中都不存在Psy-B1e等位基因。2个位点不同等位基因组合共有12种,俄罗斯小麦品种中存在10种组合,黑龙江小麦品种中存在11种。其中,就双低含量等位基因组合Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b而言,黑龙江小麦品种较俄罗斯高28.4个百分点。     

新疆小麦黄色素含量基因等位变异的分子检测及其分布

为了明确新疆小麦材料Psy-A1和Psy-B1位点控制籽粒黄色素含量基因的组成和分布以及与黄色素含量的关系,利用7A和7B染色体上Psy-A1和Psy-B1基因的分子标记YP7A和YP7B,对326份新疆冬、春小麦材料中的等位变异进行检测。结果表明,在Psy-A1位点,含有等位基因Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b的品种(系)分别占83.74%和16.26%,两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);在Psy-B1位点,含有等位基因Psy-B1a和Psy-B1b的品种(系)分别占83.44%和16.56%,但两种基因型黄色素含量平均值的差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同变异组合类型的分布比例表现不同,Psy-A1a/Psy-B1a所占比例最高,为69.63%;其次是Psy-A1a/Psy-B1b组合类型,为14.11%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1a组合类型为13.8%;Psy-A1b/Psy-B1b所占比例最低,为2.45%,没有扩增出Psy-B1c和Psy-B1d基因位点。总体来看,新疆小麦高黄色素含量的等位变异类型所占比例较高,冬、春小麦黄色素含量基因型存在一定差异;YP7A可以作为一个稳定、高效的功能标记用于分子标记辅助选择,而YP7B标记则不能独立作为黄色素含量辅助选择的实用性标记。     

甘肃省新育成小麦品种(系)面粉色度相关基因分子检测

为了鉴定甘肃省新育成小麦品种（系）面粉色泽相关基因的分布情况,利用STS标记鉴定了103份新育成小麦品种（系）的1BL/1RS易位系及与黄色素含量和多酚氧化酶活性相关的等位变异类型。结果发现,供试材料中,有37份材料为1BL/1RS易位系,占35.92%;42份为非1BL/1RS易位系,占40.78%;其余均为片段易位或其他易位系。在黄色素含量分子检测中, Psy-A1位点有3个等位变异, Psy-A1a所占比例最大,频率达91.26%, Psy-A1b 和 Psy-A1c 分别占7.77%和0.97%; Psy-B1 位点的3个等位变异中, Psy-B1a 、 Psy-B1b 和 Psy-B1c 频率分别为62.13%、28.16%和18.45%; Psy-D1 位点有 Psy-D1a 和 Psy-D1g 两个等位变异,其中 Psy-D1a 分布频率为97.09%。在PPO活性等位基因中,与低PPO活性相关的基因 Ppo-A1b 和 Ppo-B1a 分别占34.95%、77.67%;与高PPO活性相关的基因 Ppo-A1a 、 PPO-B1b 、 PPO-D1b 分别占54.36%、 19.46%、40.77%。黄色素含量和PPO活性相关的基因组成以中间类型居多。甘肃省新育成小麦品种（系）中,1BL/1RS易位系材料频率有所下降,黄色素含量及PPO活性相关等位基因均有一定分布,在未来小麦育种工作中仍需加强面粉色泽的选择。     

黄淮麦区部分强筋小麦品种的遗传差异分析

为明确黄淮麦区现有强筋小麦品种遗传组成，本研究利用SDS-PAGE、KASP技术和35K SNP芯片技术对黄淮麦区具代表性的27个强筋小麦品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白鉴定、品质相关基因检测及遗传多样性分析。HMW-GS鉴定结果显示，供试品种在 Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和 Glu-D1位点优质亚基分布频率分别为85.2%、74.1%和81.5%。从位点间亚基组合看，含有三个、两个及两个以下优质亚基的品种数为14个、10个和3个，分别占比51.9%、37.0%和11.1%。1BL/1RS、PPO活性和黄色素含量基因鉴定结果显示，优势单倍型非1BL/1RS、 Ppo-A1b(低PPO活性)、 Ppo-D1a(低PPO活性)、 Psy-A1b(低黄色素)和 Psy-B1b(低黄色素)分布频率分别为66.7%、66.7%、29.6%、48.1%和51.9%。同时含两个低PPO活性单倍型( Ppo-A1b/ Ppo-D1a)的品种有7个，占比25.9%;同时含两个低黄色素单倍型( Psy-A1b/ Psy-B1b)的品种有9个，占比33.3%。籽粒硬度基因鉴定显示，供试品种基因型较为单一，除西农5...     

