土壤磷酸盐氧同位素分析方法和应用研究进展

在一定温度下磷酸盐和周边水体氧的同位素分馏仅受生物活动控制,因此磷酸盐氧同位素成为生态系统中磷源和磷循环研究的良好示踪剂。介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素研究应用的理论基础和近几年来针对土壤富含有机质,氧元素来源多样的特点发展起来的土壤磷酸盐氧同位素的分析和纯化方法,综述了磷酸盐氧同位素在土壤磷源示踪和磷循环应用研究中的初步进展,并提出目前研究存在的局限和对未来工作的展望。     

磷同位素示踪技术在生态与资源环境科学研究中的新进展

同位素示踪技术广泛应用于土壤-植物-动物生产-环境系统中磷的活化、形态转化、吸收利用、迁移规律等方面的研究,极大地推动了生态、资源环境科学的发展。本文介绍了几种利用同位素示踪技术研究磷在土壤-植物-动物生产-环境系统中动态行为方法的进展,其中放射性同位素磷稀释技术已应用于盆栽和大田试验的研究,主要包括直接标记水溶性磷肥磷或土壤易交换性磷、间接标记难溶性磷和难溶性磷酸盐通过中子堆照活化3种方法。磷酸盐中氧稳定性同位素示踪技术是新近发展起来、并不断完善的方法,为磷从农田到水体环境迁移过程的定量研究提供了可能,但该技术在土壤-植物系统中的应用还存在一定的局限性,有待技术与理论上的进一步完善。核磁共振技术为生态系统中磷形态变化,尤其是有机磷形态的定性与定量研究提供新的研究手段。     

稳定同位素示踪土壤中重金属环境行为的研究进展

随随着以多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）为代表的高精度质谱分析技术的革命性突破,稳定同位素的研究取得了跨越式发展。重金属稳定同位素成为了示踪土壤环境介质中重金属地球化学循环的有效工具,在识别污染来源、解析关键过程、跟踪环境行为等方面展现出极大的应用潜力。从同位素基本概念出发,系统介绍了利用重金属稳定同位素示踪土壤环境重金属污染的来源与归趋、土壤-植物体系重金属元素的迁移转化以及金属纳米颗粒的环境过程等方面的研究进展,并进一步总结了氧化还原、沉淀溶解、吸附解吸、络合反应、生物作用等影响重金属稳定同位素分馏的相关机制,最后针对当前应用和研究现状,提出了拓展稳定同位素示踪重金属环境行为的潜在研究方向和研究内容,对土壤重金属污染防治及修复具有重要的指导意义。     

盐酸提取的土壤无机磷酸盐中氧同位素分析

【目的】 磷酸盐中的P—O键在自然条件下稳定。磷酸盐中最重和最轻氧同位素 (18O和16O) 的比值,即δ18O-P,可以表征生态系统中磷的转化。由盐酸提取的土壤无机磷 (HCl-Pi) 难以被作物直接吸收利用,但在根系分泌物和土壤微生物的作用下,可转化为有效形态。建立δ18O-P测定方法可以为示踪土壤中HCl-Pi的循环、转化过程提供基础。 【方法】 本文选择潮土和黑土长期定位试验中NK (不施磷肥)、NPK (施用无机磷肥)、NPKM (施用无机磷肥 + 粪肥)、NPKS (NPK + 秸秆还田) 4个施肥处理土样,按照土壤磷化学分级方法逐级浸提,收集1 mol/L HCl浸提液,通过磷钼酸铵沉淀、磷酸铵镁沉淀等过程分离纯化其中磷酸盐,获得磷酸银沉淀,利用元素分析仪稳定性同位素比例质谱仪测定氧同位素组成δ18O-P值。 【结果】 磷酸盐经过分离纯化沉淀3个关键过程,回收率均达到92%以上,损失较少,未出现氧同位素分馏。X射线衍射仪和氧含量测定表明,实验获取磷酸银样品纯度较高。潮土与黑土各处理中HCl-Pi的δ18O-P值分别为17.21‰ 和17.90‰ (NK)、17.25‰ 和17.61‰ (NPK)、17.62‰和17.87‰ (NPKM)、17.95‰ 和17.70‰ (NPKS),4个施肥处理之间土壤δ18O-P值无显著差异。 【结论】 本研究建立盐酸提取土壤磷酸盐中氧同位素分析测定方法,可为农田土壤中磷的循环转化及其溯源研究提供技术支撑。      

