The impact of climate change on the growth of tropical agroforestry tree seedlings

Several studies have been conducted on the response of crops to greater concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ (CO₂ fertilization) as a result of climate change, but only few studies have evaluated this effect on multipurpose agroforestry tree species in tropical environments. The objectives of this study were to quantify differences in growth parameters and in leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations of Cedrela odorata L. and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. seedlings under current ambient temperature (32°C daytime, 22°C night time) and CO₂ (360 ppm) (AMB); CO₂ fertilization (800 ppm, 32°C daytime, 22°C night time) (_fCO₂); elevated ambient temperature (360 ppm, 34°C daytime, 25°C night time) (TEMP); and a combination of elevated temperature (32°C daytime, 22°C night time) and CO₂ fertilization (800 ppm) (TEMPx_fCO₂). Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in seedling growth parameters (seedling height, number of stem leaves, leaf area ratio, shoot and root biomass, and shoot/root ratio) between treatments for both tree species. The greatest increases in growth parameters occurred in the TEMP and TEMPx_fCO₂ treatments compared to the AMB treatment for both tree species. However, growth parameters were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the _fCO₂ treatment compared to that of the AMB treatment. Leaf N concentration was 1.1 to 2.1 times lower (P < 0.05) in all treatments when compared to current ambient conditions (AMB) in both tree species, but no significant changes in leaf C concentrations were observed. Results from our study suggested that _fCO₂ had the greatest negative impact on tree growth parameters, and leaf N concentrations were affected negatively in all treatments compared to current ambient conditions. It is expected that such changes in growth parameters and plant N content may impact the long-term cycling of nutrients in agroforestry systems.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration within a narrow valley in a forested catchment area

In order to investigate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) accumulation as a cool air pool in hilly terrain, two-dimensional cross-sectional profile of CO₂ concentration and air temperature was measured for 20 days in summer in a 0.8-ha forested catchment. CO₂ concentration was vertically stratified within the valley, with a slight increase near valley sidewalls compared to the valley center, except during the nights under calm or weak ambient wind conditions. In the daytime, the constantly higher CO₂ concentration at the valley bottom was associated with temperature inversion below the canopy, which could suppress vertical CO₂ dissipation and leaded to vertical stratification, and with limited CO₂ consumption by photosynthesis due to insufficient radiation. In the nighttime, the vertical CO₂ concentration difference within the valley was related to strength of temperature inversion, which was correlated with ambient wind speed. On windy nights, relatively warmer ambient wind covered the cooler valley, to form a temperature inversion, thus confining CO₂ to the lower part of the valley. On calm nights, thermal lapse not the inversion layer resulted from radiative cooling of the canopy, and homogeneous CO₂ concentration within the valley was observed. A large CO₂ storage change within the valley was calculated compared with that of forests on flat terrain. In particular, the vertical change of CO₂ storage calculated with only the center of the valley was much larger than the cross-sectional change of CO₂ storage with the entire valley due to excluding of side parts of the valley with lower CO₂ concentration.     

幼龄枣树树干液流的动态研究

利用FLGS-TDP插针式植物茎流计,研究了阿克苏市红旗坡农场棉花试验基地中幼龄枣树树干液流的特点及其与环境因子的关系,结果表明:(1)在整个生长季的晴天,枣树树干液流的日变化呈现明显的单峰曲线;液流在10:00迅速上升,在14:00左右达到高峰,17:30又迅速下降;日累计液流为1.43 L/d,白天液流量占全天的91.19%～98.07%,晚上占1.93%～8.81%;由于夜间空气温度的缓慢上升,枣树在夜间有微弱上升液流。(2)4月份液流量最小为7.18 L,7月份最大为29.85 L,4月的累计流量仅为7月的23.96%。(3)生长季液流速率与环境因子逐步回归分析表明,树干液流受环境因子的综合影响,在日变化中大小依次是净辐射、总辐射、空气温度、风速和相对湿度,相关系数为0.68,决定系数为0.48;在季变化中影响大小依次为空气温度、总辐射、净辐射、相对湿度和风速,相关系数和决定系数都是0.89。     

Turbulent exchange of CO2 over a broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, northeast China

Turbulent exchange of CO₂ was measured continuously via the open-path eddy covariance technique over a broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The results show that with near-neutral atmospheric stratification, CO₂ and vertical wind components measured over the forest canopy in the inertial sub-range followed the expected −2/3 power law. The dominant vertical eddy scale was about 100 m. The frequency ranges of eddy contributions to CO₂ fluxes were mostly within 0.01–2.0 Hz. Large eddies with low frequency over the canopy contributed more to CO₂ fluxes than small eddies. The open-path eddy covariance system could satisfy the estimation of turbulent fluxes over the canopy, but the CO₂ fluxes between forest and atmosphere were generally underestimated at night because of the increment non-turbulent processes, suggesting that the CO₂ fluxes estimated under weak turbulence need to be revised correspondingly. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(5): 951–956 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

