抑制大豆胞囊线虫的异黄酮种类研究

为明确外源异黄酮类物质对大豆胞囊线虫的毒性,选取黄豆苷元(daidzein)、黄豆苷(daidzin)、染料木素(genistein)、染料木苷(genistin)、黄豆黄苷(glycitin)和黄豆黄素(glycitein)6种大豆异黄酮,采用贝氏皿法离体测定其对大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化抑制率和对二龄幼虫(J2)的致死率及其田间防效,以明确对线虫有效的异黄酮种类。结果表明:6种大豆异黄酮对胞囊线虫的卵孵化和J2活性均具有一定的抑制作用,其中100μg/m L染料木素效果最好,处理24h后,对J2校正死亡率可达到45.46%,对卵孵化抑制率为43.48%,且50μg/m L染料木素处理种子后的田间防效显示对胞囊抑制率亦达到49.47%。此外,染料木苷和黄豆苷元对J2和卵孵化也有较明显效果但田间防效较其他异黄酮差;黄豆黄苷和黄豆黄素对J2毒杀作用较弱但对卵孵化抑制作用较强;黄豆苷对J2和卵孵化作用效果最弱,但是其田间防效与染料木素无显著性差异。说明供试的6种异黄酮在不同浓度和条件下均对大豆胞囊线虫有抑制作用,以染料木素的综合效果最好。研究结果为解释大豆抗线虫侵染的机制及利用大豆异黄酮防治线虫病害奠定了理论基础。     

淡紫拟青霉防治南方根结线虫1号生理小种和花生北方根结线虫试验初报

在实验室内的凹玻片测试结果表明:接种淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)后,使南方根结线虫1号生理小种卵的孵化率明显降低,接种5天后的孵化率比对照降低一半,接种11天后卵寄生率达58.20％;温室盆栽试验结果表明:每40平方米1.5公斤、3.0公斤用量下,当季对花生北方根结线虫的卵寄生率达62.09％。53.99％;相同用量的大田试验结果表明;前期卵寄生率分别为18.72％—63.08％、22.92—32.76％,后期卵寄生率分别为19.42％,21.13％,防治效果分别为5.13％—22.45％,23.04％—25.50％,说明淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫1号生理种、花生北方根结线虫确有一定的防治效果。     

盆栽榕树基质线虫及根结线虫病的防治

研究不同药剂对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明,2%阿维菌素和40%毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病具有良好的防治作用,100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素处理后15天基质线虫防治效果达到99.67%,处理后45天根结线虫病防治效果仍达到95.7%。使用100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素灌根防治根结线虫时对榕树安全、无副作用。     

甜菜夜蛾病毒杀虫剂防治花生甜菜夜蛾田间效果试验

为验证甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒生物杀虫剂对花生甜菜夜蛾的防治效果以及对瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛和土蜂5种天敌的安全性,通过田间试验对3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂和对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油对甜菜夜蛾的种群控制作用进行了评价。结果显示,3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂对花生甜菜夜蛾表现出了较好的防治作用。施药后7d和10d,2500倍和1250倍两个处理药剂的防效均达到85%以上,显著优于对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油。上述两处理药剂对花生田瓢虫、草蛉蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、和土蜂5种主要天敌昆虫无不良影响,对花生生长安全,可在花生生产上推广应用。     

出口盆栽榕树根结线虫病的发生与防控药剂选择

以出口盆栽榕树种植示范基地为观测点,剖析检测根结线虫病的病原种类、为害症状、发病规律和传播控制,选择测定阿维菌素、毒死蜱、益舒宝和克百威对基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果,评价根结线虫对这4种药剂的敏感性。结果表明:对出口盆栽榕树造成为害的主要是南方根结线虫。阿维菌素原浆、毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果均较理想,极显著优于两颗粒剂益舒宝和克百威。基质根结线虫对阿维菌素和毒死蜱敏感,LD50分别为0.215 4 mg/L和0.215 5 mg/L,无明显差异。根系根结线虫对阿维菌素的LD50为8.64 80 mg/L,是毒死蜱的3.10倍;克百威的LD50为2.127 9 g/盆,是益舒宝的1.35倍;各处理抗性个体出现频率会有不同,要尽可能轮换或交替使用。     

