饲喂可消化性的不同大豆油对杂交小母牛瘤胃消化性能、发酵参数及微生物的影响

本研究旨在评价日粮中添加可消化性的不同大豆油对杂种肉犊牛采食量、干物质和营养成分局部消化率和整体消化率、瘤胃发酵参数、微生物合成效率,以及瘤胃微生物的影响。选取9头装有瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的杂种母犊牛,设计由3个不同处理和3个试验期组成的3×3拉丁方试验,试验同时设3个重复。犊牛年龄约为18个月,试验开始和结束时的体重分别为(316.3±28.8)和(362.6±34.4)kg,日粮中包括600g/kg玉米青贮、400g/kg精饲料(其中含有58.0g/kg脂肪)。油脂来源包括大豆颗粒、过瘤胃保护脂肪及大豆油。数据分析采用SAS软件的PROCMIXED模型,平均值用Tukey’s检验(P<0.05)进行比较。结果表明,日粮油脂来源不影响营养成分的吸收(P>0.05);除有机物(P=0.024)外,其他营养成分的表观消化率不受处理的影响;大豆颗粒组体内氮贮留效率显著高于过瘤胃保护脂肪组(P=0.045),但大豆油组与其余2组无显著差异(P>0.05);大豆油和大豆颗粒组的微生物蛋白质合成(由瘤胃中有机物g N/kg的表观消化率校正后的微生物有机物)效率显著高于过瘤胃保护脂肪组(P=0.001);过瘤胃保护脂肪组的原虫(P<0.001)和真菌(P<0.001)数量显著高于大豆油组和大豆颗粒组;瘤胃pH、丙酸和总挥发酸的摩尔浓度(P>0.05)不受日粮油脂来源的影响,而过瘤胃保护脂肪组的氨氮和乙酸浓度显著高于其余2组。饲喂可消化性的不同大豆油没有对营养成分的摄入量产生影响,但大豆油组和大豆颗粒组的养分摄入效率更高,因为其减少了真菌和原虫的数量,从而促进了微生物蛋白的合成。     

饲粮中添加海南霉素对奶牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本研究采用实时定量PCR方法,探讨饲粮中添加海南霉素对奶牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响。选用3头体重相近、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,以饲喂基础饲粮为负对照组,以在饲粮中添加莫能菌素(350 mg/d)为正对照组,以在饲粮中添加海南霉素(20 mg/d)为海南霉素组。结果表明:与负对照组相比,海南霉素组的溶纤维丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens)、原虫和真菌含量分别减少了38.24%、60.24%和12.73%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。而对瘤胃产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)、白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albus)、黄色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefaciens)和甲烷菌(Ruminococcus methanogen)的含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。各组的瘤胃甲烷菌的含量始终稳定在0.46%～0.48%;各组中各瘤胃微生物的含量均随着时间的变化而发生变化,但变化规律并不是很一致;总体上,海南霉素组和正对照组各瘤胃微生物的含量的变化趋于一致,含量接近。综上所述,饲粮中添加海南霉素显著改变了奶牛瘤胃的微生物区系。     

饲料中亚麻籽替代部分大豆油对异育银鲫鱼苗生长性能、肌肉组成及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中亚麻籽替代部分大豆油对异育银鲫鱼苗生长性能、肌肉组成及血清生化指标的影响。选择平均体重(14.32±0.02)g的异育银鲫336尾,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复放鱼28尾。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂用2.40%、4.80%和7.20%亚麻籽替代基础饲料中16.67%、33.33%和50.00%大豆油的试验饲料。试验期63 d。结果表明:1)饲料中亚麻籽替代部分大豆油对异育银鲫生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)各组鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组鱼体肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组血清谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性及甘油三酯、皮质醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清葡萄糖含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清胆固醇含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,从生产上来看,亚麻籽替代大豆油在异育银鲫鱼苗饲料中的用量以不超过2.40%为宜。     

大豆黄酮和染料木素对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,进行3期瘘管奶牛体外发酵试验,分别饲喂(基础日粮)Ⅰ组、(基础日粮+200 mg大豆黄酮/d)Ⅱ组、(基础日粮+200 mg染料木素/d)Ⅲ组,于采食后0、2、4、6、8 h采集瘤胃液进行pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)分析,旨在探讨大豆异黄酮类植物雌激素对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响,为其在奶牛生产中的广泛应用及新型饲料添加剂产品的开发提供参考和理论依据。结果表明:二者对瘤胃各时间点pH无显著影响(P>0.05);各组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的时间动态变化趋势相似,饲喂后0、2、6、8 h NH3-N浓度均差异不显著(P>0.05),但在饲喂后4 h,染料木素组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);瘤胃液中丙酸浓度各处理组间在相同的时间点比较差异不显著(P>0.05),乙酸浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度在发酵后4～6 h染料木素组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。表明大豆黄酮对奶牛瘤胃发酵未产生影响,染料木素对瘤胃NH3-N、乙酸和TVFA有影响。     