桉树人工林不同林冠高度小气候特征研究

对比分析了桉树人工林内不同高度位置的大气温度、空气湿度、水汽压、风速的变化特征,结果表明:林冠层以下日平均气温存在随高度增加而增加的辐射逆温现象;与林冠上方相比,空气相对湿度日均值雨季前(2—4月)较小,雨季(5月)以后较大,但变化幅度均较小;林冠层以下水汽压日均值较林冠上方大但变动幅度相对较小;林冠下风速明显小于林冠层以上风速,且林冠下风速层差异微小,风速相对林冠层以上较稳定,对风力有显著的削弱作用。     

热带人工雨林小气候效应分析

以纯胶林、胶茶人工林及旷地为对照，分析了人工雨林的小气候效应。结果表明，随着林内层次的增加，林内太阳辐射量急剧减少；冬季人工雨林产生明显的热效应，为橡胶树的抗寒越冬提供了保障；且人工雨林内温、湿度日较差最小，对风的消弱最强。     

四川盆地北部湿地松人工林小气候特征研究

对四川盆地北部湿地松人工林小气候特征进行了定位观测研究,并以空旷地为对照揭示湿地松林四季对小气候的影响效应。研究结果表明:(1)林内平均气温和最高气温均低于林外,最低温则相反高于林外,林内一天中大部分时间都存在逆温现象;(2)林内空气相对湿度高于林外,白天空气相对湿度自林冠层顶部向下递增,而夜间冠层顶部和林内下部高、中部低;(3)林内土壤温度低于林外,而林内表层土壤湿度高于林外;(4)林内风速小于林外,且自林冠层顶部向下递减;(5)林内蒸发量和降水量小于林外,林冠层对降水的截留率随降雨量的增大而减小;(6)林内CO2浓度白天自林冠层顶部向下递增,而夜间则是林内下部和冠层顶部高、林内中部低。     

大岗山森林生态站区气象要素分析

采用林外对照区与不同林型小气倏定位观测的实验方法,以大岗山森林生态站2001－2002年气象观测数据为基础,从太阳辐射、大气温度、大气湿度、土壤温度、降水量、蒸发量、风速和风向等因子对大岗山森林生态站站区林内与林外对照区气象要素值进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）大气下垫面的性质是影响气象要素变化的重要因子,林内气温、湿度变幅小,且基本处于静风状态;无林地气温、湿度日较差、年较差大,蒸发量相对增加,平均风速增大。（2）林分类型、郁闭度不同对气象要素的变化也有很大影响。     

森林生态系统叶片暗呼吸时空动态及其影响因子

作为森林生态系统一个重要的呼吸通量,叶片呼吸在森林碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。开展叶片呼吸的机理及其影响因子研究,有助于构建大气和植被之间的呼吸通量模型,预测分析气候变化对森林生态系统生产力和碳源汇功能的影响。通常采用Li - 6400光合测定系统和LAI - 2000树冠分析仪测定森林生态系统叶片呼吸速率。叶片呼吸是一个复杂的生物化学过程,受到大气温度、CO₂浓度、土壤水分、叶片寿命、叶龄、比叶面积、叶片氮含量等多种因子的影响。叶片呼吸的日变化通常呈单峰曲线,与温度变化大体一致; 生长季早期和晚期的呼吸速率通常高于中期; 叶片在冠层着生位置影响其呼吸速率,冠层上部叶片的呼吸速率要高于冠层下部叶片。今后叶片呼吸研究应围绕以下4个关键问题:1) 模型构建时需要考虑叶片呼吸的温度驯化;2) 叶片呼吸在昼夜交替时内在调节机制;3) 从叶片呼吸到冠层呼吸的尺度转化;4) 加强和完善叶片呼吸影响因子研究。     

Process studies in aPinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system in a subhumid temperature environment. I. Water use and light interception in the third year

In this study we determined soil moisture storage, evapotranspiration (ET) and light interception in an agroforestry trial consisting of pine trees grown over (1) control (bare ground), (2) ryegrass/clovers (Lolium perene/Trifolium spp.), (3) lucerne (Medicago sativa), and (4) ryegrass only during the third growing season between 1992 and 1993. The results show that:

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY IN KOREAN PINE PLANTATION

Energycirculatingbetweenliveandenvironmentsystemsformesanenergyflowofaecosystem.Itissignificanttocorrectlyrecognizethepatternofenergyflowinaecosystemfordeterminingthemeasurementofforestmanagement.Thepaperstudiedenergydistributionandtranslationpattern.whichcanprovideatheoreticalbasisforreasonablymanagingkoreanpineplantations.MethodofRescarchThestandinvestigatedisapurekoreanpineplant-ationthatwasplantedinl96l,withspacingofl.Oxl'5m;itwasthinnedfor4timesafterreachingclosureandnowhasadansityofl52…     

