三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究

为了解区域尺度上不同退化程度高寒草地的土壤特征,在对三江源地区进行多样点采样和室内分析的基础上,研究草地退化对高寒草地不同土层的土壤物理和化学等特征的影响。结果表明:随着退化程度加剧,不仅草地群落组成出现明显变化,地上/地下生物量显著下降,而且土壤各理化性质也受到不同程度的影响。土壤容重随草地退化程度的加剧和土壤深度的增加而增大;土壤有机碳随草地退化程度的加剧而显著下降,尤其是0～10cm土层;草地退化加剧导致土壤总氮和硝态氮含量呈逐渐下降趋势,且对0～10cm土层影响更为显著;土壤铵态氮含量在草地轻度退化阶段最高,且受草地退化影响不显著。相关性分析表明,不同土层的土壤有机碳和总氮与生物量之间均呈显著正相关,多元逐步回归分析也显示土壤有机碳和总氮含量与绝大部分草地演替阶段的生物量显著相关,表明土壤有机碳和总氮可作为衡量三江源地区草地退化程度的重要土壤性状指标。人工草地的建植可明显增加地上/地下生物量,但短期内对土壤的改良效果并不显著,极度退化草地的土壤恢复将是一个缓慢的过程。     

青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律

调查分析了青藏高原东部高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸、亚高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、荒漠化草原、林间草地、盐渍化沼泽土壤碳氮磷含量垂直分布特征。结果表明,7种草地类型中,土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层的深入而降低,0~15 cm土层土壤有机碳的累积量从高到低依次为林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草甸(P<0.05);随土层深度变化土壤全氮含量与有机碳相似,0～15 cm全氮累积量从高到低依次为沼泽化草甸>林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>荒漠化草原>亚高寒草甸(P<0.05);荒漠化草原、林间草地和土壤全磷含量随土层深度无明显规律性,0～15 cm土层全磷累积量由高到低依次为高寒灌丛草甸>沼泽化草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草原>林间草地(P<0.05);随土层深度的增加不同草地类型养分含量顺序不同。除沼泽化草甸,不同草地类型下土壤有机碳与全氮呈显著正相关。     

青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。     

放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响

为了揭示高寒草甸生态系统在放牧扰动下的植被和土壤特征变化,通过野外样地调查和室内分析法研究和探讨围栏封育(EN)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)、对照区(CK)几种不同放牧强度对草地生物量和土壤碳特征的影响,为高寒草甸的退化研究提供依据。结果表明,封育区地上生物量和地下生物量最高,随着放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量和地下生物量均呈减少趋势;放牧干扰对高寒草甸土壤湿度也产生影响,其中封育区和轻牧区土壤湿度显著高于其他处理(P0.05);在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加土壤湿度呈明显降低趋势;放牧的践踏作用不仅影响土壤湿度,而且随着放牧强度的增加土壤容重增加;土壤全氮和土壤有机碳也对放牧有一定的响应,土壤全氮表现为LGENMGCKHG,土壤有机碳从高到底为LGENMGHGCK。草地受到放牧干扰时,适度的践踏干扰将提高草地生产力和碳固存,但是高强度的放牧对草地植被和土壤结构的干扰作用不利于草地生态系统的可持续发展。     

高寒草地土壤理化性质特征及质量评价

以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

为探究退化对高寒草甸土壤质量的影响,在甘肃省天祝藏族自治县金强河高寒草甸范围内设置未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4个退化梯度,采用干筛法研究了不同退化程度高寒草甸0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征。结果表明：粒径>5 mm的团聚体含量随退化加剧显著降低,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量随退化加剧显著升高。大团聚体含量、平均重量直径及几何平均直径随退化加剧逐渐降低。团聚体有机碳含量随退化加剧呈先增加后降低趋势,大团聚体中0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低。未退化草地对有机碳的贡献率主要是> 5 mm粒级的团聚体,退化加剧,<0.25 mm的微团聚体对有机碳的贡献率逐渐升高。双因素分析表明退化程度与土壤深度的交互作用对团聚体分布、团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳贡献率有显著影响。草地退化导致土壤结构稳定性下降,大团聚体占比降低,对有机碳的贡献率减小。研究结果可从土壤团聚体及有机碳角度对退化草地的治理及可持续利用提供理论指导。     

土壤微生物群落多样性对高寒草甸退化程度的响应

本研究以祁连山东缘天祝藏族自治县4种不同退化程度的高寒草甸为研究对象，采用Biolog技术探讨土壤微生物群落多样性在不同退化程度高寒草甸下变化特征。结果表明：随土层加深土壤微生物利用碳源能力呈递减趋势；在高寒草甸退化过程中植物覆盖度、地上植物总生物量、土壤pH值、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量随退化程度加深呈下降趋势；高寒草甸退化显著影响土壤微生物对31种碳源的利用程度。在环境因子中对碳源代谢多样性影响最大的是碳氮比、全磷含量、全氮含量，在不同退化程度高寒草甸中土壤有机质含量、电导率、pH是土壤微生物利用碳源能力的限制因子，土壤环境因子是影响土壤微生物的重要因素。     

青海省不同高寒草地土壤主要养分及可溶性有机碳特性研究

为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类高寒草甸草原类高寒草原类高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。     

三江源区不同利用方式草地生物量及土壤养分特征

以三江源区玛多县高寒草原、退化高寒草原和垂穗披碱草人工草地为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式对地上、地下生物量以及土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量的影响。结果表明:总生物量的高低排序为高寒草原人工草地退化高寒草原,人工草地和退化高寒草原的总生物量分别仅为高寒草原的32.9%和22.8%,人工草地对地上植被的恢复效果较好,地上部生物量最高,为高寒草原地上生物量的359.2%,但对地下生物量的恢复并不理想,0~10cm地下生物量仅为高寒草原的11.5%。3种利用方式草地土壤碳氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平;退化和人工种植草地0~10cm土层的有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量明显较高,而10cm以下土层的各样分含量明显下降;退化对下层土壤的全磷和有效磷含量没有明显的影响,不同利用方式草地的全磷和有效磷含量在不同土层的变异也不明显。     

青海省不同高寒草地土壤主要养分及可溶性有机碳特性研究

为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类>高寒草甸草原类>高寒草原类>高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P<0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.