A deletion at the Lpx-B1 locus is associated with low lipoxygenase activity and improved pasta color in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum)

The concentration of yellow carotenoid pigments in durum wheat grain is an important quality criterion and is determined both by their accumulation and by their degradation by lipoxygenase enzymes (Lpx loci). The existence of a duplication at the Lpx-B1 locus and the allelic variation for a deletion of the Lpx-B1.1 copy is reported. This deletion was associated with a 4.5-fold reduction in lipoxygenase activity and improved pasta color (P<0.0001) but not semolina color, suggesting reduced pigment degradation during pasta processing. A molecular marker for the deletion was mapped on chromosome 4B in a population obtained from the cross between durum line UC1113 and variety Kofa. A second lipoxygenase locus, designated Lpx-A3, was mapped on the homoeologous region on chromosome 4A and was associated with semolina and pasta color (P<0.01) but not with lipoxygenase activity in the mature grain. Selection for both the UC1113 allele for Lpx-A3 and the Kofa Lpx-B1.1 deletion resulted in a 10% increase in yellow scores for dry pasta relative to the opposite allele combination. This result indicates that the markers and the new allelic variants reported here will be useful tools to manipulate the wheat Lpx loci and to improve pasta color.     

Pastamaking and breadmaking quality of soft-textured durum wheat lines

The effects of grain texture on pastamaking and breadmaking quality were studied in three F₈ soft-textured durum wheat lines (SDLs) containing wild-type alleles Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a as compared with their hard durum sister lines (HDLs). SDLs homozygous for a small 5DS segment, less than 14.4 cM in size, accumulated puroindolines A (Pin-A) and B (Pin-B) and showed SKCS values (19.9-23.6) significantly lower than those (72.6-76.8) of their hard-textured counterparts lacking Pin-A and Pin-B. In addition, SDLs exhibited approximately 24% higher flour extraction rates compared with HDLs. Reducing the kernel hardness decreased farinograph water absorption, dough tenacity (P) and, accordingly, alveograph P/L ratio, but increased farinograph stability, mixing tolerance and dough extensibility (L). Spaghetti cooking quality, as determined by the sensory judgment of firmness, stickiness and bulkiness, was unaffected by the kernel hardness, whereas the loaf volume exhibited a 10% increase associated with kernel softening. Flour and semolina, but not spaghetti, from SDLs showed a substantial reduction in yellowness (b^*) and brownness (100 − L^*) likely due to their finer particle size compared with HDLs. Alleles Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a may offer new perspectives for breeding dual purpose (pasta and bread) durum wheat varieties.     

Different mechanisms control lipoxygenase activity in durum wheat kernels

Yellow pigment content (YPC), lipoxygenase (LPX) activity and the polymorphism at the Lpx-B1.1 locus were assessed on an Italian durum wheat germplasm collection and four varieties contrasting for YPC and LPX activity were then characterized in terms of Lpx gene expression, biochemical LPX properties and their performance during pasta processing. The screening of 71 genotypes showed a great genetic variability for YPC (3.68–9.43 μg/g dw) and LPX activity (0.02–7.91 EU/g dw). The Lpx-B1.1 polymorphism was significantly associated with differences in LPX activity. Besides the Lpx-B1.1 deletion, different expression levels of Lpx mRNAs were found associated with differences in LPX activity. The temporal expression of three Lpx genes showed different profiles among the cultivars investigated. Genotypes with high LPX activity showed an anticipated temporal expression for Lpx-1 compared to low LPX activity ones. The LPX activity in the analysed genotypes is most likely due to the contribution of different LPX isoforms observed in the later stage of grain filling.     

Hormonal changes in grains of cv. Triumph and its mutant TL43 as affected by nitrogen fertilizer at heading time

A pot experiment was conducted to study the hormonal changes during the grain filling stage in barley lines of Triumph and its mutant TL43 with or without nitrogen fertilizer at heading time. The ABA, ZR and IAA contents in grains were higher under nitrogen treatment (HN) for both genotypes at 30 days post anthesis (DPA). No genotypic differences were observed in GA₃, ABA and IAA content over the grain filling stage and ZR content on 10 DPA exhibited the major difference, which might be associated with the decrease of A-type starch granules in endosperm of TL43. Triumph also showed significantly higher grain weight, lower hordein and glutelin contents than TL43. The changes of these characters might be correlated with the ZR deficiency of TL43 at early grain filling stage.     