氢氧稳定同位素技术在土壤水研究上的应用进展

土壤水是水资源的重要组成部分,是连接自然界水循环的重要环节;一个地区的土壤水资源状况与当地作物生产、生态环境质量以及社会经济发展息息相关。应用稳定氢、氧同位素技术可从宏观和微观的结合上把握土壤水循环过程,阐明其相关机理;近年来这一技术有了长足进步,正在逐渐发展成为研究土壤水循环特别是探究土壤水分运移和转化规律的有效手段。在简述土壤水氢、氧同位素基本知识的基础上,从水的地球化学循环原理出发,讨论影响土壤水氢、氧同位素富集的因素,着重介绍了土壤水循环研究中的同位素技术的要点和特点,并对这一研究领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

Pu同位素在土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用

137Cs示踪技术目前在土壤侵蚀研究中应用最为广泛,但是随着环境中137Cs的衰变,寻找可以替代的放射性核素具有十分重要的意义。人造放射性核素Pu同位素与137Cs来源相同,但半衰期更长,且更容易被土壤中的细颗粒物质吸附。特别是随着测量技术的发展,电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS)以及加速器质谱技术(AMS)等的应用,使得Pu同位素的测量较137Cs更高效、灵敏。因而Pu同位素成为可以替代137Cs进行土壤侵蚀示踪的理想元素。本文从Pu的来源及分布、Pu在土壤中的吸附和固定、Pu同位素的测量方法三个方面分析Pu同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的基础,并对Pu同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的基本原理和应用现状加以简述,探讨了今后Pu同位素在土壤侵蚀示踪应用中的主要研究方向。     

稳定同位素15N的精密质谱测定法

精确地测定生物样品中的微量¹⁵N,是¹⁵N示踪研究法发展的一个基本方向。近年来,在生物学和农业科学中应用稳定同位素¹⁵N取得了很大进展,获得了许多有关动、植物体的氮素营养功能和氮素在土壤中平衡的资料,进一步了解了氮素在自然界的循环过程。     

水系物质迁移过程示踪及其在环境中的应用

水是环境中污染物迁移的重要介质,水系污染物也可以直接作用于生物体。本文概述了对水系物质迁移过程示踪的各种方法,包括人工示踪剂方法、生物标志法、微量元素及同位素示踪方法等,指出了它们的环境应用价值。在人工示踪法中叙述了中子活化示踪沙技术和稀土元素-DTPA螯合物示踪法。生物标志物主要叙述了木质素、正构烷烃、脂肪酸的指示意义。微量元素示踪主要涉及到Sr、Ca、Mg和REE的示踪。同位素示踪法着重阐述了较先进的碳、氮、氧和铅同位素的示踪。最后展示了水系物质示踪的应用前景。     

稳定性同位素探针技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的应用

新近发展起来的稳定性同位素探针技术（SIP）与分子生物学方法结合,能够定向发掘复杂环境中参与特定生态过程的微生物资源,是土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的有效手段,具有广阔的应用前景。其原理是环境样品中的功能微生物代谢同化同位素标记的底物,通过对其生物标志物（即DNA、RNA、PLFA等）进行提取、分离、鉴定和比对分析,以此获取介导土壤物质转化和循环过程的功能微生物的直接信息。本文在分别介绍SIP技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定过程中的各种前处理方法、生物标志物选择及后续鉴定方法的基础上,综述了SIP技术在研究驱动土壤有机污染物生物降解、碳氮循环等过程的功能微生物原位鉴定的应用进展,展望了SIP技术在土壤微生物基因组学方面的应用前景。     

镉同位素分馏在土壤-植物体系中的研究进展

镉污染土壤因其导致粮食作物超标以及通过食物链对居民健康构成威胁,引起了人们的高度关注。土壤镉的迁移转化、植物根部对镉的吸收、植物体内对镉的装载转运和贮存是土壤-植物体系镉生物地球化学循环的重要过程。近年来,稳定同位素分馏技术被广泛应用于土壤-植物系统中镉的迁移和储存,为研究镉在不同土壤库和植物部位中的迁移和转化提供了新的思路和视角。本文首先介绍了镉同位素组成分析的基本原理和方法;其次对土壤矿物溶解、共沉淀、吸附和有机质螯合配位等四个关键过程引起的镉同位素分馏方向和程度进行综述,并重点针对植物根部对镉的吸收、根部-地上部转运和籽粒储存等三个关键过程阐述植物体内镉同位素分馏机制;最后基于目前研究现状,展望了土壤-植物体系镉同位素分馏尚需解决的科学问题和未来的研究方向。有助于深入理解镉在土壤-植物体系中的生物地球化学过程与机制,以期为镉污染土壤的安全利用与治理修复、农产品减毒脱毒等应用技术的研发提供科学依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.