近50年来乌兰察布市水分盈亏量时空变化特征

基于1970-2017年乌兰察布及周边20个气象站点观测数据,文中利用反距离加权插值(IDW)等分析乌兰察布市水分盈亏量空间变化格局,并结合线性拟合、Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法探讨了该区水分盈亏量在年平均及四季多时间尺度上的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1970-2017年乌兰察布市多年平均水分盈亏量整体处于亏缺态势,并呈由南向北亏缺量逐渐增加的分布格局;四季水分盈亏量空间差异较为明显:春季<夏季<秋季<冬季,除秋季外,年平均和其他季节均呈下降趋势;(2)年平均及四季水分盈亏量存在一定周期性,周期振荡大致在20-30a之间,第一主周期分别为10a、6a、9a、7a、和11a;(3)年平均、春、夏、秋季的盈亏量存在突变特征,突变年份分别为1979年、1997年、1998年和2006年附近,而冬季没有显著突变年份。     

51 a来甘肃省水分盈亏量的时空变化特征

利用甘肃省27个气象站1960-2010年的逐日气象资料,应用Penman Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量,再用同期降水量减去潜在蒸散量求得气候水分盈亏量。通过Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验、小波分析和ArcGIS的Kriging空间插值法,分析了研究区水分盈亏量的时空变化特征;运用相关系数和线性回归分析法对影响水分盈亏量变化的气候因素进行了探讨。结果表明：近51 a来,甘肃省多年平均水分盈亏量在-194～-1 293 mm,总体呈显著减少趋势〔6.48 mm•(10a)^-1〕,且呈现自东南向西北递增的空间变化格局。水分亏损量自20世纪60年代起逐渐增加,70年代减小,80年代以后持续增加,2001年以后达到最大。各个季节平均水分盈亏量：夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。M-K突变分析表明,甘肃省平均水分盈亏量在2008年左右发生突变,是水分变化的敏感期。小波分析表明,甘肃省平均水分盈亏量存在4.87 a和4.52 a显著周期,主要受大气环流影响。降水、日照时数和平均湿度对水分亏损量的变化起主导作用。     

荒漠-绿洲区潜在蒸散量变化特征及其影响因素

以新疆阿拉尔垦区为研究区,选取1961-2013年逐日地面气象要素值,采用Penman-Monteith模型、气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验和距平相关法,分时段分析了阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区潜在蒸散量(ET0)变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①ET0年际间波动较大,1987年前的减幅[52.4 mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[22.2 mm·(10a)-1],呈“高-低-高”的动态变化,1987年是年ET0突变点.②ET0四季性明显,为“夏＞春＞秋＞冬”的季节变化,1987年前的减幅[12.7 mm· (10a)-1、23.4 mm·(10a)-1、6.6 mm·(10a)-1、9.7mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[0.4 mm· (10a)-1、14.3 mm·(10a)-1、6.4 mm·(10a)-1、1.1 mm·(10a)-1],为“高-低-高”的年际变化,1987年后春季ET0的增幅最大.1987年是四季ET0突变点.③阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区年ET0的变化主要与日照时数、平均相对湿度和平均风速有关,与气温关系不明显,1987年后年ET0的增加与日照时数的增加有关;季ET0的变化由日照时数、平均相对湿度、平均风速和气温多种气象因子共同作用.1987年后春季ET0的增加与气温的升高和日照时数的增加有关,冬季ET0的增加与平均相对湿度的增大、日照时数的增加和最高气温的降低有关,夏、秋季ET0的增加仅与日照时数的增加有关,与气温、湿度、风速关系不明显.     

