甜瓜松散型胚性愈伤组织诱导

为建立甜瓜松散胚性愈伤组织再生体系，给分子标记辅助育种、转基因育种、诱变育种等新型的育种技术提供优质材料，以甜瓜成熟叶片为外植体，调节培养基中激素、蔗糖浓度以及愈伤组织继代次数诱导甜瓜松散型胚性愈伤组织。结果表明，在2,4-D的作用下叶片能诱导出愈伤组织，在MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+20 g/L蔗糖的培养基上，可以获得结构松散、质地较软呈黄绿色的愈伤组织；诱导松散型愈伤组织最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+30 g/L蔗糖，经过3次继代后可以获得生长速度较快，结构松散、质地较硬呈黄绿色的松散型愈伤组织；在MS+0.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.25 mg/L 2,4-D+40 g/L蔗糖的培养基上愈伤组织胚性化最好，继代5次，可获得结构松散、质地较硬，生长速度较快的松散型胚性愈伤组织。     

冬小麦成熟胚高频愈伤组织形成和分化的适宜条件研究

以4个冬小麦品种的成熟胚为外植体,研究了温度预处理、愈伤组织诱导培养基中2,4-D浓度和分化培养基激素种类及其配比对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织形成和分化的影响。结果表明,与室温25℃相比,低温4℃预处理能明显改善愈伤组织的形成率。适宜愈伤组织形成的诱导培养基中2,4-D浓度以4 mg/L为宜,分化培养基中含有1 mg/LKT 2 mg/L 6-BA较仅含有1 mg/L KT或2 mg/L 6-BA能明显促进愈伤组织的分化。相同培养条件下,不同品种间的愈伤组织形成和再生能力存在较大差异。因此,进行低温种子预处理、愈伤组织诱导过程中采用适宜的2,4-D浓度,以及分化过程中采用适宜的激素组合是冬小麦高频愈伤组织形成和分化的重要条件。     

啤酒大麦品种甘啤4号成熟胚再生体系的建立

建立啤酒大麦品种甘啤4号成熟胚再生体系可为其遗传转化奠定基础。本研究以甘啤4号成熟胚为材料,研究不同诱导培养基对其愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响,并通过添加不同浓度梯度的Ag NO3(0,2.5 mg/L,5.0 mg/L,7.5 mg/L,10.0 mg/L,15.0 mg/L)和ABA(0,0.1 mg/L,0.3 mg/L,0.5 mg/L,0.7 mg/L,1.0 mg/L),观察其愈伤组织形态变化,统计出愈率、绿点率,探索适宜甘啤4号成熟胚组织培养的条件。同时在0、7 d、14 d、21 d和二叶期分别测定成熟胚再生过程中SOD、POD、CAT活性、MAD、可溶性蛋白及内源激素(IAA,ABA,GA3)的含量,为优化成熟胚再生体系准备条件。研究结果表明:培养基NMB较适宜甘啤4号成熟胚再生培养,发现添加适量Ag NO3和ABA有助于愈伤组织的诱导及分化,但Ag NO3处理的效果较ABA明显,其诱导甘啤4号愈伤组织的最适浓度分别为7.5 mg/L和0.5 mg/L;观察到不同时期酶活性大致均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,内源激素含量也随着培养时期的不同有所差异。研究结果可为添加外源激素、进一步优化培养条件奠定了基础。     

苏玛栎胚性愈伤组织诱导及体胚发生

取苏玛栎成熟大树基部萌条进行离体培养,利用无菌苗茎段成功诱导出胚性愈伤组织,并进一步诱导出子叶期的体细胞胚胎。试验结果表明:苏玛栎茎段置于添加2 mg/L 2,4-D和0.2 mg/L KT的MS培养基上,黑暗培养30 d后,诱导出愈伤组织;将胚性愈伤组织置于添加3 mg/L BA和0.5 mg/L NAA的MS培养基上,黑暗培养40 d,有利于胚性愈伤的增殖;转入添加0.5 mg/L ZT和0.1 mg/L NAA的MS培养基中,黑暗培养60 d后,原胚团经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚,发育至子叶胚阶段,但诱导率最高仅为10%。本研究为苏玛栎种质资源保存、无性繁殖和遗传改良提供了一定的科学依据。     

不同品系橡胶树花药愈伤诱导和体胚发生研究

为建立橡胶树不同品系的体胚发生和植株再生体系,为不同品系橡胶树良种生产奠定基础。以橡胶树优良品系‘热研106’、‘热试59’、‘热试62’的花药为材料,采用正交设计,对不同品系、不同植物生长调节剂配比培养基的花药愈伤和体胚诱导效果进行了研究。[结果]结果表明：3个品系的愈伤诱导率和体胚诱导效率差异明显,同一品系不同培养基的愈伤诱导率和体胚诱导效率差异明显;愈伤诱导培养基中的植物生长调节剂对下一阶段的体胚诱导有明显影响。根据本研究,‘热研106’的花药愈伤诱导最佳浓度组合为2,4-D 1 mg/L+NAA 2 mg/L+KT 1 mg/L,‘热试59’的花药愈伤组织诱导最佳浓度组合为2,4-D 0.5mg/L+NAA 1 mg/L+KT 1 mg/L,‘热试62’的花药愈伤组织诱导最佳浓度组合为2,4-D 1 mg/L+NAA 1 mg/L+KT 1 mg/L。‘热试62’的体胚发生最佳浓度组合为KT 3 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+GA3 0.05 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L。[结论]本研究获得了不同品系的愈伤诱导和体胚发生最佳培养基组合,为多品系橡胶树花药植株再生体系的建立奠定了基础。     

