平凉大寨剖面早中全新世气候不稳定性研究

通过对平凉大寨全新世黄土剖面的粒度、磁化率、地球化学参数及年代学的综合分析,着重探讨了本区早、中全新世千百年尺度的气候变化及不稳定性等演变特征。研究表明:平凉大寨地区早全新世升温阶段(11.5~9.2KaB.P.)出现了YD事件,反映了升温过程中短暂性气候逆转;中全新世大暖期(9.2~3.5KaB.P.)存在一个近两千年的冷干气候恶化阶段(6.5~4.5KaB.P.),该冷干气候恶化期存在两个数百年尺度的极度冷干气候事件,其气候环境条件恶化程度接近于晚冰期。同时,该地区中全新世气候变化也存在周期约1.5ka的暖湿与冷干气候旋回。     

可可西里地区0.9Ma以来气候演变特征研究

选择青藏高原腹地可可西里地区为研究区,以古地磁测年结果为年代框架,应用轨道调谐方法建立了BDQ06孔的年代标尺。通过对BDQ06孔沉积物粒度、磁化率、总有机碳及色度等指标的分析,重建了可可西里地区0.9Ma以来古气候演化序列。气候演化过程划分为5个阶段:阶段5(929~660ka BP)暖湿和冷干交替变化;阶段4(660~460ka BP)气候向偏冷偏干方向发展;阶段3(460~360ka BP)气候温和偏干;阶段2(360~160ka BP)气候暖湿冷干波动频繁交替;阶段1(160~5ka BP)暖湿冷干组合。同时该区湖泊沉积物环境指标的变化规律和深海氧同位素曲线在冰期-间冰期旋回尺度上有较好的一致性,但也出现不同的变化特征,说明本区既表现出全球一致的气候特征,同时也表现出一定区域特征,可能与青藏高原的构造隆升有关,这对于研究区域气候变化与全球气候变化有着重要的意义。     

河西走廊全新世气候变迁与古文化响应

通过对河西走廊中部黄土剖面磁化率、CaCO3百分含量、色度(明度、红度、黄度)、粒度等气候代用指标的分析,初步重建了河西走廊中部全新世气候变化.发现河西走廊全新世大暖期从9 000 a BP开始,结束于2 200 aBP,期间有3次明显的气候旋回:8000～6200 aBP,5 600～4 300 aBP,3 000～2200 aBP.在此基础上,简单阐述了在中国黄土高原西部,全新世古文化对气候变化的响应,旨在说明河西走廊中部黄土剖面记录的全新世气候变化具有普遍性.     

17.8-6.8 ka BP期间达里湖的水文环境历史及其演化机制

通过分析达里湖沉积剖面的粒度和元素组成,结合OSL年代序列,探讨了17.8-6.8 ka BP期间达里湖的水文环境变化。在17.8 ka BP,该剖面由冲洪积相转为湖相沉积,标志着达里湖水位显著升高,这是末次盛冰期结束后气温回升山地冰雪融水增多所导致的;但是,在13.5-13.1 ka BP和12.2-11.8 ka BP,湖水位明显下降,这大致对应着两次仙女木事件时的冷干气候;在11.8-6.8 ka BP湖泊水位再次升高,并于7.6-6.8 ka BP达到最高,这是进入全新世后东亚夏季风增强带来的较多降水所造成的。     

运城盆地洪积平原全新世环境演变与侵蚀阶段研究

根据山西运城盆地中条山洪积扇全新世剖面的磁化率、粒度分析研究,揭示了全新世以来运城盆地的环境演变和面状流水侵蚀堆积阶段。研究结果表明运城盆地全新世早期气候较温和干燥;全新世中期气候温暖湿润;而全新世晚期气候比较干旱。由于全新世气候的波动变化,以及人类活动的影响,运城盆地洪积扇地表出现过4个比较明显的面状流水侵蚀-堆积作用阶段,时间分别在11500-11000a B.P.、3850~3300a B.P.、2200~2000a B.P和1300-800a B.P.。其中,11500-11000a B.P.间的侵蚀-搬运阶段是由气候变化引起,后三个阶段则是由气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,这为探索黄土高原侵蚀历史演变提供了新的途径。     

14.5 cal.ka BP以来黄旗海沉积物环境指标特征及其反映的环境变化

通过对内蒙古黄旗海陈家村剖面进行AMS14C测年,建立了14.5cal.ka BP以来的年代框架,综合粒度、磁化率及地球化学指标分析其环境变化。研究结果表明:黄旗海自14.5cal.ka BP以来经历了四个环境变化阶段:14.5-10.6cal.ka BP,沉积物以粉砂为主,残积系数与Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)值较低,表明水动力、风化作用较弱,气候相对寒冷;10.6-7.8cal.ka BP,残积系数不断增大,指示化学风化作用不断加强,气候由寒冷转为温暖,期间伴随干冷事件发生;7.8-3.9cal.ka BP,粉砂及砂粒级含量较高,层理发育,指示强弱交替的水动力条件,残积系数、Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)增速加快,指示气候温暖湿润;3.9-0.9cal.ka BP,砂含量及平均粒径减小,残积系数也降低,指示化学风化程度减弱,湖泊水动力减弱,水位下降,气候转为干冷。末次冰消期以来黄旗海环境演化与全球气候变化具有一致性,同时由于其所处地理位置与水文条件等局部地域差异,导致典型气候变化事件在起止时间上存在一定差异性。     