气候变化背景下1958—2017年陕西省0 cm地温时空变化特征

利用陕西省1958—2017年18个气象观测站逐月0 cm地温和气温数据,结合线性回归、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、空间插值等方法,分析了陕西省0 cm地温时空变化趋势。结果表明:(1)近60 a来,陕西省年及四季平均0cm地温除夏季外均呈显著增加趋势(P0.01),气候倾向率呈冬季[0.42℃·(10a)-1]春季[0.38℃·(10a)-1]年[0.27℃·(10a)-1]秋季[0.23℃·(10a)-1]夏季[0.07℃·(10a)-1]的规律。(2)陕西省年和四季平均0 cm地温均发生突变增温,主要集中在20世纪90年代后期,地温突变后较之前升温幅度为春季冬季年夏季秋季。(3)陕西省年及四季平均0 cm地温均表现为"南高北低"的空间分布特征,所有气象站点年际、春季和冬季地温及33%的站点夏季地温、83%的站点秋季地温呈现显著上升趋势(P0.05)。(4)陕西省年及四季地气温差除夏季外均呈上升趋势,其中气候倾向率呈冬季[0.17℃·(10a)-1]春季[0.1℃·(10a)-1,P0.01]年均[0.07℃·(10a)-1,P0.01]秋季[0.02℃·(10a)-1]夏季[-0.01℃·(10a)~(-1)]的规律。(5)陕西省近60 a年均温及四季气温与0 cm地温均呈显著正相关关系,其显著性呈现秋季春季年夏季冬季的特点。     

疏勒河干流降水变化特征

选取疏勒河干流3个水文站1956—2016年逐月、逐年降水数据作为基础资料,采用线性倾向、累积距平、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析疏勒河干流降水量年变化、年内变化、年代际变化、季节变化和突变特征。结果表明:疏勒河干流年降水量呈现不同程度增加趋势,年降水量倾向率排序表现为:昌马堡站5. 47 mm·(10a)~(-1)双塔堡水库站1. 454 mm·(10a)~(-1)潘家庄站0. 866 mm·(10a)~(-1);降水量年内分配极不均匀,主要集中于5—8月,占年降水量的65%以上;降水量年代际呈现20世纪60年代和90年代降水量均低于多年平均值,20世纪70年代和21世纪10年代降水量均高于多年平均值;降水量季节变化不同站点呈现不同变化特征,昌马堡站、潘家庄站和双塔堡水库站分别是夏季、秋季和秋季降水对降水量贡献最大,同时不同季节不同年代平均降水量距平呈现不同变化特征;降水量突变年在不同季节呈现不同突变特征和不同突变时间,昌马堡站、潘家庄站和双塔堡水库站年平均降水量突变点分别为1964年和2001年、1988年和1987年。     

新疆气候干湿变化特征及其影响因素

基于新疆56个气象站1961—2019年逐日地面观测数据,分析了过去59 a间新疆干湿变化特征及其成因,主要结论如下：(1)新疆正经历显著的由干向湿的转变。在1961—2019年期间,区域平均干燥度指数(Aridity Index,AI)以0.01·(10a)^-1的速率上升(P<0.01),并于1987年前后发生突变。全区呈显著上升趋势的站点占比为57.1%。(2)1961—2019年间新疆年降水量以8.6 mm·(10a)^-1的速率显著增加,突变时间与AI突变时间一致。年参考作物蒸散量(reference evapotranspiration,ET₀)在1961—2019年可检测到显著的下降趋势,变化速率为-15.7 mm·(10a)^-1。但值得注意的是,年ET₀在1990年前后发生转变,1990年以前持续下降,1990年后转为波动上升。(3)ET₀的变化主要受风速与相对湿度两种气候因子的控制。在1961—2019年间,全区风速基本呈下降趋势,有接...     

