盗伐、滥伐林木材积测定(之二)

当盗伐、滥伐林木呈伐倒状态，且数量很多时，可以从中抽取部分伐倒木实测，在一定可靠性和精度要求下，采用简单估值法和回归估值法，用以估计全部伐倒木材积。经过分析，认为用回归估值法特别是二次抛物线法为佳。     

森林案件涉案伐倒木材积惟一性的探讨

材积是盗伐、滥伐等森林案件定性和处罚的主要依据,要求具有惟一性。用马尾松、杉木和杨树的伐倒木资料,分别按不同的计算方法计算其材积,结果表明:在3种树种中,中央断面区分求积式(区分段段数为5以上)的材积都最接近实际材积,误差也都较小,可作为森林案件中涉及伐倒木材积的惟一认定结果。     

林木“平均高径比”一元材积式的研制

采用华北落叶松人工林的１９２８株样木研制出林木高径比一元材积式，用计算机求出２２个高径比一元材积模型，并通过伐倒木区分求积验证，用该方程式求得的林木蓄积与实际蓄积只差０．９％。     

林业案件处理中的材积表应用问题

林业案件中,盗伐、滥伐林木的数量,涉及到定性和量刑的问题。对于此数量的确定,除个别情况,如被盗伐、滥伐林木经济价值、保护价值特别高、特别大且保留伐倒木状态,可按伐倒木方法求材积外,一般用材积表法求材积。 对于材积表的编制、应用中的几个问题谈谈我们的看法。     

伐倒木区分求积的Excel VBA算法与程序实现

为了快速完成区分求积计算过程,本文在总结中央断面区分求积式和平均断面区分求积式的基础上,提出了区分求积的Excel VBA算法:第一,根据倒木全长和区分段长度,确定区分段段数,并建立区分段序号与区分段中央直径(或底端直径)的位置序号之间的数学关系式;第二,采用中央断面近似求积式(或平均断面近似求积式)计算每个区分段的材积并求和;第三,各区分段材积之和加上梢头材积就得到伐倒木材积。根据算法,最终编写了伐倒木区分求积Excel VBA程序代码。     

盗伐、滥伐林木现场根据伐根作相应林木材积测定

在盗伐、滥伐林木现场，仅有伐根的情况下，提出利用相近林分建立胸径和根径的回归方程，用回归估计的胸径推算的胸高断面积和测定的平均高，采用平均实验形数法计算涉案材积，其材积误差为-1．25％。     

电子经纬仪无损立木材积测量方法及精度分析

提出一种人工测量胸径和地径数据后,采用电子经纬仪按照解析木近似分段方法,对活立木上部直径和相应高度进行测量,按照圆台累加法模拟解析木平均断面区分材积法求积的立木材积测算方法。为了验证这种技术方法的可靠性,在北京地区选取了87棵伐倒样木,首先使用电子经纬仪对样木从相互垂直的两个方向分别进行观测,计算结果求平均值。然后伐倒样木,采用传统的平均断面材积法进行树高、材积测定并作为真值,最后将电子经纬仪观测结果同伐倒木测定树高、材积进行比对分析。试验结果表明:电子经纬仪立木测算树高相对于解析木测定树高的平均相对误差为-0.11%,相对误差平均值绝对值为1.70%,决定系数R2为0.994,相对误差的频数基本符合正态分布;材积的平均相对误差为0.18%,相对误差平均值绝对值为1.75%,决定系数R2为0.999,相对误差的频数呈正态分布。说明电子经纬仪活立木测算结果与传统伐倒解析木测算得出的树高和材积具有一致性,可以替代伐倒木区分求积法,达到林业调查的规范要求。     

森林生长量的调查和预测(资料综述之一)

<正> 森林生长量的调查,无论在森林资源清查中或是森林经理中,都具有重要意义。在国内测树学文献中,曾介绍了测定树木和林分生长量的各种方法,诸如利用中央断面积求积式或区分求积式测定伐倒木生长量;利用直径生长率与材积生长率的关系求算立木材积生长量;通过树干解析测定树木生长量。林分生长量的测定方法则有:标准木法;材积表法;材积差     

根据盗伐、滥伐林木现场树坑作相应林木材积估测

介绍了在盗伐、滥伐林木现场仅有树坑的情况下，利用相应小班森林资源规划设计调查资料或相近林分调查资料对被盗伐、滥伐林木作材积估测的方法，并举例说明。     

林业案件中伐倒木材积测定方法

在林业案件中，有不同的伐倒木类型，包括通直圆满类型、搭挂木、分叉树、不规整伐倒木等，文章分别不同类型提出了材积测定的思路和方法。     

Simulated yield and quality distribution of sawn timber from final felling in a Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stand with varying thinning regimes: A case study

Abstract

An integrated simulation tool, formed by integrating the InnoSIM sawing simulation system with the RetroSTEM simulator, was used to convert available wood raw materials from final felling into sawn timber, allowing for calculation of the three-dimensional wood properties of individual stems (stem geometry, heartwood formation, knottiness) as well as the volume, quality and value of sawn timber in a Norway spruce stand with different thinning regimes (unthinned, normal and intensively thinned). Based on the input data of sawing patterns, the simulations indicate that there are relatively small differences (<8%) in the volume yield (m³ha^?1) of sawn goods resulting from sawlogs available from final felling with different thinning practices. However, intensive thinning yielded the largest stem diameters and the greatest volumes (m³ha^?1) of large-sized centre goods (thickness: 50, 63, 75 mm) of rather poor quality. Normal thinning yielded the largest volume of A-grade side boards and centre goods (m³ha^?1), as well as the best total value ([euro]ha^?1) of sawn timber. Differences observed in sawn timber quality distribution can contribute to even more significant variation in value yields, if pricing mechanisms of timber products change to favour higher grade timber products.     