Quantitative trait loci for yellow pigment concentration and individual carotenoid compounds in durum wheat

A defining factor for the commercial value of durum wheat pasta is its amber colour, which depends on the semolina yellow pigment concentration and on the oxidative enzymatic activity. Among carotenoids controlling yellow colour, the presence of β-carotene is also important as precursors of vitamin A. The aim of the present study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yellow pigment concentration, yellow index and individual carotenoid compounds (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene) in a durum segregant population. Total carotenoid concentration amounted to 37% of the yellow pigments, indicating unknown colour-producing compounds in the durum extracts. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid, followed by zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene, while β-cryptoxanthin was a minor component. Phytoene synthase marker Psy-A1, 150 SSR and EST-SSR markers, and 345 DArT^® markers, were used to construct the linkage map for subsequent QTL analysis. Clusters of QTL for total and/or one or more carotenoid compounds were detected on the same chromosome regions (2A, 3B, 5A and 7A) where QTL for yellow pigment concentration and yellow index were identified. The molecular markers associated to major QTL would be useful for marker-assisted selection programs to facilitate high carotenoid concentration with high nutritional carotenoid compounds in wheat grain.     

小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及 Psy-A1 与 Ppo-A1 等位变异检测

为研究小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及其与两个色泽相关基因等位变异之间的关系,以我国主要麦区17个大面积推广品种及1个优异品系为材料,进行面粉和鲜面片色泽分析和 Psy-A1 、 Ppo-A1 基因等位变异检测。结果表明,扬麦18、泛麦5号、扬麦9号、平安7号、扬麦20面粉和鲜面片色泽均比较好,亮度高,黄度低,携有优异等位变异;川麦42是优异的低黄度种质资源,但亮度需提升。面粉和鲜面片的L~*值间、a~*值间、b~*值间均呈极显著正相关,L~*值与a~*、b~*值均呈极显著负相关,a~*值和b~*值无显著相关性。 Psy-A1主要引起鲜面片a~*值和b~*值显著变化;对a~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ;对b~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ; Ppo-A1 对面粉及鲜面片的b~*值、鲜面片放置2 h和4 h的L~*值有显著影响;对b~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a ;对L~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a 。4个等位变异组合仅对鲜面片黄度b~*值有极显著影响, Ppo-A1a/ Psy-A1a 基因型最高,其他三种基因型差异不显著。因此,改良小麦面粉和面制品色泽应注意淘汰 Ppo-A1a / Psy-A1a 基因型,高世代需加强面制品色泽的筛选鉴定。     

Wheat ferritins: Improving the iron content of the wheat grain

The characterization of the full complement of wheat ferritins show that the modern hexaploid wheat genome contains two ferritin genes, TaFer1 and TaFer2, each represented by three homeoalleles and placed on chromosome 5 and 4, respectively. The two genes are differentially regulated and expressed. The TaFer1 genes are, except in the endosperm, the most abundantly expressed and regulated by iron and abscisic acid status. The promoter of TaFer1, in contrast to TaFer2, has iron- and ABA-responsive elements, supporting the expression data. The TaFer1 and TaFer2 genes encode two isoforms, probably functional different and acting in heteropolymer structures of ferritin in cereals. Iron biofortification of the wheat grain is possible. Endosperm targeted intragenic overexpressing of the TaFer1-A gene results in a 50–85% higher iron content in the grain.     