青贮金针菇对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放及原生动物数量的影响

文章旨在研究不同水平青贮金针菇及尿素对奶牛养分消化率、瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放及原生动物数量的影响。试验选择15头荷斯坦奶牛[(542±68)kg],随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验一共设计5种日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,各处理组分别在基础饲粮中添加青贮金针菇,处理1组(90%青贮金针菇,10%玉米秸秆),处理2组(90%青贮金针菇,9%玉米秸秆,1%尿素),处理3组(80%青贮金针菇,20%玉米秸秆),处理4组(80%青贮金针菇,19%玉米秸秆,1%尿素)。试验期分为2周适应期和1周数据收集期。饲粮中添加青贮金针菇较对照组显著提高了酸性洗涤木质素的摄入量(P<0.05);金针菇添加水平和尿素对干物质和其他营养素的摄入量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,在处理组日粮中添加青贮金针菇显著增加总短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和丙酸含量(P<0.05),但乙酸含量及乙酸与丙酸比值显著降低(P<0.05)。添加青贮金针菇和尿素对短链脂肪酸含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。日粮添加80%青贮金针菇和1%尿素时,乙酸浓度显著高于未添加尿素组(P<0.05);青贮金针菇日粮添加尿素显著降低了瘤胃丁酸含量(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,在日粮中添加青贮金针菇可显著降低瘤胃原生动物总数(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加青贮金针菇可导致荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃原生动物总数逐步减少(P<0.05)。青贮金针菇日粮组中螺旋体数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲喂青贮金针菇的荷斯坦奶牛较对照组显著降低了甲烷排放量(P<0.05)。综上所述,用金针菇废弃底物与尿素、玉米秸秆混合日粮可以提高奶牛日粮的营养价值,日粮添加青贮金针菇显著降低了奶牛瘤胃原生动物种群和肠道甲烷排放量。     

膨化全脂大豆对荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择出生日期、胎次、产奶量和体重相近的16头健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组(对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组),每组4头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别依次添加0.5、1.5 kg和2.5 kg的膨化全脂大豆,预试期12 d,正试期60 d,研究不同膨化水平全脂大豆对产奶性能的影响。结果表明:试验1组、2组和3组的产奶量和标准乳产量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组间差异不显著;乳脂率试验1组、2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验3组和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率试验2组、3组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),对照组和试验1组差异不显著(P>0.05);而对乳中非脂固形物的影响,4个组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑在奶牛日粮干物质中添加1.5 kg的膨化全脂大豆对提高产奶量和乳品质是最有利的。     

膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和肌肉n-3多不饱和脂肪酸沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能、血浆生化指标及肌肉n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)沉积量的影响。试验选取10周龄北京油鸡(雌鸡)450只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡,试验期8周。在基础饲粮中分别添加0(阴性对照)、9%的亚麻籽(阳性对照)及9%、12%、15%的膨化亚麻籽,制成5种试验饲粮,分别命名为E0、F9、E9、E12、E15。结果表明:1)E9组生长性能和屠宰性能与F9组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。与E0组相比,添加膨化亚麻籽对北京油鸡生长性能和屠宰性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与F9组相比,E9组血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。相比于E0组,添加膨化亚麻籽显著降低北京油鸡肌肉中SOD的活性(P<0.05),同时显著提高血浆MDA的含量(P<0.05)。3)E12组肌肉中n-3PUFA沉积量最高,为(2.16±0.97)g/kg,是E0组5.68倍,且显著高于E0组(P<0.05),但与F9组无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,亚麻籽膨化后可以显著提高n-3PUFA的沉积量,但相同添加量的亚麻籽和膨化亚麻籽对n-3PUFA的沉积量的影响没有显著差异;综合生产工序及成本,不建议使用膨化亚麻籽作为生产富含n-3PUFA鸡肉的油鸡饲料原料。     

亚麻籽和亚麻籽油对母羊乳中脂肪酸组成的影响

为了研究亚麻籽及亚麻籽油对母羊乳汁中脂肪酸组成及含量的影响,试验选取妊娠120 d母羊60只,随机分为4组,每组15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂含有5.25%炒亚麻籽日粮(炒亚麻籽组)、5.25%生亚麻籽日粮(生亚麻籽组)和2.25%亚麻籽油日粮(亚麻油组),试验结束时采集每组乳样和日粮原料检测其脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:对照组日粮ω-6多聚不饱和脂肪酸/ω-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸(ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA)为11.10,而3个试验组分别为1.01,1.01,1.07,说明对照组日粮具有ω-6 PUFA营养特性,相反3个试验组日粮则均为ω-3 PUFA营养特性。日粮中添加亚麻籽及亚麻籽油使母羊乳汁中不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)组成极显著上升(P0.01),其中亚麻籽油组极显著高于生亚麻籽组(P0.01),而与炒亚麻籽组之间差异不显著(P0.05);使乳中ω-3 PUFA组成极显著上升(P0.01),相反ω-6 PUFA组成极显著下降(P0.01);使乳中ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA极显著下降(P0.01),但是3个试验组之间无显著差异(P0.05);使奇数碳原子脂肪酸组成和≤16C脂肪酸组成显著下降(P0.05),但是3个试验组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。说明亚麻籽及亚麻籽油可明显改善母羊乳汁中ω-3 PUFA营养特征,其中炒亚麻籽的效果为最佳。     

