水稻光敏核不育系的育性观察与应用探讨

连续两年对湖北农科院等单位提供的粳型光敏核不育系5047—1S等5份,籼型光敏核不育系W6154S等3份在吉林市(43°52′N)自然条件下的育性观察以及人工光照诱导育性转换特性的研究,并对光敏组合F_1进行考种分析,结果表明: 1.不同的光敏核不育系的临界光照长度不一样。粳型光敏核不育系有一个较为清晰的临界光长,而籼型的不明显。 2.相同的光照条件下,高温促进抽穗,育性表达进程加快;相同的温度条件下,长光照延迟抽穗期,育性表达进程缓慢。 3.在吉林市,从7月到8月上中旬,日照处理大于14小时,为光敏核不育系的不育期,此间可以杂交制种;并且光敏核不育系和正常水稻的盛花期基本—致,利于制种。 4.杂种F_1代的优势较为明显。抽穗期8月5日左右,结实率达25％以上,在穗长、每穗实粒数方面比对照秋光优势明显。     

水稻光温敏核不育系不育基因的等位性研究

对粳型光敏核不育系农垦５８Ｓ及其衍生的７个籼型光，温敏核不系双列杂交组合Ｆ１和部分Ｆ２在长日高温和长日中温两种生态条件下的育性表现进行了研究。结果表明，光敏不育系农垦５８Ｓ，８９０２Ｓ和２８７７Ｓ，以及温敏不育系培矮６４Ｓ，８８０１Ｓ和２５５８Ｓ等６个不育系的不育主基因等位，温敏不育系Ｗ６１５４Ｓ和９２０２Ｓ的不育主基因等位，而前６个与后２个不育系的不育基因则非等位。     

不同类型光敏核不育水稻育性转换特点及应用研究

经1986～1988年.先后对十八套不同亚种类型的光敏感核不育系,在江西南昌,连续三年进行分期播种试验,已得到如下主要研究结果:1.基本探明了供试的十八套不同粳、籼亚种类型的光敏感核不育系,在南昌(28°41′N)的育性转换时期、阶段及稳定性.经育性转换及杂一代优势观察,已筛选出育性转换、开花习性及经济性状较好的粳型双9—2S、28006S和籼型W6417S、W6154S、赣ⅢS等光敏感核不育系.2.不同亚种类型及同一亚种不同品种的光敏感核不育系,其育性转换特点有明显差异.一般规律:籼型核不育系,普遍存在不育期较长,转育较晚,同时可育期易受低温影响结实的特点;而粳型核不育系,则普遍较籼型核不育系的不育期为短,育性转换较早,不育期因高温影响,常有部分散粉自交结实现象,但可育期因低温影响结实不明显.3.鉴于不同亚种类型光敏核不育系的育性转换特点不同,结合其开花习性差异对杂交制种的影响,从育种应用出发,研究提出:我国长江中下游稻作区,水稻光敏核不育系的选育,应重点主攻籼亚种,首先突破早熟早籼为宜.在选材上优先考虑矮秆、抗病、优质以及开花习性好,柱头外露率高等性状.     

粳稻光敏核不育系皖2312S的选育

[目的] 介绍光敏核不育系皖2312S的选育过程、育性表现、抗病性和农艺性状。[方法] 以粳稻光敏核不育系7001S为母本,与双九杂交,经6年11代选择育成了粳稻光敏核不育系皖2312S。[结果] 2007年8月1日至31日,皖2312S表现雄性不育,镜检花粉败育率为99.72%-100.00%,套袋自交结实率为0-0.43%,稳定不育期为31 d;9月3日至14日表现雄性可育,镜检花粉败育率为74.80%-99.47%,套袋自交结实率为1.43%-9.54%。2008年7月31日至9月1日,皖2312S表现雄性不育,镜检花粉败育率为99.91%-100.00%,套袋自交结实率为0-0.48%,稳定不育期为33 d;9月3日至21日表现雄性可育,镜检花粉败育率为69.99%-99.91%,套袋自交结实率为0.33%-42.75%。田间种植皖2312S对水稻条纹叶枯病的抗性较强。[结论] 该不育系的稳定不育期在30 d以上,较适宜选配中粳组合。     

籼型光敏核不育系间杂交后代的育性表达及选育效果

利用育性基因与农垦５８Ｓ等位，但育性转换特性和光周期反应有显著差异的两个灿型光敏核不育系间杂交，杂交后代在同一选择方法下，世代间、同一世代株系间育性表达差异甚大，但能筛选出育性表现优于双亲的株系，表明了光敏核不育基因间互作的复杂性和强化长日低温、短日高温选择压对选育温度钝感的籼型光敏核不育系的重要性。     