大葱成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

为了建立大葱组培高频再生体系,以‘铁杆大葱’的成熟胚为材料,探讨培养基种类、植物生长调节剂浓度等因素对大葱成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及再生的影响。结果表明,MS培养基适合大葱成熟胚愈伤组织诱导,大葱成熟胚愈伤组织诱导最适宜的培养基为MS+2,4-D (2~3 mg/L)。大葱成熟胚愈伤组织分化培养最适培养基为MS+6-BA (1.0 mg/L)+KT (1.0 mg/L)+NAA (0.1 mg/L),分化率达90%;对分化的再生苗移植于1/2 MS培养基上进行生根及壮苗培养,生根率达到100%,炼苗移栽后小苗的成活率达到90%以上。本研究为进一步优化大葱再生体系提供了依据,为后续大葱的遗传转化的研究起了推动作用。     

玉米幼胚再生体系的建立

为建立高效稳定的玉米再生体系,以玉米幼胚为受体材料,研究了基因型对胚性愈伤组织诱导率的影响以及适宜玉米幼胚生长的诱导培养基、继代培养基、分化培养基及生根培养基。结果表明,基因型可显著影响胚性愈伤组织诱导率,H99×A188的诱导率最高(45.28%);N6培养基适合用于胚性愈伤组织的诱导同时也适合继代培养;激素组合为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+KT 2.0 mg/L的分化培养基出苗率和转化率最高,易成活;1/2MS培养基附加IBA1.0 mg/L和1.0 g/L活性炭适合于生根培养。     

冰灯玉露体细胞胚诱导及其形态学和解剖学分析

以多肉冰灯玉露(Haworthia cooperivar)叶片为外植体,诱导、增殖胚性愈伤组织和植株再生;用Spurr树脂包埋组织切片技术对颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织进行形态学和组织结构特征进行研究。结果表明,外植体在改良的MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L IAA培养基上可诱导出淡黄色、颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织,其诱导率高达66.7%。胚性愈伤组织在MMS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.4 mg/L IAA培养基上增殖效果最佳,其净增殖量高达14.73 g。胚性愈伤组织上分化的胚状体为乳白色球形或心形结构,由细胞核大、胞质浓密、内含淀粉颗粒的、分裂旺盛特征的细胞构成。内部的胚性愈伤组织呈螺旋状或椭圆形。这些愈伤组织在添加0.1～0.2 mg/L IAA的MMS培养基上进一步发育形成体细胞胚,并在愈伤组织表面分化形成完整的丛生小植物体,体细胞胚在MMS+0.1 mg/L IAA培养基上再生形成根系粗壮的完整的小苗。小苗经驯化后移栽,成活率达100%。该研究为冰灯玉露快速繁殖与分子育种提供了技术支撑。     

野生平贝母体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系的建立

以野生平贝母根尖为外植体,应用均匀设计法筛选其最适合的胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导、体细胞胚烫发育及植株再生的培养基,建立了平贝母体细胞胚胎发生体系.结果表明,平贝母根尖胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导最适宜的培养基为:ER(Eriksson,1965)+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IAA2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1 mg/L,诱导率为95%;体胚发育及植株再生最适宜的培养基为:ER+6-BA 1.00mg/L+IAA 0.10mg/L,体胚萌发率为100%,萌发的体胚在发育培养基上继续培养40d后全部发育成完整植株.对不同阶段培养材料的形态结构及超微结构的观察证明了平贝母体细胞胚胎的发育过程.     

通过多种培养基优化长白落叶松体细胞胚再生

为建立稳定高效的落叶松体细胞胚再生体系,本研究以长白落叶松未成熟合子胚作为外植体材料,选择生长良好的胚性愈伤组织,依次通过液体培养基A,半固体培养基B,固体培养基C三种成熟培养基诱导体细胞胚形成。其中,愈伤诱导培养基为S培养基+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L,蔗糖20 g/L,琼脂3 g/L;继代培养基为S培养基+2,4-D 0.15 mg/L+6-BA 0.05 mg/L+KT 0.05 mg/L,蔗糖30 g/L,琼脂6 g/L;成熟培养基A为S培养基+PEG-4000 100 g/L+ABA 15 mg/L+Ag NO310 mg/L,蔗糖45 g/L的液体培养基;成熟培养基B和C分别为添加了2 g/L和10 g/L琼脂的成熟培养基A。该方法体胚成熟时间为32 d左右,同步率为78.0%,正常形态体胚比例为83.0%。正常形态体胚形成效率可达223.0个/g胚性愈伤,体细胞胚萌发率可达47.2%。相较于单一成熟培养基,缩短成熟时间,使体胚生成更同步,并提高了体胚产量和质量。为落叶松体胚再生的商业化提供了途径,为大规模化育种繁殖、生理生化研究和转基因改良带来极大的方便,具有较大实际应用价值。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...