我国平原林业净化空气与固碳释氧价值核算

运用机会成本法、影子价格法对2001和2005年我国平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧价值进行核算。结果表明:1)2001和2005年我国平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧的总价值分别为14 609.23亿和18 739.27亿元。2005年,东北区、华北区、华东区、中南区、西南区和西北区平原林业的净化空气价值分别为2 574.96亿、2 975.93亿、5 285.94亿、3 172.19亿、316.43亿和1 238.33亿元,固碳释氧价值分别为906.30亿、426.35亿、838.49亿、665.25亿、52.04亿和287.06亿元;2)平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧总价值排序为华东区>中南区>东北区>华北区>西北区>西南区。平原林业在净化空气和固碳释氧方面的生态服务功能价值相当可观,应该大力推进平原地区林业生态工程的建设步伐和管理水平,对改善我国平原地区空气质量,增加林业碳汇功能具有重要意义。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕林生态系统服务价值评估——以陕西省安塞县为例

基于安塞县12 a的统计资料,定量评价了安塞县1999-2010年的退耕林生态系统服务价值,并对其外部性价值进行了权重分析和计算,结果表明:安塞县退耕还林已基本达到改善生态环境的首要目的,为区域生态经济发展提供了巨大的生态系统服务价值,总价值为1 027 352万元,其中外部性价值为540 550万元,占总价值的52.62％;各项功能的价值量排序为:固碳释氧＞涵养水源＞保育土壤＞保护生物多样性＞净化环境＞森林防护.其中最为重要的固碳释氧主要作用于全国范围内,且总的外部性价值超过了总价值的一半,这表明黄土丘陵沟壑区为黄河中下游地区的生态修复和水土保持贡献了巨大的力量.通过本文的外部性价值计算,估算出安塞县的退耕还林补偿上限应为12 325.5元/(hm2·a).     

茹河流域固原二期工程水土保持生态价值评价

根据茹河流域固原二期水土保持工程项目实施后的生态系统特征和生态系统服务的内涵,选取土壤保持、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化空气、保护生物多样性等5项指标,运用市场价值法、费用替代法、影子工程法、机会成本法等对该工程项目的生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明,项目实施以来,生态系统总服务价值5a累计增加了85 293.09万元。在生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献中,保持和改良土壤价值量最大(48.86%),几乎占生态服务总价值的1/2,其次是保持和涵养水源价值量(30.16%)、固碳释氧价值量(14.96%)、维持生物多样性价值量(3.70%)、净化空气价值量(2.31%)。研究表明,茹河流域固原二期项目的实施,在保护环境、治理水土流失等方面具有显著作用。     

基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数的应用——以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例

为了对同一生态单元同一目标林分类型中没有生态监测数据的林分进行准确的生态服务功能评估,以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例,基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数对其生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:2013年,辽宁省退耕还林工程生态系统服务功能总价值量为491.94亿元,在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6个生态系统服务功能中,涵养水源和生物多样性保护的生态系统服务功能价值量占退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量的比例最大,分别为26.84%和26.30%。研究结果可为《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》的修订和区域尺度森林生态系统服务功能的精确核算提供参考。     

甘肃祁连山森林生态系统服务功能及价值评估

 为引起各界对森林生态系统的重视,推进西北地区生态环境建设,采用影子工程法、市场价值法、替代花费法、机会成本法、收益资本化法等,对祁连山森林生态系统服务功能进行评估,得出祁连山每年森林生态系统服务功能总价值为2430亿元。其中涵养水源为930亿元,保育土壤为564亿元,固碳制氧为269139万元,净化空气为741亿元,保护生物多样性151亿元,森林景观与游憩价值168750万元。     

马边县森林资源生态服务功能价值分析

以马边县森林资源档案数据为依据,全县森林生态服务功能的经济价值约为63.24亿元/a,森林资源生态年服务价值是木材价值的2.22倍,是2015年全县GDP的2.04倍。年均森林资源生态服务功能价值5.31万元/hm~2。森林资源生态服务功能价值主要表现在森林游憩(47.7%)、生物多样性保护(16.7%)、固碳释氧(15.0%)、净化空气(9.4%)四方面。     