Effect of inter-annual climate variability on evapotranspiration and canopy CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia

We investigated inter-annual variation of canopy CO₂ exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration during a 7-year period over a lowland Dipterocarp forest in Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia, using the eddy covariance method. Annual rainfall fluctuated between 1,451 and 2,235?mm during this period. Annual evapotranspiration estimated by energy budget correction and gap filling using the relationship between latent heat and available energy was 1,287?±?52?mm. Despite inter-annual variation in rainfall, annual evapotranspiration was stable, except for a slight decrease in the driest year (2009). Evapotranspiration was roughly related to the amount of available energy, but was regulated by stomatal closure to prevent excessive water loss at high vapour pressure deficit. Even during dry periods, no significant decrease in evapotranspiration occurred, as water was supplied from soil layers deeper than 0.5?m. Ecosystem respiration (RE) increased with soil water content. Daytime NEE was also stable during the 7?years, despite climate variability. Afternoon inhibition of canopy photosynthesis was seen every month. Daytime NEE did not become more negative with increasing solar radiation, or with increasing soil water content. During dry periods, gross primary production (GPP) and thus canopy gross photosynthesis decreased slightly, coupled with decreased daytime RE. In this forest, variability in rainfall pattern resulted in seasonal and inter-annual variability in micrometeorology; evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and RE responded to these changes, and compensated for each other and/or other components of micrometeorology, resulting in rather stable annual evapotranspiration and NEE, even during a very dry year associated with an El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event.     

山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及其与环境因子的关系

为探明山旱塬区苹果园耗水规律以及影响果树耗水的主导因子,确定水分承载力,合理配置有限的水资源,于2014~2015年采用SF-L树干茎流仪和Watch Dog 2900ET自动气象站对山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及环境因子进行了连续观测,分析了花牛苹果树干茎流速率的变化规律及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,在果树生长周期,各月份根据日均茎流速率由大到小排列依次为5月、6月、7月、8月、9月,随着月份的递增,茎流峰值出现时间逐渐延迟;5~9月份苹果树干茎流速率变化规律表现为昼高夜低,7:00~9:00树干茎流速率开始急速上升,12:00~15:00达到最大值,17:00~18:00开始逐步下降,21:00趋于稳定;不同天气条件下苹果树干茎流速率为晴天大于雨天;对茎流速率与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,太阳辐射强度、相对湿度、空气温度、饱和水气压差、露点温度与树干茎流速率呈极显著性相关,风速对茎流速率也有一定影响。     

神农架华山松林内外气候特征比较

采用自动气象观测站对林内外小气候进行定位观测的方法,以神农架森林生态站2019年9月～2020年8月气象观测数据为基础,从空气温湿度、风速、降水量、太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、土壤温度等因子对神农架华山松人工林林内外气象要素进行比较分析。结果表明：在冬季林内空气温度和土壤温度高于林外,而其他季节林外空气温度和土壤温度高于林内。降水量主要集中在6～10月,林内外降水量分别占全年降水量的79.7%和76.9%。空气相对湿度主要受降水量的影响,在雨季林内相对湿度高于林外,而其他季节林外相对湿度高于林内。林内风速低于林外,林内比林外月平均风速降低44.3%。全年林内外太阳总辐射分别为1047.9 MJ?m-2和4116.9 MJ?m-2,光合有效辐射分别为514.4 umol?m-2s-1和1987.9 umol?m-2s-1,林内太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射在各月均明显低于林外。     

Effect of elevated ambient CO2 concentration on water use efficiency ofPinus sylvestriformis

Pinus sylvestriformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11-year old) was studied on response to elevated CO₂ concentration at 500±100 μL·L⁻¹ by directly injecting CO₂ into the canopy under natural condition in 1998–1999. The results showed that the elevated CO₂ concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated CO₂ reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant. The project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

郑州市房顶气象特征分析

利用自动气象站观测郑州市中心区5楼1年的气象资料。通过分析楼顶的太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度、气压、风速、风向、降水量等气象因子的日变化情况、月变化情况、季节变化情况,揭示城市房顶的气象特征,为进行房顶绿化提供参考。     