Current Status of Brown Planthopper (BPH) Resistance and Genetics

Among the planthoppers of rice, the brown planthopper (BPH) is a major threat to rice production and causes significant yield loss annually. Host-plant resistance is an important strategy to reduce the damage caused by BPH and increase rice productivity. Twenty-one major genes for BPH resistance have been identified by using standard evaluation methods developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to distinguish resistance or susceptibility of rice genotypes to BPH biotypes/populations. These genes are from diverse genetic resources such as land race cultivars and wild species of Oryza. Of the 21 resistance genes, 18 genes have been localized on specific region of six rice chromosomes using molecular genetic analysis and genomics tools. Some of these resistance genes are clustered together such as Bph1, bph2, Bph9, Bph10, Bph18, and Bph21 on the long arm of chromosome 12; Bph12, Bph15, Bph17 and Bph20 on the short arm of chromosome 4; bph11 and Bph14 on the long arm of chromosome 3 and Bph13(t) and bph19 on the short arm of chromosome 3. Six genes (Bph11, bph11, Bph12, bph12, Bph13 and Bph13) originated from wild Oryza species have either duplicate chromosome locations or wrong nomenclature. The discrepancy should be confirmed by allelism tests. Besides identification of major resistance genes, some quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with BPH resistance have also been identified on eight chromosomes. Most of the rice cultivars developed at IRRI possess one or two of the major resistance genes and the variety IR64 has many QTLs and confers strong resistance to BPH. More BPH resistance genes need to be identified from the wealth of gene pool available in the wild species of Oryza. Two BPH resistance genes (Bph14 and Bph18) have been cloned, and a snow drop lectin gene (GNA) has been identified and used in the development of BPH-resistant transgenic plants. Efficient introgression of resistance genes (Bph1, bph2, Bph3, Bph14, Bph15, Bph18, Bph20, and Bph21) into elite rice cultivars by marker-assisted selection together with strategic deployment of these genes can be an important approach to develop stable resistance to BPH and sustain rice production in the tropical and temperate rice growing regions.     

Starch granules size distribution in superior and inferior grains of wheat is related to enzyme activities and their gene expressions during grain filling

Mature wheat endosperm contains A-, B-, C-type starch granules, and each class has unique physiochemical properties which determine the quality of starch. The dynamics of the starch granule size distribution, activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes were studied in superior and inferior grains during grain filling. Compared with inferior grains, superior grains showed higher grain weight, contents of starch, amylose and amylopectin. The formation of A-, B-, C-type starch granules initiated at 4, 8, 20 DAF, respectively, and was well consistent with the temporally change patterns of starch synthase activities and relative gene expression levels. For instance, activities of soluble and granule-bound starch synthases (designated SSS and GBSS) peaked at 20 and 24 DAF. Genes encoding isoforms of starch synthases expressed at different grain filling periods. In addition, SS I was generally expressed over the grain filling stage; the SS II and SS III were expressed over the early and mid grain filling stage, and the GBSS I was expressed during the mid to late grain filling stage. In addition, the time-course changes in activities of starch synthases and expression of starch synthase encoding genes explained well the dynamics of the starch granule size distribution.     

Evaluation of salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat derived from in vitro and field experiments

The performance of selected salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], derived from field and in vitro assessment methods, was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Eight durum wheat genotypes comprising three salt-tolerant genotypes and one salt-sensitive genotype selected from each of the methods were used. This study was conducted under both saline and non-saline field conditions as well as under greenhouse condition with salinized solution culture at 0 mM (control), 75 and 150 mM NaCl (concentrations) using supplemental Ca²⁺. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, number of spikes per m², grain yield and harvest index were recorded in the field experiments. Plant dry weight, Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ accumulated in the hydroponically grown seedlings were measured 20 days after salinity treatments. In spite of the smaller range of genotypes used by the in vitro screening method, tolerant genotypes screened by the in vitro method (ITGs) performed comparably with those of the field-derived tolerant genotypes (FTGs) for grain yield under saline field conditions. Field salinity significantly reduced (P < 0.01) means of all traits averaged on eight tested genotypes. In vitro salt-tolerant genotypes Dipper-6 and Prion-1 produced the highest dry weight and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl) in the greenhouse. Although dry matter correlated with the grain yield (R² = 0.37), the regression coefficient was higher for shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratio (R² = 0.44). Dipper-6 (ITG) and Prion-1 (ITG) genotypes have been ranked superior while Massara-1 (ISG) was inferior for salt tolerance in the regression analysis. However, based on grain yield reduction Ajaia/Hora/Jro/3/Gan (FTG) and PI40100 (ITG) were the most tolerant having 58% and 60% reduction, respectively.     

Puroindoline genes introduced into durum wheat reduce milling energy and change milling behavior similar to soft common wheats

Grain physical characteristics and milling behavior of a durum wheat line in which both wild-type puroindoline genes were translocated and stabilized after backcrossing (Svevo-Pin) were compared with the parent line (Svevo). The only observed differences between grain characteristics were the mechanical resistance and starchy endosperm porosity revealed through vitreosity measurement. A significant increase of flour and a decrease of semolina yield and break milling energy were observed from Svevo-Pin in comparison with the non-recombinant parent line in accordance to the lower grain mechanical resistance and higher porosity measurements. Moreover, the particle size distribution shown for Svevo-Pin flour appeared consistent with a lower adhesion between starch granules and the protein matrix attributed to the presence of wild-type puroindolines. Coarse bran yield was conversely increased. This appeared to be due to a lower starchy endosperm recovery as a higher proportion of grain starch was found in this bran fraction. Flour from the durum parent line was inversely enriched in phytic acid, a cellular marker of the aleurone layer. Starch damage was also lower in Svevo-Pin flours in comparison with Svevo. All of the observed differences between translocation and parent lines were confirmed independent of the culture growth conditions (n = 12).     

