普通小麦与Elymus rectisetus异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

Elymus rectisetus (Nees in Lehm) A. Löve et Connor是目前小麦族中发现的唯一的无融合生殖种,为了鉴定和标记从普通小麦与E. rectisetus BC₂F₂衍生后代中选育的2n=44株系1026A1、1057A1和1035A2的外源染色体,应用细胞学、基因组原位杂交和RAPD方法进行了研究。经细胞学鉴定,3个株系花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC MⅠ）染色体构型均为2n=22Ⅱ,与普通小麦Fukuhokomugi杂交F₁的PMC MⅠ染色体构型均为2n =21Ⅱ+1Ⅰ,两两杂交F1的PMC MⅠ染色体构型均为2n=21Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,表明它们是分别附加了1对互不相同外源染色体的普通小麦-E. rectisetus二体异附加系。标记E. rectisetus品系1050的基因组DNA为探针DNA,对3个异附加系进行原位杂交,分别鉴定出附加的1对E. rectisetus染色体。应用13个引物对2个亲本和3个异附加系进行RAPD分析,获得了可分别用于检测1026A1和1057A1中所附加的E. rectisetus染色体遗传物质的分子标记OPB-14_900bp、OPE-09_750bp和OPB-14_1000bp。     

抗白粉病小麦新种质的选育及细胞学鉴定

利用杂交、回交、自交相结合的方法从小麦烟农15与中问偃麦草（Thinopyrum intermedium（Host）Bark worth and Dewey,ElE1E2E2StSt,2n=6x=42）杂交后代（BC3F6）中选出抗白粉病种质系SN 996221。在对其白粉病抗性等主要农艺性状鉴定的基础上,进行了细胞学分析。结果表明：SN996221高抗小麦白粉病,其抗性可能来源于中问偃麦草;其根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I（PMC MI）染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,与普通小麦的杂种F1PMC M I大多数细胞能观察到2个单价体,染色体构型为2n=1.02I＋20.49Ⅱ,SN 996221可能是一个小麦一中间偃麦草的异代换系。     

小麦与无融合生殖披碱草(Elymus rectisetus)属间杂种F1的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

Elymus rectisetus( Nees in L ehm ) A.L ove et Connor是目前小麦族 ( Triticeae)中发现的唯一的无融合生殖种。本研究以普通小麦 ( Triticum aestivum L.;2 n=6x=4 2 ,AABBDD)为母本 ,以E.rectisetus( 2 n=6x=4 2 ,SSYYWW)为父本进行杂交 ,经过幼胚拯救获得了属间杂种 F1。杂种 F1分蘖力强 ,具有多年生习性 ,其形态特征偏向于父本。杂种 F1高度雄性不育 ,自交不结实。对杂种根尖体细胞的细胞学观察发现 ,杂种 F1体细胞染色体数 2 n=9x=63( SSYYWWABD) ,其中 2 1条来自普通小麦 ,4 2条来自 E.rectisetus。花粉母细胞染色体配对频率为 :2 2 .69 16.15rod 3.0 1ring 0 .83 0 .0 1 。小麦白粉病抗性鉴定结果表明 ,杂种 F1及父本 E.rectisetus表现免疫 ,而母本Fukuhokomugi高度感染白粉病。上述杂种的获得为将 E.rectisetus无融合生殖基因及抗白粉病基因向小麦中转育奠定了基础。     

抗白粉病小偃麦异代换系的细胞学鉴定和RAPD分析

对从长穗偃麦草与小麦杂种后代中选育的抗白粉病小麦种质系山农87074-551在进行白粉病抗性鉴定的基础上,进行了细胞学和RAPD鉴定.结果表明:山农87074-551根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2n=21 Ⅱ, 它与小麦中国春的杂种F1PMC MⅠ染色体构型为2n=20Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,说明山农87074-551是一个双     