油松中龄林的小气候效应研究

为揭示油松中龄林的气候效应,笔者运用自动气象站对晋东南油松中龄林林内外的气温、相对湿度、风速和风向、气压进行了为期1年的同步、连续观测,分析不同因子在林内外变化特征的差异性。结果表明,太行山油松中龄林林内外气温、相对湿度、风速、气压、太阳辐射的变化趋势相近,林内的年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年平均气压、年平均风速、年平均太阳辐射强度分别为6.43℃,69.06%,0.09 m/s,87.94 KPa和39.67 W/m^2;林外分别为8.92℃,62.27%,0.82 m/s,87.81 KPa和137.14 W/m^2.油松林具有降温、防风、增湿、改变风向和减少太阳辐射的作用。此外,油松中龄林不仅具有明显的小气候效应,且改变了上述气象因子的相关性。     

Calculation method for sunshine duration in canopy gaps and its application in analyzing gap light regimes

Understory light is essential to the growth and survival of plants, yet the light varies temporally and spatially within forest gaps. Measurement of understory light levels using light sensors is both time and labor intensive. Sunshine duration (SD) has a strong correlation with solar radiation and has been the variable most widely used for estimating solar radiation. The power of SD-based methods for estimating solar radiation lies in its ability to quickly estimate light levels. Although several calculation methods for SD within canopy gaps are available, all the methods oversimplify canopy gaps by classifying them as cylindrical or ellipsoid and thus have a relatively low level of accuracy. In this study we developed a calculation method for SD at any given point within natural canopy gaps and we used SD to estimate solar radiation within 12 canopy gaps on Mt. Taibai in China based on the Angström-Prescott model. We then evaluated the SD-based solar radiation by the total and direct solar radiation derived from a gap light index based on hemispherical photographs (HP). Finally, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of light levels within these 12 gaps by using the solar radiation derived from SD at hundreds of simulated points in each gap. Our results showed that (1) SD-based solar radiation was not statistically different from HP-based direct solar radiation and had a strong linear correlation with HP-based total solar radiation; (2) growing-season daily mean solar radiation within the 12 gaps varied from 0.08 to 13.28 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹ with an average of 4.13 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹; (3) solar radiation had a positive correlation with the ratio of the square root of the canopy gap area to the mean canopy height. This relationship was significant but solar radiation had no correlation with the canopy gap area; (4) among most gaps solar radiation was greatest in May while potential SD was longest in June 2008. From these results we can conclude that the SD-based method for estimating solar radiation developed in this study can quickly and accurately estimate light levels at any specified point within canopy gaps. SD-based solar radiation appears to be a good choice for studies on the spatial-temporal characteristics of gap light levels.     

Interannual variability of net ecosystem production for a broadleaf deciduous forest in Sapporo, northern Japan

To estimate net ecosystem production (NEP), ecosystem respiration (R _E), and gross primary production (GPP), and to elucidate the interannual variability of NEP in a cool temperate broadleaf deciduous forest in Sapporo, northern Japan, we measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using an eddy covariance technique with a closed-path infrared gas analyzer from 2000 to 2003. NEP, R _E, and GPP were derived from NEE, and data gaps were filled using empirical regression models with meteorological variables such as photosynthetic active radiation and soil temperature. In general, NEP was positive (CO₂ uptake) from May to September, either positive or negative in October, and negative (CO₂ release) from November to the following April. NEP rapidly increased during leaf expansion in May and reached its maximum in June or July. The four-year averages (±?standard deviation) of annual NEP, GPP, and R _E were 443?±?45, 1,374?±?39, and 931?±?11?g?C?m^?2?year^?1, respectively. The lower annual NEP and GPP in 2000 may have been caused by lower solar radiation in the foliated season. During the foliated season, monthly GPP varied from year to year more than monthly R _E. Variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation may have caused the interannual variations in the monthly GPP. Additionally, in May, the timing of leaf expansion had a large impact on GPP. Variations in GPP affected the interannual variation in NEP at our site. Thus, interannual variation in NEP was affected by the incoming solar radiation and the timing of leaf expansion.     

The stability of different silvicultural systems: a wind-tunnel investigation

We report on a wind-tunnel study with 1 : 75 scale model treesdesigned to examine the influence of canopy structure on theformation of turbulent gusts above forests. This was to testthe hypothesis that more irregular canopy structures produceless intense gusts because the change in wind speed with heightat canopy top is less severe. Measurements were made of windspeeds and turbulence within and above the model forests andof the wind loading on model trees in four different silviculturalsystems. The systems tested were even-aged, single-tree selection,shelterwood/group selection and strip felling. The measurementsshowed that the profiles of different mean wind and turbulencecharacteristics above the forests are remarkably similar whenvertical heights are normalized by the height of the tallesttree but differences do exist within the canopy. The wind loadingmeasurements indicated no difference between the systems interms of stability except possibly for the shelterwood/groupselection. In the shelterwood/group selection system the presenceof smaller sub-canopy trees appears to reduce the loading onthe main canopy trees either by providing support and increasingdamping or by absorption of energy from the canopy-penetratinggusts.