粳型水稻光敏核不育系皖2304S的选育及特征特性

[目的]介绍光敏核不育系皖2304S的选育过程、育性表现、抗病性和农艺性状。[方法]以粳稻光敏核不育系7001S为母本,与双九杂交,经4年7代选择育成了粳稻光敏核不育系皖2304S(简称2304S)。[结果]2009年8月12～28日,2304S表现雄性不育,镜检花粉败育率99.54%～100.00%,套袋自交结实率0～0.07%;8月31日至9月21日,表现雄性可育,镜检花粉败育率79.94%～99.79%,套袋自交结实率0.56%～28.76%。2010年8月2日至9月1日,表现雄性不育,镜检花粉败育率99.53%～100.00%,套袋自交结实率0～0.36%,稳定不育期31 d;9月3～17日,表现雄性可育,镜检花粉败育率96.38%～99.46%,套袋自交结实0.57%～18.82%。长日不育起点温度低于24.0℃。田间种植对水稻条纹叶枯病抗性较强。[结论]该不育系稳定不育期30 d以上,适宜选配中粳组合。     

粳稻光敏型核不育系对日长敏感性的鉴定分析

提出利用自然日长鉴定粳稻光敏不育系的方法。应用AMMI（additive main effects and multiplicative interaction）模型,对8个水稻光敏不育系对日长和温度反应的遗传敏感性进行比较分析,将其育性敏感期日长分成6个梯度,温度分成11个梯度。结果表明：在杭州自然条件下种植参试的8个不育系均为光敏核不育系,具有以下特性,抽穗前10~20 d是育性转化敏感期,不育系的可育临界日长为13.0~13.8 h,育性的临界高温为25.0℃,临界低温为21.0℃。     

生态条件对光（温）敏核不育水稻育性的影响

本文用Ｗ６１５４５、７００１５等一批灿粳核不育系为材料，通过分期播种、高海拔种植和人工控制光温处理试验，研究了光温条件对不同类型核不育系育性的影响。结果表明：以Ｗ６１５４５为代表的灿型核不育系的育性主要受温度影响，开花当时的低温和抽穗前的低温对育性同样有影响。以７００１Ｓ为代表的枝型核不育系的育性主要受光照影响，低温影响小。抽穗当时的低温对育性没有影响；抽穗前遇低温，１５～２０天后才有反映。生育前期的光温条件对育性有积累效应，同时抽穗但不同播期的不育株育性有差异。在岳西县高海拔长日低温条件下种植的核不育系不育期相对缩短，不育性降低，特别适用于从Ｆ２代中选光敏适宜温度范围宽的核不育株。     

粳稻光敏核不育系93—926s的育性转换研究

讨论了粳型水稻光敏核不育系93—926s的育性转换特点及育性转换期,证明93—926s是以光敏为主的不育系,育性转换明显,在天津地区,其不育期在8月初到8月底,育性转换期在8月30日左右,其育性转换临界日照长度为13～14h,临界日平均温度为23.0～24.0℃。     

试论水稻光敏核不育系在沈阳的应用前景

水稻光敏核不育两系法杂种优势利用是国家(?)863(?)高新技术研究的主要内容之一。它与当前生产中应用的“三系”法杂种优势利用相比,具有恢复谱广,配组自由,不育系遗传背景丰富和种籽生产简化等优点,因此突破两系法杂种优势利用,必将把沈阳的水稻生产推到一个新阶段。自1989年我国南方光敏核不育系的育性出现低温结实现象,一部分人认为不可能选育出     

Development of Japonica Male Sterile Lines Integrating Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility

Acknowledgement It has been previously established that the BT type of cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is induced by high temperatures, while photosensitive genic male sterility （PGMS） seed sets by low temperatures induce. In the current study, we have bred photosensitive cytoplasmic male sterility （PCMS） lines （2308SA and 2310SA） by crossing the CMS line with the PGMS japonica line with maintainer genes. The sterility of PCMS japonica was consequently controlled by two groups of male sterile genes resulting from the integration of PGMS and CMS genes. The results on plant fertility, at different sowing times, were as follows： （a） Under conditions of natural long-day photoperiod and at temperatures above 35~C, the PGMS gene regulated PCMS japonica sterility - the higher the temperature, the lower the pollen fertility. However, bagged seed sets of PCMS japonica, not exposed to high temperatures, induced the CMS seed set. （b） Exposure to long-day photoperiod and temperature conditions between 35℃ and the critical sterility inducing temperature of PGMS resulted in both PGMS and CMS gene controlled sterility of PCMS japonica, which exhibited stable characteristics. （c） When exposed to critical sterility inducing temperatures or short-day photoperiod and daily high temperatures below 32℃, the BT type of the CMS gene regulated PCMS sterility. Under these conditions, the PGMS gene rendered male sterility insusceptible to occasional cool summer days when this PCMS line, adopted for hybrid seed production, develops into panicle differentiation stage. The present study also investigated the fertility restoration, seed production and combining ability of PCMS japonica so as to optimize its use.     