中间偃麦草抗小麦白粉病基因导入及其抗性评价

为利用中间偃麦草对小麦白粉病的抗性,通过八倍体小偃麦TAI7045与普通小麦杂交、回交,育成一批兼抗我国黄淮麦区和西南麦区小麦白粉病、条锈病的新品系和新材料。抗性评价结果表明,无论苗期还是成株期,对小麦白粉病菌优势小种E09及强毒力小种E20、E21表现为免疫或高抗的有57份,占测试材料的67.9%;中抗的有10份,占11.9%,且对白粉病的抗性来自中间偃麦草。对随机选取的4份抗病品系及其与普通小麦的杂交F1进行了根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)染色体构型分析,结果表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=42,4个材料及其与中国春杂交F1的平均染色体配对构型分别为0.13Ⅰ+19.75Ⅱ+0.06Ⅲ和0.16Ⅰ+20.06Ⅱ+0.04Ⅲ,而且与中国春小麦的染色体配对构型无显著差异,说明它们的染色体组成与普通小麦基本一致,在遗传学和细胞学上已具有良好的稳定性。     

小麦多基因聚合体YW243的改良与利用

YW243是兼抗白粉、黄矮、三锈5种病害的普通小麦新种质。将其与农艺性状优良的丰产品种进行回交转育，选育出丰产、抗病的小麦新品系CB031、CB032、CB034和CB035。对这些新品系与YW243及回交亲本的抗性、品质、丰产性进行鉴定、比较分析，并用分子标记解析它们抗病性的遗传基础及其决定品质的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成。结果表明，CB031是抗白粉病高产小麦新品系，至少含抗白粉病基因Pm2+6和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基1, 7+9, 2+12；CB032和 CB034均为白粉病、条锈病免疫的小麦新品系，CB032至少含抗白粉病基因Pm2+Pm4+Pm21、抗条锈病基因YrX 4个基因和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基7+9, 2+12；CB034至少含Pm21基因和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基7+9, 5+10；CB035为免疫白粉病的优质小麦新品系，至少含Pm2+6+Pm21基因和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基7+8, 2+12。CB031、CB032、CB034和CB035的穗粒性状、千粒重和秆高等农艺性状均较YW243有所改善。YW243是一个优良性状易于遗传、不良性状易于改造的育种亲本，有良好的应用前景。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂种衍生后代HBOT 09035形态学、细胞学和白粉病抗性鉴定

八倍体小偃麦是由偃麦草与普通小麦远缘杂交后人工选育的新物种,它保留了偃麦草的许多优良性状,是小麦遗传改良和染色体工程研究的重要材料。本研究对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦远缘杂种的衍生后代HBOT09035进行了形态学、细胞学和白粉病抗性鉴定。结果表明:种质材料HBOT09035整齐度好,株型紧凑,植株较矮,穗长较短,结实性稍低,分蘖能力较好;细胞学鉴定表明,根尖体细胞染色体数目为2 n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMCM I)不存在单价体或多价体,基本为环状二价体,染色体构型为2 n=21Ⅱ,减数分裂后期I(PMCA I)不存在落后染色体、染色体桥等现象,分离正常;白粉病抗性鉴定表明,HBOT 09035对白粉病有较高的抗性。种质材料HBOT09035在遗传上已经稳定,并且高抗白粉病,可以作为抗小麦白粉病育种新的种质资源。     

抗条锈小滨麦易位系的鉴定

从八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂种后代中筛选到一个农艺性状优良的抗条锈小滨麦种质系山农0096，细胞学观察结果表明其根尖细胞染色体2n=42，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC MⅠ）染色体构型为2n＝21Ⅱ；它与小麦亲本的杂种F1 PMC MⅠ染色体构型平均值为2n＝19Ⅱ＋1Ⅳ。RAPD分析表明：在100个十聚体核苷酸随机引物中，有3个引物     

抗白粉病八倍体小偃麦和双体异附加系的鉴定

对从中间偃麦草(Elytrigia intermedium)与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交后代中选育的双体异附加系山农Line15和八倍体小偃麦山农TE263的形态学、细胞学观察结果表明,它们的主要形态性状介于双亲之间,根尖细胞染色体数目分别为2n=44和2n=56,PMC MⅠ染色体构型分别为2n=22Ⅱ和2n=28Ⅱ;以中间偃麦草总基因组DNA为探针的荧光原位杂     

八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交的细胞遗传

八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交,后代可以出现亲本类型八倍体小黑麦、普通小麦和普通小麦附加黑麦染色体异附加系与异代换系,对改进八倍体小黑麦的株高、熟期、结实率、籽粒饱满度有一定的效果,也可以选育抗病、耐旱较亲本增产的普通小麦新品种。细胞学观察结果:F₁染色体基本型为21_Ⅱ+7_Ⅰ,F相似文献   

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...