拮抗线虫的花生根瘤内生细菌筛选及鉴定

用拮抗内生细菌控制根结线虫具有重要意义。于全国范围内选择不同生境的地块采集土样,室内诱集花生根瘤,获得了丰富的根瘤内生细菌种群。利用半根瘤法从花生根瘤中分离内生细菌,以北方根结线虫为靶标,筛选其中对根结线虫二龄幼虫具有高毒力的内生细菌菌株。在诱集获得的637个根瘤样本中,有19个处理二龄幼虫致死率达80%以上的高效根瘤样本,其中2个根瘤样本处理24h时致死率可达94%。通过对19个根瘤样本的内生菌进行分离纯化,获得123株内生菌,通过对其发酵液杀线虫活性进行研究获得活性较高的9个菌株,其中Sneb1706处理二龄幼虫24h致死率达到91.4%,Sneb1872对卵的孵化抑制率可达到59.4%,Sneb1773对植物表现出明显的促生作用。经16S RNA序列分析和生理生化鉴定,这9个高杀线虫活性的根瘤内生菌菌株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、寡氧单胞属(Stenotrophomonas)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)。     

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果廖金铃（华南农业大学线虫研究室），冯志新华南农业大学学报。－１９９５，１６（２）．－６０～６４１９９１～１９９４年利用室内培养和盆栽试验的方法，研究了１０％万强颗粒剂对花生根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅａｒｅｎ...     

藤本豆根结线虫病的病原鉴定及其侵染特性的研究

在福建省发现豆科新品种多年生藤本豆（Lablab sp.）发生严重的根结线虫病,根部可产生巨大根结,根结内组织内可埋生数以百计的雌虫,卵囊产于根结内。通过形态特征及rDNA-ITS区序列扩增比对,藤本豆根结线虫鉴定为南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）。多年生藤本豆受根结线虫为害为首次记述, 也是南方根结线虫新寄主。接种实验结果表明,2龄幼虫主要侵染藤本豆根尖,也可侵染根其他部位,雌虫与卵囊埋生于根结内,卵可直接孵化并在根内直接侵染发育,根结大小发展快,根结坚硬,表面组织不易腐解,雄虫只能在后期根结腐败组织处发现。在环境温度（24~36 ℃）,生活史最短为24 d。田间重要杂草空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）根结线虫病发生普遍,形态特征鉴定为南方根结线虫,田间调查及交叉接种实验表明其可能为田间藤本豆根结线虫病的主要侵染来源。     

蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜忌避及毒杀作用

用不同浓度蟛蜞菊甲醇抽提物对花生蚜选择性和非选择性忌避作用进行测定,并采用喷雾法进行蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜的毒杀试验。结果表明:在选择性忌避试验中,蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜具明显的忌避作用,最高忌避率达90.1％,而在非选择性忌避试验中忌避作用中等;2.5 g/L浓度蟛蜞菊抽提物喷雾处理花生蚜,第5天死亡率达93.7％,第1,3,5天致死中质量浓度(LC50)分别为1.4,1.2,0.9 g/L。蟛蜞菊抽提物有开发利用的价值。     

七种药剂对两种花生叶螨的室内毒力和盆栽药效测定

为明确7种常用杀螨剂对花生上二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨的毒力差异和防治效果,为不同优势种群的防治提供高效药剂,采用浸虫法测定了7种杀螨剂对两种叶螨雌成螨和卵的毒力。毒力测定结果表明,螺虫乙酯对二斑叶螨成螨的毒力最高LC₅₀为1.213mg/L;哒螨灵、联苯肼酯、阿维菌素的毒力次之。阿维菌素对朱砂叶螨成螨的毒力最高LC₅₀为0.044mg/L;螺虫乙酯、哒螨灵、虫螨腈、联苯肼酯的毒力也较高;螺螨酯对两种成螨的毒力均最低。螺虫乙酯对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨卵的毒力均最高,LC₅₀分别为0.037mg/L、0.005mg/L。阿维菌素对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨成螨的毒力倍数差异最大,达247.8倍;其次是螺虫乙酯、虫螨腈毒力倍数为24.8倍和16.1倍;螺螨酯和阿维菌素对两种叶螨卵的毒力差异较大,分别达12.1倍和11.8倍。在盆栽花生上,43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂、22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、110g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂4000倍处理,对二斑叶螨的防效好,药后21d达83.75%～97.75%,显著高于其他药剂;7种药剂的4000倍液处理均对朱砂叶螨有很好的防效,药后21d达97.63%～100%。综上所述,除螺螨酯以外,6种供试药剂对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的毒力均明显大于二斑叶螨,其中阿维菌素对两种成螨毒力差异最大。43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂4000倍液可有效同时防治两种叶螨,并有较好的速效性和持效性;其他6种药剂目前都是防治朱砂叶螨的高效药剂。本研究为防治叶螨合理用药提供了依据,对指导花生田叶螨的科学防治具有重要意义。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.