法国番鸭与绍鸭的杂交效果试验

绍兴麻鸭是国内外著名的蛋鸭良种。绍兴农村多有利用夏季绍鸭雄鸭苗作肉鸭饲养的习惯，但其缺点是生长慢，体重小，为提高饲养绍鸭雄鸭的肉用性能和经济效益，采用法国番鸭作父本，绍兴麻鸭作母本，经杂交试验，杂种一代8周体重达1915g，屠宰率为89．35％，羽均利润增长2．18元。     

古田黑番鸭、RF白番鸭和黑白花番鸭屠宰性能及胸肉组成成分比较研究

选择古田黑番鸭、RF白番鸭及其杂交后代黑白花番鸭作为试验动物，旨在比较几种番鸭品种的屠宰性能及胸肌组成成分的差异，为番鸭品种资源开发利用提供参考依据。几种番鸭饲养管理条件和饲粮营养水平基本一致，饲养期70 d，试验结束时每品种选择平均体重的公、母番鸭各10羽进行屠宰测定。屠宰性能分析表明：白番鸭的全净膛率、腹脂率、胸肌率、皮脂率最高，黑白花次之，黑番鸭最低；腿肌率黑白花番鸭最高，黑番鸭次之，白番鸭最低；总瘦肉率黑番鸭最高，黑白花番鸭次之，白番鸭最低。但几个品种间各屠宰性能指标均无明显差异（P>0.05）。胸肌组成分析发现：白番鸭胸肌中水分含量略高，但蛋白质和脂肪含量均低于黑番鸭和黑白花番鸭，几种番鸭胸肌中铅和砷的含量均较低，且不同品种间无明显差异；胸肌中氨基酸分析结果表明，与风味相关的几种氨基酸在不同品种间存在差异，黑番鸭胸肌中谷氨酸、甘氨酸和精氨酸含量为12.69%、3.57%和4.73%，分别比黑白花番鸭的12.61%、3.48%和4.68%高0.63%、2.59%和1.07%，比白番鸭的12.27%、 3.29%和14.66%高3.42%、8.51%和1.50%，但各组间无...     

新型鸭细小病毒病-短喙与侏儒综合征

正1流行病学本病流行季节不明显,发病率在5%~60%,死亡率0~10%,致残率在20%~70%不等,发生本病后易继发感染大肠杆菌等。出栏肉鸭体重仅为正常肉鸭的70%~80%。福建、安徽、江苏、山东、江西等省份均有发生;番鸭、半番鸭、大型肉鸭、麻鸭均出现过感染发病。     

低粗蛋白质补充氨基酸饲粮对白羽半番鸭屠宰性能和胸肌成分的影响

本试验旨在研究低粗蛋白质(CP)补充氨基酸饲粮对白羽半番鸭屠宰性能和胸肌肌肉成分的影响。选取1日龄白羽半番鸭450只,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复30只鸭,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂常规CP水平(1~21日龄19.0%,22~56日龄16.0%)的饲粮,试验组(试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组)分别饲喂在对照组饲粮基础上CP分别降低1、2个百分点并补充氨基酸的饲粮,试验期56 d。结果表明:1)各组56日龄的屠宰性能(屠宰率、全净膛率、腹脂率、腿比率、腿肌率、胸肌率、瘦肉率、皮脂率)均差异不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮CP降低1、2个百分点时,白羽半番鸭胸肌中粗脂肪含量分别上升10.9%、28.3%(P0.05),胸肌中CP含量分别下降1.1%、2.5%(P0.05),各组白羽半番鸭胸肌中大部分氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05),仅试验Ⅱ组母鸭胸肌中蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,在氨基酸需要得到满足的条件下,饲粮CP降低1~2个百分点可提高白羽半番鸭胸肌中粗脂肪含量,降低胸肌中CP的含量,对其屠宰性能、胸肌大部分氨基酸含量及生长性能无显著影响。     

四个肉鸭品种的生产性能比较试验

选择北京鸭、英国樱桃谷鸭，美国枫叶鸭，法国番鸭各100羽（公、母各半）在同一条件下进行对比试验，结果表明，美国枫叶鸭的肉用性能明显优于其它3个品种，饲养47d可齐毛上市，平均体重为3132g，而樱桃谷鸭为2815g，北京鸭为2780g，法国番鸭为1753g，经屠宰测定，枫叶鸭全净膛率达76．40%，均高于樱桃谷鸭（74．18％），北京鸭（74．41％），法国番鸭（72．21％），另外，对供试肉鸭品种的耗料量与体重进行了回归分析。     

水禽房舍旱养技术

番鸭也称作“旱鸭”，意即不用水面也能正常饲养的鸭子，并且饲养效果和有水面的相差不大。除了番鸭以外，樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭、天府肉鸭、上海白鸭等一些肉鸭品种，也被旱养成功，只是效果比有水面的差一些，且饲养要有较大的运动场。其它一些品种，像本地麻鸭、各种蛋鸭等，历来没有水面则很难饲养。     

肉鸭氨基酸营养研究进展

本文综述了肉鸭包括北京鸭、番鸭及其杂交鸭（或半番鸭）的蛋白质，氨基酸重要及其需要量评定方法。     

四个肉鸭品种的生产性能比较试验

选择北京鸭、英国樱桃谷鸭、美国枫叶鸭、法国番鸭各100羽(公、母各半)在同一条件下进行对比试验,结果表明,美国枫叶鸭的肉用性能明显优于其它3个品种,饲养47 d可齐毛上市,平均体重为3 132 g、而樱桃谷鸭为2 815 g、北京鸭为2 780 g、法国番鸭为1 753 g,经屠宰测定,枫叶鸭全净膛率达76.40%,均高于樱桃谷鸭(74.18%)、北京鸭(74.41%)、法国番鸭(72.21%).另外,对供试肉鸭品种的耗料量与体重进行了回归分析.     

白羽半番鸭母本品系（中型白羽瘦肉鸭合成系）的生长和产蛋性能

本文分析本所试验鸭场和龙岩山麻鸭鸭场饲养的白羽半番鸭母本品系核心群种鸭生产性能。该品系是我所从1992年开始利用产蛋性能高的蛋鸭和生长发育快的肉鸭选育合成的。它具有生长发育快,产蛋性能好等特点,而且其与白羽公番鸭杂交后代白羽率高、胸体品质优、深受专业户欢迎。l材料与方法l·l试鸭1993年10～11月份本所实验鸭场出壳的第二世代核心群种鸭,共4批456羽,供测定生长性能。1996年4月19日在龙岩山麻鸭场出壳的第五世代核心群种鸭475羽,供测定产蛋性能。1．2项目内容试鸭在0．2．4．6．8．10周龄时,称体重和统计周耗料。计算日增…     

法国番鸭R51商品代肉用性能测定

法国番鸭Ｒ＿（５１）商品代肉用性能测定贺佩珍，庄晓东（泉州马甲和昌集团）法国番鸭具有肉质鲜美、瘦肉率高且社会经济效益好等特点。在我国的饲养量较大，在我省具有很大的发展潜力。为进一步了解纯种法国番鸭的生长性能，本公司于１９９４年初先后从法国格里莫公司引...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.