老虎须的组织培养与植株再生

以老虎须茎段为试验材料,采用不同激素组合对其进行愈伤组织诱导和分化、芽增殖与生根研究。结果表明：老虎须茎段愈伤组织诱导和分化的最适培养基分别为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L和MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L;芽增殖的最适培养基为MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋IAA 0.2 mg/L;生根的最适培养基为1/2 MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L。     

福鼎大白茶高效离体再生体系的优化

以福鼎大白茶的新梢茎段为外植体,建立一套完整的离体再生体系。结果表明,最适的腋芽诱导培养基为MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA;最适的不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最佳的生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg/L NAA,生根率达70%,平均生根数4条,平均根长5.4 cm,移栽成活率达71.4%。     

巨桉组培育苗技术初探

以当年巨桉实生苗顶芽、幼嫩侧芽为繁殖材料,以培养基MS＋6-BA 0.25 mg/L＋IBA 0.3mg/L＋蔗糖35g/L＋卡拉胶6.2 g/L,诱导获得丛芽,在培养基MS＋6-BA 0.25 mg/L＋IBA 0.3 mg/L＋NH4NO3 3 mg/L＋蔗糖35 g/L＋卡拉胶6.2 g/L上继代增殖,增殖倍数2.5以上,生根诱导在MS＋NAA 0.25 mg/L＋IBA 0.3 mg/L＋蔗糖25 g/L＋卡拉胶5.2 g/L的培养基上获得健壮的生根苗,生根诱导率90%以上,移栽苗圃获得成功。     

莫氏兰的组织培养与快速繁殖

以腋芽为外植体,建立莫氏兰的组织培养和再生体系。结果表明：腋芽采用0.1%升汞消毒2次的效果最好;6-BA 4.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.4 mg/L的激素配比适合原球茎诱导;原球茎增殖培养基的最佳6-BA、NAA浓度分别是1.0、0.1 mg/L;不定芽诱导培养基的最适6-BA、NAA浓度分别是0.5、0.05 mg/L;在生根培养基VW(含NAA 0.5 mg/L,香蕉40 g/L,土豆30 g/L,糖20 g/L,卡拉胶8.0 g/L,活性炭1.5 g/L)上幼苗生根率达到100%;移栽成活率达95%。     

“罗宾娜”百合组培快繁体系的建立

以OT百合新品种"罗宾娜"(Robina)的种球鳞片为外植体,开展其组培快繁体系的研究。结果表明,鳞片诱导的最适培养基为:MS+6-BA2.0mg/L+NAA0.5 mg/L,其诱导率达到95.83%;采用分切再生小鳞茎的鳞片叶来扩大增殖,增殖培养基为MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1 mg/L,平均增殖倍数达6.8;生根培养基为MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+IAA0.25 mg/L,生根率为96.37%;移栽成活率达97.63%以上。     

灯笼草的组织培养

以灯笼草的茎尖为外植体,研究了影响其初代、继代及生根培养的主要因素。试验结果表明：最适初代培养基为MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L;最适增殖培养基为MS＋6-BA 1.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L;最适生根培养基为1/2MS＋NAA 0.5 mg/L。     

彩椒的离体快繁研究

以红盾彩椒为试材,进行组培快繁,研究不同激素类型与配比组合对愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化及芽的伸长的影响,并初步建立彩椒的组培快繁体系。 结果表明：子叶愈伤诱导最适培养基为：MS＋0.3 mg/L 6-BA＋1.0 mg/L NAA;不定芽诱导最适培养基为：MS＋3.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.5 mg/L IAA＋4.0 mg/L AgNO3;芽伸长最适培养基为：MS＋2.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L IAA＋2.0 mg/L ZT＋2.0 mg/L GA3;最后在1/2MS＋0.5 mg/L IBA(或 0.5 mg/L NAA)培养基上进行生根培养。     

猫尾射的组织培养

以猫尾射无菌播种苗(去除根部)为外殖体,对其愈伤组织诱导和分化及其不定芽增殖进行研究。结果表明,外殖体在MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上,愈伤组织诱导和分化的效果较好,愈伤诱导率为82.0%,分化率为74.5%;经不定芽增殖培养基MS＋6-BA 0.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.05 mg/L培养,不定芽增殖倍数为8.2,平均株高为4.7cm。组培苗在MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L培养基上生根率达90%。生根苗移栽成活率达84%。     

外植体和培养因子对剑麻不定芽诱导及植株再生的影响

以剑麻H.11648为材料,研究不同外植体、培养基和激素对不定芽诱导及生根的影响。试验结果表明,以珠芽苗茎尖为最佳快繁材料,最佳消毒时间25 min,最适合的基本培养基为SH;最佳分化培养基为SH＋NAA 0.05 mg/L＋6-BA 4 mg/L,芽的分化率达到85%,同时可做增殖培养基,增殖平均倍数为18。分化芽在MS和SH两种培养基中添加NAA 0.1 mg/L＋6-BA 0.1 mg/L中均可生根,生根率为95%。     

神农香菊丛生芽的诱导及植株再生

以神农香菊茎段为外植体,研究植物生长调节剂及活性炭(AC)对神农香菊丛生芽诱导的影响,以建立神农香菊丛生芽诱导及植株再生的高频再生体系。结果表明,丛生芽诱导的最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA,最适增殖培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA+0.05 g/L AC,增殖系数为45.3,添加AC可有效促进玻璃化苗恢复;生根诱导的最适培养基为不添加任何生长调节剂的1/2MS,生根率高达100%;将生长良好的再生植株进行移栽,存活率可达100%。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.