浅谈伐区布局

木材生产的整个过程可分为三个阶段,即伐区生产阶段,木材运输阶段和贮木场作业阶段,一般通称三大流水作业。伐区生产是整个木材生产过程的第一阶段,它包括采伐,串坡、集材、归装和清林等工序。伐区生产是三大流水作业的一个重要阶段,而伐区布局又是伐区生产的先导,伐区布局的是否合理,伐区作业质量的好坏,直接关     

谈谈伐区木材生产工艺设计中经济效果的反映形式

对于设计成果的评价,可用两个方面来衡量:即经济效果和技术效果。当技术效果得到后,经济效果就显得十分重要了。伐区木材生产的工艺设计,是主管部门拟定计划和伐区木材生产的依据,它给伐区木材生产创造了条件提供主管部门和伐区木材生产的数据和资料。如果在设计中加强经济效果的概念并建立起衡量它的指标体系,无论是在伐区木材生产工艺设计或木材生产的经营管理都是极其有利的。     

关于集材拖拉机选型的探讨

我国东北林区木材生产工艺流程基本可分为伐区木材生产、运输、贮木场生产三个阶段。从木材生产成本看:伐区木材生产成本占整个生产成本的50～60％,而在伐区生产成本中,集材成本又占伐区木材生产成本的60％以上。所以对于集材机械选择的合理与否将直接影响到木材生产成本。从我省情况来看,集材作业主要是以拖拉机为主,占整个伐区的75％以上。我省现有集材拖拉机大部分是集材—50拖拉机。黑龙江省部分林业局运用了集材—80拖拉机集材和接运。对     

天然林保护工程下的森林采伐伐区管理

在进行木材生产过程中，怎样才能实施好天然林保护工程，抓住伐区管理这个木材生产的源头，是关键的关键，本文详细的阐述了从伐区拨交到验收全过程的管理方法及要求，为加大天然林保护的力度起到了重要作用。     

对伐区调查设计的几点看法

伐区调查设计是林业生产的先行工序。伐区调查设计成果是编制企业计划、科学组织及指挥木材生产和合理经营森林的基础和依据。为了准确地反映伐区森林资源情况和合理的组织木材生产,伐区调查设计成果必须真实,同时必须符合技术上先进,经济上合理的原则。为此就伐区设计谈几点看法。     

浅谈鹤北林业局伐区生产工艺的复杂化和对应措施

鹤北林业局由于多年的大量采伐，带来了伐区生产的艰难性和复杂性，针对这种情况，为了确保伐区木材生产的安全，本文作者提出了具体的措施。     

论伐区生产与林业可持续发展

论伐区生产与林业可持续发展（１５０２３２）黑龙江省山河屯林业局丛雪峰１前言伐区木材生产是森工产业平衡发展的重要组成部分，它包括伐区调查设计、准备作业、采伐作业、集材作业、归装作业和采伐迹地清理等内容。伐区生产是企业主要生产经营活动，是企业财力的主要来...     

浅析影响拖拉机集材效率的因素

伐区木材生产工序中,集材工序是一个重要环节,它不仅关系到伐区未材生产效率的高低,也关系到伐区木材成本的高低。因此,在组织伐区木材生产时,把集材工序搞好,至关重要本。文在深入林区生产第一线调查的基础上,参考借鉴了发达国家林业生产经验,在定性定量的基础上,分析了影响集材工序的主要因素:林份特征、地形条件、气象等自然因素;机械设备、劳动者、生产组织、劳动组织等社会技术因素,提出了一些新的见解。     

加强木材生产劳动工资管理

本文着重对木材生产伐区阶段的劳动工资管理加以细化，对比、分析，从而为森工企业管理者提供决策依据，提高木材生产的经营管理水平，调动生产一线工人的积极性，以达到提高林业木材生产效率的目的。     

西南高山林区伐区生产工艺的探讨

综合云南省自然条件及木材生产的情况，对集材作业中破坏伐区环境的主要现象进行了探讨，同时提出了适应小径木生产而又能保护伐区生态环境的几种集材作业。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择12年生林相较好的天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新2种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。研究发现,择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40%左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64 7%和73 41%。动态监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7a时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,2种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。     

森林资源管理与监测地理信息系统在伐区调查设计中的应用

应用以"3S"技术为基础的黑龙江省森林资源管理与监测地理信息系统,可以进行林相图、地形图等图库一体化查询,对小班属性查询具有"快捷"、"详细"2种查询方式.应用于伐区调查设计,分别对主伐年伐量、择伐年伐量、散生木年伐量、抚育年伐量、低产林改造年伐量、更新年伐量、卫生伐年伐量的计算方法进行了论述.     