长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益动态变化

基于2000年底和2015年底,长白山森工集团森林资源二类调查数据和森林生态站长期监测数据,利用森林生态系统服务全指标体系,连续观测与清查(简称森林生态连清)体系,采用分布式测算方法,对研究区天然林生态系统,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等6项服务进行评估,量化并揭示长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益的动态变化.结果表明:在天保工程实施后,天然林各项生态系统服务物质量和价值量均呈现增加趋势,物质量增加量分别为涵养水源7.78亿t/a、保育土壤2 255.32万t/a、固碳释氧量191.87万t/a、林木积累营养物质6.35万t/a、释放负离子0.22×10”个/a、吸收污染物量2 879.16万kg/a、吸滞PM10总物质量122.43万kg/a、吸滞PM2.5总物质量18.38万kg/a;价值量增加381.75亿元/a,6项服务的价值量贡献顺序依次为生物多样性保护＞涵养水源＞保育土壤＞净化大气环境＞固碳释氧＞林木积累营养物质,其中,生物多样性保护和涵养水源为研究区天然林生态系统服务的主导功能.天保工程实施后,保育土壤功能的生态系统服务价值量增加量最大,占总增加量的27％,涵养水源次之,对该区天然林生态效益影响最大.该研究为天保工程的后续开展提供借鉴和参考,为天然林的经营管理提供科学依据和指导.     

秦皇岛市北戴河区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

[目的]评估城市森林生态系统服务功能价值,为城市生态环境持续改善和经济发展提供科学依据和理论支持。[方法]选用河北省秦皇岛市北戴河区森林生态系统作为研究对象,采用水量平衡法、替代工程法、机会成本法、生产成本法、碳税法、市场价值法、认购意愿法等,对森林生态系统提供的涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化大气、森林防护、游憩休闲等6种服务功能价值进行评估。[结果]北戴河区森林生态系统服务功能价值达到14.87亿元/a。其中,游憩休闲功能价值居首位,达到10.87亿元/a,约占总价值的73.12%。各项森林生态系统服务功能价值表现为:游憩休闲净化大气涵养水源固碳释氧保育土壤森林防护。[结论]森林生态系统在城市生态系统中发挥着重要作用,尤其是旅游业的发展能够很好地拉动北戴河区经济的发展,有助于合理利用与经营北戴河区森林资源,最终实现北戴河区森林资源的可持续利用。     

东北和内蒙古重点国有林区天然林保护工程生态效益分析

依据LY/T1721-2008《森林生态服务功能评估规范》,应用分布式测算方法,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等6个方面,对东北和内蒙古重点国有林区天然林保护工程实施带来的生态效益及价值进行分析.结果表明:1)天保工程实施期间,调节水量和固土量分别增加157.57亿和2.38亿t,保肥物质量、固碳量、释氧量及林木积累营养物质量分别增加1 717.74万、1 573.03万、3 808.19万和127.83万t,提供负离子增加6.70×1025个,吸收污染物(SO2、HF、NOx)增加4.29亿kg,吸滞TSP增加1 473.32亿kg;2)每年天保工程生态效益总价值增加6 366.45亿元,相当于天保工程总投资的3.53倍.东北和内蒙古重点国有林区天保工程的实施,显现出巨大的生态效益和可持续发展的潜力,以期为后续天保工程的实施提供科学参考.     

太湖流域水生态系统服务及其空间差异

以太湖流域土地利用资料、水文水质资料和统计资料为基础,对流域尺度上水生态系统服务功能及其空间差异性进行了评价与分析。结果表明,太湖流域水生态系统的水供给功能为3.70×1010 m3/a,水产品功能为6 681.180t/a,水路旅客周转量为4.604×108人/(km.a),水路货运周转量为2.90×1011t/(km.a),蓄水总量为4.53×109 m3/a,调节水量为7.69×109 m3/a,固碳量为4.28×106 t/a,释放O2量为1.14×107 t/a,净化污水量为6.30×109 t/a,年输沙量为1.22×106 t/a,造陆面积为189.851hm2/a;水生态系统服务功能总价值为9.10×1010元/a,不同服务功能价值量排序为:旅游>航运>调蓄>水质净化>固碳释氧>水供给>水产品>输沙造陆;太湖流域单位面积水生态系统服务功能价值为19.22元/(m2.a),且存在较大空间差异,其顺序为:浦西区>武澄区>浙西区>杭嘉湖区>湖西区>阳澄区>太湖区。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.