末次冰消期以来古猪野泽湖相地层沉积学及湖面波动历史

本文选取古猪野泽地区的青土湖剖面、西渠剖面、沙坑井剖面、九坨墚剖面作为研究对象,通过广泛野外地貌考察、剖面地层对比,作者认为古猪野泽最高湖面的海拔高度为1313~1315m,气候变化自末次冰期以来共经历了2个成湖期(13000~9500 yr BP、6700~1100 yr BP)。9500~6700 yr BP期间,本区域基本都沉积了风成砂,湖泊岸堤的14C测年均未发现早全新世高湖面的证据。通过地球物理化学指标分析及可靠14C测年,重建了区域末次冰消期以来的气候干湿变化历史:15800~13000 yr BP,为冷干的气候环境;13000~9500 yrBP,为凉湿的气候环境;9500~6700 yr BP,为暖干的气候环境;6700~4300 yr BP,为暖湿的气候环境,其中6700~5650 yr BP为气候最适宜期;4300~2700 yr BP,为干旱/湿润的过渡时期;2700~0 yr BP,为干旱的气候环境。     

天山北麓黄土剖面的光释光测年分析

利用单片再生剂量法(SAR),测量了天山北麓大佛寺(DFS)、牛圈子(NJZ)2个风成黄土剖面的OSL信号特征与年龄.结果表明:天山北麓黄土的初始OSL信号强度低于黄土高原地区,并且4～11 μm混合矿物颗粒的IRSL、post-IR信号及40 ～ 63 μm石英颗粒的BLSL信号对人工剂量响应的灵敏度较低,其中细颗粒混合矿物的post-IR信号,甚至难以拟合出满意的生长曲线和等效剂量.依据40～63 μm石英颗粒BLSL信号计算出的年龄与地层深度则对应良好.DFS剖面底部年龄为(6.85 ±0.56)ka,表明其黄土物质沉积始于全新世大暖期.NJZ剖面出露黄土的最老年龄为(23.83±2.36)ka,整个剖面包括了晚更新世马兰黄土上部及全新世早期黄土,而全新世大暖期以来的黄土物质则可能因流水侵蚀而缺失.通过计算可以确定DFS、NJZ 2个剖面的平均黄土沉积速率介于0.25～0.26m·ka-1.     

宁夏长城塬黄土土壤剖面光释光测年研究

通过光释光断代仪对宁夏长城塬黄土土壤剖面7个样品进行年代测定,获得7个确切的地层年代值。结果表明：约12 580 a BP,剖面处于气候干旱时期,形成马兰黄土（L₁）;约11 498 a BP,剖面处于全新世升温过渡期,形成过渡层（L_t）;6 731～2 827 a BP,剖面处于全新世大暖期,形成古土壤(S₁);约1 394 a BP,剖面处于相对干旱时期,形成全新世黄土（L₀）。     

青藏高原全新世气温序列的集成重建

青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区,重建高原全新世气温序列不仅能认识过去气候变化的特征,而且对评估目前的全球变暖及预测未来气候变化趋势都有重要意义。本文选取青藏高原28个样点的化石孢粉记录,496个样点的表土孢粉数据,采用现代类比法获得各样点的全新世气温序列,并采用单样本区域订正的方法,在集成思想的基础上重建了青藏高原全新世百年分辨率气温集成序列。结果表明: 全新世青藏高原气温可以划分为3个阶段,全新世早期（11.5～8.4 ka B.P.）为波动升温期,气温在波动中上升,期间分别在10.9、9.9、9.2 ka B.P.和8.9 ka B.P.可以识别出寒冷事件。全新世中期（8.4～4.4 ka B.P.）为全新世大暖期,气温整体上高于现代,其中,大暖期的鼎盛期出现在8.0～6.1 ka B.P.,气温最高的百年高出现代2.62 ℃左右。全新世大暖期中的寒冷事件主要发生在8.2、6.1、4.8 ka B.P.左右。4.4 ka B.P.以来为晚全新世,虽然气温总体的波动幅度较大,但总体趋势与现代气温比较接近。将重建的集成序列与其他学者重建的序列相比较,气温的总体趋势基本一致,全新世发生的主要冷暖事件在时间上也基本一致。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.