HPGMR衍生的籼型两用核不育系的光(温)敏不育基因的等位性研究

1990～1991年观察分析了以 HPGMR(Hubei Photoperiodsensitive Genic Male-sterileRice)农垦58S 转育的8个籼型光(温)敏核不育系及其相互杂交 F_1,以及部分组合 F_2,BC_1F_1在武汉自然长光照下或遮光短日照下的育性表现。结果表明,籼型光敏核不育系 W7415S、32001S、3403S、T09S、8902S 和8912S 的光敏不育基因座位相同,推论其光敏不育基因均来源于农垦58S,并且相互间存在修饰基因的差异;而温敏型核不育系 W6154S 与光敏型核不育系 W7415S 等的不育基因座位不相同,推测农垦58S 的光敏不育基因可能没有导入 W6154S 中去;温敏型核不育系 W6154S 和温敏型核不育系8801S 的不育基因座位也不相同,这两个温敏核不育系可能具有不同的遗传基础。     

温光条件对胞质不育系V_(太911289a)雄性育性影响的初步研究(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effect of photoperiod and temperature on male fertility of cytoplasmic male sterile line Vtai911289a in wheat and discuss the mechanism of male fertility alteration. [Method] The sowing-date tests and designed conditions were conducted during 2003-2005. [Result] Fertility of Vtai911289acould alter under specific photoperiod and temperature conditions. Temperature is one of the main factors influencing male fertility of the male sterile lines. Vtai911289a showed stable sterility under the condition of the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 19 ℃ and presented partial fertility when the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 20-22 ℃. Photoperiod to some extent affects the male fertility of Vtai911289a,long-day condition is helpful for the male fertility of the sterile line. [Conclusion] The application of photoperiod temperature-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile line in production has a higher safety than that of temperature sensitive sterile line.     

Studies on the Photoperiod Sensitive Characters of Male Fertility Alteration of Peiai64S‘ Main Male Genic Sterile Gene

Peiai64S, an indica male sterile rice with a male fertility alteration under different environments, is selected from the offspring of indica rice crossed with Nongken58S. Nongken58S, a japonica photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice (PGMS), deriving from a natural mutant plant individual of normal japonica rice variety, Nongken58, is used as a male sterile gene donor of Peiai64S. But Peiai64S is not a typical PGMS rice, the male fertility is sensitive to temperature just as thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice (TGMS). We have selected typical PGMS plants in F2 population of Peiai64S × Nongken58, whose ratio of fertile plants to sterile plants is nearly 3:1. The sterility inheritance conformed to one pair of gene segregation model. The result indicates the main male sterile gene in Peiai64S is not other than the PGMS gene, and comes from Nongken58S. The genetic background affects effective expression of the PGMS gene. This suggests that we ought to focus on optimizing the genetic background of the PGMS gene in PGMS rice breeding, and select an ideal genetic background as a transgenic background in molecular breeding.     

玉米细胞质雄性不育与恢复基因研究进展

玉米作为我国重要的粮、饲两用作物在保障粮食安全,推动社会经济发展和提供工业能源等方面 扮演着关键的角色。细胞质雄性不育是高等植物中普遍存在的生物学现象,玉米细胞质雄性不育可以分为 T 型、 C 型与 S 型 3 种类型。不育基因来源于线粒体基因重排形成嵌合基因,新形成的嵌合基因对花药中小孢子的发 育产生危害导致败育的发生。恢复基因的存在可以消除不育基因的危害,使小孢子正常生长。由于不育基因为 线粒体基因,恢复基因为细胞核基因,对细胞质不育与恢复机理的研究同样是探究质 - 核互作关系的桥梁。同 时对雄性不育系的利用是玉米利用杂种优势的一个重要技术手段,玉米生产上利用细胞质雄性不育对于作物杂 种优势的利用、杂交种的制种都有重要意义,不但能够解放劳动力降低制种成本,而且提高了制种纯度增加产量。 对玉米细胞质雄性不育的分类、特征及近年来发现的玉米细胞质雄性不育基因与育性恢复基因进行概述,并探 讨了玉米细胞质雄性不育应用过程中的问题与发展前景,以其为细胞质雄性不育在生产上的推广利用提供参考。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.     

Inheritance of Fertility Restoration for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in a New Gossypium barbadense Restorer

In order to clarify inheritance mechanism of fertility restoration for cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） in a new Gossypium barbadense restorer line Hai R which was found in the fertility test crossing of G. hirsutum CMS lines with G. barbadense germplasms. 23 fertility segregation populations of F2 and backcross were used to analyze the inheritance of fertility restoring gene（s） of Hai R. The result showed that Hai R had one major dominant gene （RfB） to control the CMS fertility restoration and this fertility restoration gene functioned at the sporophytic level. The sterile cytoplasm background might not only influence the transmission rate of male gamete but also that of female gamete when the restorer gene was recessive. It could be deduced that this fertility restoration gene might come from G. harknessii cotton, Hai R is of value in the application of cotton interspecific hybrid breeding.     

水稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复研究进展

论述了水稻细胞雄性不育及育性恢复基因的主要类型、恢复基因的遗传、定位和育种的研究进展,并提出其存在的问题和展望。