甘肃冬小麦品种(系)面粉品质性状相关基因分析

为了解甘肃省近20年育成的106份冬小麦品种(系)中加工品质性状相关基因分布情况,用22个分子标记对供试材料的HMW-GS、LMW-GS、面粉色泽及籽粒硬度等品质性状相关基因进行了分析。结果发现,供试品种(系)的HMW-GS相关基因中,在Glu-A1位点检测到34份品种(系)含有AxNull,频率为32.08%;在Glu-B1位点检测到Bx7+By8和Bx14+By15共2种基因组合,分别占17.92%和25.47%;在Glu-D1位点检测到11份品种(系)含有Dx5+Dy10,占10.38%。对LMW-GS鉴定结果显示,29份品种(系)含Glu-A3d基因,分布频率为27.36%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS亚基组合中,含有4个、3个和2个位点优质亚基基因组合的品种(系)分别占0.94%、8.49%和3.77%。对面粉色泽相关基因Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Psy-A1、Lox-B1和TaPod-A1位点的检测发现,优异等位变异占比分别为39.62%、50.94%、31.13%、30.19%和38.68%。对籽粒硬度相关基因检测发现,在Pina、Pinb和Pinb-2等位变异位点的检测...     

Association analysis of Puroindoline-D1 and Puroindoline b-2 loci with 13 quality traits in European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Grain hardness, a major determinant influencing end-use quality of common wheat, is mainly controlled by Puroindoline a-D1 (Pina-D1) and Puroindoline b-D1 (Pinb-D1) genes. Recently, additional puroindoline genes, designated Puroindoline b-2 (Pinb-2), were described. This study examined frequencies of Pin-D1 alleles and Pinb-2 variants in 94 West European wheat genotypes and assessed their association with 13 quality traits considering population and family structure. The survey was completed by analyzing the Grain softness protein-1 gene. Results indicated sequence variation only for Pinb-D1 and Pinb-B2 genes. Pinb-D1b was the predominant hard allele. Pinb-B2v3-1 was the most common Pinb-2 variant, followed by a newly discovered variant Pinb-B2v3-5. Association mapping carried out in the whole sample population showed that Pinb-D1 alleles were associated with 11 quality traits, whereas Pinb-B2 variants were only associated with semolina extraction. Considering only the panel of hard wheat genotypes, variation for flour ash content, sedimentation value, gluten index and loaf volume was found to be associated with Pinb-D1 mutations suggesting that different Pinb-D1 mutations might have particular effects on quality traits. Our study indicated that Pinb-D1d was associated with inferior sedimentation value, gluten index and loaf volume, for which reason this mutation should be disregarded in breeding for quality wheat.     

小麦BES1转录因子基因 TaBEH3的克隆及表达分析

BES1(油菜素内酯不敏感1-甲磺酸乙酯-抑制剂1)是一类植物特有的转录因子家族, TaBEH3基因是小麦 BES1基因家族成员之一,为进一步了解该基因的功能,以中国春为材料,克隆了 TaBEH3基因,将其3个同源基因分别命名为 TaBEH3-A、 TaBEH3-B和 TaBEH3-D。序列分析显示,3个同源基因均包含2个外显子,分别编码356、354和358个氨基酸,启动子区含有大量与植物生长发育、激素响应相关的顺式作用元件,其中,分生组织表达元件（CAT-box）和脱落酸响应元件（ABRE）在3个基因中普遍存在。系统进化树分析显示, TaBEH3基因在麦类作物中具有更近的亲缘关系。基于qRT-PCR进行的时空表达分析显示, TaBEH3基因在不同组织和不同器官间均有组成性表达,表明 TaBEH3基因在植物生长发育（特别是花器官的发育和形成）过程中具有重要的作用。 TaBEH3-A、 TaBEH3-B和 TaBEH3-D基因响应ABA激素胁迫处理,且3个基因的表达量变化趋势一致。