阿克苏河流域近46年气候变化研究

利用线性回归、突变分析和小波分析方法,分析了阿克苏河流域1961-2006年6个地面台站的平均气温和降水量的变化。结果表明:1)46 a来阿克苏河流域气温呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.18℃/10 a;2)阿克苏河流域46 a来年降水量以13.1mm/10 a的变化倾向率呈增加趋势;3)阿克苏河流域的年平均气温在1993年发生了由低向高的突变,降水在1987年发生了由低向高的突变;4)阿克苏河流域年降水量较大尺度12-16 a和8-12 a左右的振荡周期非常明显。     

1951-2012年科尔沁沙地气温、降水变化特征

科尔沁沙地是中国沙漠化典型区域,生态与环境问题突出,研究其驱动力之一的气候变化特征十分必要.利用1951-2012年62 a气温和降水资料,对科尔沁沙地空间和区域平均气温、降水变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:空间多年平均气温以开鲁、通辽为中心向东西方向递减,自北向南逐渐升高,且各站点均呈显著增加趋势;空间多年平均降水量以开鲁、阿鲁科尔沁旗为中心向四周逐渐增加,除库伦站降水量显著减少外,各站点降水量变化均不显著.区域平均气温上升速率为[0.319℃·(10a)-1],区域平均最高气温的上升速率[0.223℃·(10a)-1]低于区域平均最低气温[0.525℃·(10a)-1],春季气温增幅最大,冬季次之.最低气温的升高可能是导致总体气温上升的主要动力之一.区域平均降水量年际间波动较大,但总体无明显变化趋势;各季节区域平均降水量均无显著变化.年区域平均降水量与年区域平均气温、夏季区域平均降水量与夏季区域平均气温呈显著负相关,整体呈阶段性对称变化.     

黄土高原近50年降水量时空变化特征分析

为了揭示黄土高原近年来降水量的时间变化和空间分布特征,以黄土高原区域及周边72个气象基准站1961—2012年52 a逐日降水资料为基础,通过泰森多边形法将各雨量站的降水量展布到整个区域,采用M-K趋势检验法分析年降水的年际、年内时空变化特征。结果显示:(1)黄土高原年降水量时间变化呈缓慢下降趋势,UFK曲线小于0且没有超出置信线。空间上整体呈下降趋势,出现阳泉、榆社站两个显著减少中心,β值分别为-3.3 mm·10a-1和-2.1 mm·10a-1。(2)黄土高原春季多年平均降水量整体呈不明显下降趋势,1961—1963年与1966—1987年降水量呈减少趋势,1963—1966年与1987—2012年呈增加趋势。空间上西部、北部地区大部分呈增加趋势,五台山增加幅度最大,β值为2 mm·10a-1。(3)夏季多年平均降水量呈明显下降趋势,2008年左右为突变点,2008年以后降水量下降显著。空间上整体呈下降趋势,较明显的减少中心有环县、延安、西峰镇、平凉和临汾,β值分别为-0.9、-0.9、-0.8、-0.8 mm·10a-1和-0.8 mm·10a-1。(4)秋季多年平均降水下降趋势显著,空间变化与夏季类似,减少中心依然是环县、延安、西峰镇、平凉和临汾,β值均为-0.8 mm·10a-1。(5)冬季多年平均降水量整体呈明显上升趋势,空间上降水变化呈缓慢上升趋势,最大上升中心华山,β值仅为0.95 mm·10a-1。     

近63 a安康地区降水与太阳黑子活动的相关性分析

依据安康气象局安康站1953—2015年逐日降水量和太阳黑子逐年相对数,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,对安康地区近63 a降水变化特征及其与太阳黑子相对数关系进行了分析。结果显示:近63 a安康地区年降水量以及夏季降水整体呈增加趋势,增加量分别为0.99 mm·a~(-1)、1.65 mm·a~(-1),春季、秋季和冬季降水整体呈下降趋势,减少量分别为0.26 mm·a~(-1)、0.35 mm·a~(-1)、0.06 mm·a~(-1),降水集中分布在夏季和秋季。年降水距平极值与太阳黑子相对数峰谷值主要存在0~3 a滞后;近63 a安康地区年降水有显著3 a和28 a的变化周期,与太阳黑子相对数的9 a变化周期存在一定差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.