Reduced-impact logging: Challenges and opportunities

Over the past two decades, sets of timber harvesting guidelines designed to mitigate the deleterious environmental impacts of tree felling, yarding, and hauling have become known as “reduced-impact logging” (RIL) techniques. Although none of the components of RIL are new, concerns about destructive logging practices and worker safety in the tropics stimulated this recent proliferation of semi-coordinated research and training activities related to timber harvesting. Studies in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South and Central America have clearly documented that the undesired impacts of selective logging on residual stands and soils can be substantially reduced through implementation of a series of recommended logging practices by crews that are appropriately trained, supervised, and compensated. Whether reducing the deleterious impacts of logging also reduces profits seems to depend on site conditions (e.g., terrain, soil trafficability, and riparian areas), whether the profits from illegal activities are included in the baseline, and the perspective from which the economic calculations are made. A standardized approach for calculating logging costs using RILSIM software is advocated to facilitate comparisons and to allow uncoupling RIL practices to evaluate their individual financial costs and benefits. Further complicating the matter is that while there are elements common to all RIL guidelines (e.g., directional felling), other components vary (e.g., slope limits of 17–40° with ground-based yarding). While use of RIL techniques may be considered as a prerequisite for sustaining timber yields (STY), in particular, and sustainable forest management (SFM), in general, RIL should not be confounded with STY and SFM. This confusion is particularly problematic in forests managed for light-demanding species that benefit from both canopy opening and mineral soil exposure as well as where harvesting intensities are high and controlled primarily by minimum diameter cutting limits. These qualifications notwithstanding, since logging is the most intensive of silvicultural treatments in most tropical forests managed for timber, some aspects of RIL are critical (e.g., protection of water courses) whether forests are managed for STY, SFM, or even replacement by agricultural crops.     

关于木材检验管理的探讨

本文简述了林区木材检验管理工作中出现的不合理问题，提出采取管理措施，加强管理，不断自我完善。     

森林采运工程计算机应用进展

归纳总结了计算机在伐区经营与规划、林道网与木材运输、贮木场作业、森林采运辅助管理与决策等方面应用研究的现状,针对森林采运工程计算机应用出现的新技术,论述了森林采运工程计算机应用研究的发展趋势,并对我国森林采运工程计算机应用存在的问题与对策提出了看法。     

盗伐、滥伐林木材积测定(之一)

盗伐、滥伐林木材积涉及案件的性质和处罚。用1株伐倒木资料，分别立木状态、伐倒木状态计算其材积。为保证材积测定准确，当盗伐、滥伐林木呈伐倒木状态，且数量少时，宜采用中央断面区分求积式、牛顿区分求积式或二元材积表测定材积。     

Damage to Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) during selective timber harvesting in Northern Bolivia

The success of multiple forest management systems is contingent on a variety of social, economic, biophysical, and institutional factors, including the integration of timber and non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction and management. Selective logging for timber is increasingly taking place in forests where the collection of Brazil nuts, a high-value Amazonian NTFP, also occurs. We report on logging damage to Brazil nut trees in three certified timber concessions in Northern Bolivia from which timber is harvested using reduced-impact logging (RIL) guidelines and nuts are gathered yearly from the ground by local people. Observed frequencies of logging damage to Brazil nut trees were low, likely mirroring the low intensity of timber harvesting (∼0.5 trees/ha and ∼5 m³/ha) being currently applied across the study area. Of the trees ≥10 cm in diameter at breast height about 0.1 Brazil nut trees and 0.4 timber species per hectare suffered some degree of logging damage. Crown loss was the predominant damage type for Brazil nut trees accounting for 50% of all damage. In spite of the observed low rates of tree damage, we further recommend that RIL guidelines be amended to include the pre-harvest marking of pre-reproductive Brazil nut trees along with the future crop trees of commercial timber species. Further refining directional felling to reduce crown damage to Brazil nut trees would also serve to help maintain nut yields in the long term.     

林木采伐权的法律问题探讨

林木采伐权是权利主体根据依法取得的采伐许可的规定而享有的按照法定方式对林木进行采伐获得收益并排除他人干涉的权利,是林权处分权能的一个表现.我国有关林木采伐的制度中,还存在立法不完善、商品林的林木采伐权的限额制度过于严格以及管理机制不完善等不足.因此,只有明确林木采伐权的物权地位、完善林木采伐的法律制度并建立高效的林木采伐的管理机制才能保证林木采伐权真正实现.     

From Farmers to Loggers: The Role of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in Timber Production in Cameroon

This article focuses on timber sourced from the agricultural areas in the shifting cultivation landscapes of the Central Region of Cameroon. Data about volumes marketed in urban centres, harvesting operations and on-farm timber management are used to discuss the ecological impact of small-scale logging and its sustainability in the long term. An opportunistic association exists between small-scale logging and agricultural land uses, determined mostly by the abundance of valuable species in fallows and on cocoa farms, their easy accessibility and the low price of farmland timber. Farmers apply various strategies to the management of tree resources in fallows and cocoa agroforests, with most felling authorized in fallows and most trees preserved on the cocoa farms. With current agricultural expansion and intensification trends associated with small-scale logging, timber resources on rural land are at risk of depletion with direct consequences for domestic timber supply and the thousands of livelihoods it sustains. Marketing and regulatory changes are needed to encourage the integration of timber production in agricultural management systems.