不同强度的择伐作业对保留木与幼树幼苗的影响

采用标准地的方式调查不同强度的择伐作业前后常绿阔叶林林分中保留木和幼树幼苗的变化.结果表明:保留木的损伤与采伐木的胸径及择伐强度有关.胸径越大则损伤率越大.择伐强度亦然.择伐作业后幼树的破坏与择伐强度间无明显的关系.这与作业的具体情况有关.择伐后与皆伐未整地经一段时间.林内幼苗数量都有所增加,尤以皆伐作业和弱度择伐为最.     

Determinants of illegal logging in Indonesia: An empirical analysis for the period 1996–2010

Illegal logging is a significant problem in Indonesia, which is one of the few countries with a large forest area. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect harvesting and supply of illegal timber from Indonesia to China and Japan. Moreover, we investigate the factors that lead to the demand of Indonesian illegal timber from China and Japan. A simultaneous-equation econometric model of illegally logged timber demand and supply is developed and tested using the annual data over the period 1996–2010. We find that corruption and decentralization in Indonesia have significant and positive impacts on the illegally logged timber supply while excess demand in Japanese construction and furniture industries as well as Japan’s housing starts are the significant factors that affect the illegal logging in Indonesia. The law enforcement or policies aimed at reducing illegal harvesting in Indonesia are found to be more effective than the policies targeting the import of illegally logged timber into Japan and China.     

Timber harvest,damage to crop plants and yield reduction in two Costa Rican coffee plantations with Cordia alliodora shade trees

Both model and field estimations were made of the damage inflicted to coffee plants due to the harvest of timber shade trees (Cordia alliodora) in coffee plantations. Economic analyses were made for different coffee planting densities, yields, and both coffee and timber prices.Damage due to tree felling and log skidding should not be a major limitation to the use of timber shade trees in coffee plantations. The timber price that would balance all discounted losses and benefits to zero, for scenarios with and without trees ranged between 8–20 US $/m³ (current overbark log volume at the saw mill yard is US$ 66/m³). There will be lower margins for coffee damage in high yielding plantations, specially in years of good coffee prices. Nevertheless, the use of timber shade trees is recommended even in these scenarios.     

From Farmers to Loggers: The Role of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in Timber Production in Cameroon

This article focuses on timber sourced from the agricultural areas in the shifting cultivation landscapes of the Central Region of Cameroon. Data about volumes marketed in urban centres, harvesting operations and on-farm timber management are used to discuss the ecological impact of small-scale logging and its sustainability in the long term. An opportunistic association exists between small-scale logging and agricultural land uses, determined mostly by the abundance of valuable species in fallows and on cocoa farms, their easy accessibility and the low price of farmland timber. Farmers apply various strategies to the management of tree resources in fallows and cocoa agroforests, with most felling authorized in fallows and most trees preserved on the cocoa farms. With current agricultural expansion and intensification trends associated with small-scale logging, timber resources on rural land are at risk of depletion with direct consequences for domestic timber supply and the thousands of livelihoods it sustains. Marketing and regulatory changes are needed to encourage the integration of timber production in agricultural management systems.     

Dead wood in clearcuts of semi-natural forests in Estonia: site-type variation, degradation, and the influences of tree retention and slash harvest

Semi-natural forests, which naturally regenerate after timber harvesting, provide distinct opportunities for dead wood (DW) management for biodiversity. We described DW pool and sources of its variation during the first decade after final felling in Estonia, hemiboreal Europe. Depending on forest type, the mean post-harvest volumes of above-ground DW ranged from 70 to 119 m³ ha^?1. Final felling generally did not reduce downed coarse woody debris (CWD) because many sawn logs were left on-site, and soil scarification was rarely used. However, subsequent decay of downed CWD appears to be accelerated due to the increased ground contact of logs, so that even the relatively small inputs from live retention trees observed (5 m³ ha^?1 per decade) can be ecologically significant. While final felling greatly reduced snag abundance, the mortality of retained live trees generally balanced their later losses. The volumes of downed fine woody debris in conventional cutover sites were roughly double that of pre-harvest forests. Slash harvest caused an approximately twofold reduction in downed DW and resulted in CWD volumes that were below mature-forest levels. The results indicate that the habitat quality of cutovers critically depends both on the retention and on the post-harvest management of biological legacies. In Estonia, the necessary improvements include more careful retention of snags in final felling, selecting larger retention trees, focusing slash harvest on the fine debris of common tree species, and providing snags of late-successional tree species.     

沿海林区伐区类型评定及木材生产直接成本研讨

本文针对沿海地区国有林场木材生产特点，运用多因子表格化形式，综合量化评定伐区类型；并分类简化处理，定量测算各伐区木材生产直接成本。     

Sustainable timber production from uneven-aged shade stands of Cordia alliodora in small coffee farms

A model was developed to estimate the stable timber output from shade stands of Cordia alliodora in coffee farms. The model predicts, for stand densities between 120–290 trees/ ha, timber yields of 9–24 and 6–15 m³/ha/yr of total and commercial overbark volumes, respectively. Current harvest rates in four sample farms are below these figures.The model is used to describe the transient trajectory (in terms of timber output over time) of Cordia alliodora stands with different initial DBH distributions. Practical recommendations are derived as to how farmers should manage their trees to achieve stable timber outputs in the shortest time possible.