饲粮添加亚麻油和亚麻籽对绒山羊羔羊屠宰性能、器官生长发育及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究舍饲条件下饲粮添加亚麻油和亚麻籽对绒山羊羔羊屠宰性能、器官生长发育及肉品质的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选择体重为(18.60±0.10)kg的60只4月龄阿尔巴斯断奶羯羔,随机分为对照组(CON组)、亚麻油组(LSO组)和亚麻籽组(HLS组)3个组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只羊。在育肥前期(1~30 d)、中期(31~60 d)和后期(61~90 d),CON组饲喂基础饲粮,LSO组分别饲喂添加2.0%、2.0%和2.5%亚麻油的试验饲粮,HLS组分别饲喂添加5.5%、5.5%和7.0%热处理亚麻籽(120℃翻炒10 min)的试验饲粮。预试期14 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)LSO组羔羊的胴体重、屠宰率、肾脂重、尾脂重和脂肪组织重显著高于HLS组(P<0.05)。2)与CON组相比,LSO组羔羊的蹄、毛皮和头+蹄+毛皮+血液重显著增加(P<0.05),而HLS组显著降低(P<0.05)。与CON组和HLS组相比,LSO组羔羊的心脏、肾脏和内脏器官重显著增加(P<0.05),肺脏和胰脏指数显著降低(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LSO组和HLS组羔羊的网胃重显著降低(P<0.05),HLS组羔羊的瓣胃重显著降低(P<0.05)。3)HLS组羔羊背最长肌的蒸煮损失和红度值显著高于LSO组(P<0.05),亮度值显著低于LSO组(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LSO组羔羊背最长肌的黄度值显著增加(P<0.05),而HLS组显著降低(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LSO组和HLS组羔羊的臂三头肌干物质、背最长肌粗蛋白质含量显著增加(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加亚麻油降低了绒山羊羔羊外部组织器官、内脏器官和消化道占体重的比例,屠宰性能较好,脂肪沉积也有所增加;饲粮添加亚麻籽的羔羊肉色和肌肉营养价值优于饲粮添加亚麻油的羔羊。     

海带粉对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在探究海带粉作为饲料原料对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响。试验选用体重为(605±36)kg的健康泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5头。采用随机试验设计,3组奶牛分别饲喂45%低精料饲粮、55%高精料饲粮和55%高精料+5%海带粉饲粮。试验期为35d,于试验末对晨饲前奶牛经口腔采集瘤胃液,测定其pH,氨态氮、微生物蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和菌群结构。结果显示:1)相比55%高精料饲粮,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中pH显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮和微生物蛋白的浓度显著降低(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸、异丁酸和异戊酸的比例显著增加(P<0.05)。2)在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉降低了样本独有的操作分类单元(OUT)数量,但对瘤胃细菌α多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在门水平上,与44%低精料饲粮相比,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中SR1_Absconditabacteria的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),瘤胃中厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),同时进一步显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05)。在属水平上,相对于45%低精料饲粮,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus_2)和毛螺菌科NK3A20类群(Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)和普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae_UCG-003)的相对丰度(P<0.05);在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,进一步显著降低了瘤胃中Prevotella_1的相对丰度(P<0.05),并显著增加了瘤胃中Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上可见,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%的海带粉可以改善饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛的瘤胃发酵环境,调整瘤胃菌群结构,对瘤胃细菌多样性的影响较小。     

Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens Fed n-3 Fatty Acid-rich Fish Oil

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of oil sources in the diet on milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in mid-lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein dairy cows averaging 150 days in milk (DIM) at the start of the experiment (body weight = 596±19 kg; milk yield = 29.7±3.00 kg/d) were used in a completely randomized block design. The animals were assigned into four dietary treatments according to DIM and milk yield, and supplemented with no oil (control), 2% flaxseed oil (FSO), 2% soybean oil (SBO), and 2% oil from extruded soybeans (ESB). The experiment lasted nine weeks including the first week for adaptation. Milk yields, milk compositions (fat, protein, and lactose), and milk FA profiles were measured. Daily milk yield from cows fed with FSO, SBO, and ESB were higher than milk yield of the control cows (27.0, 27.0, and 26.5 vs. 25.4 kg/d). Milk fat percentage of the control cows was greater than those cows fed with oil-supplemented diets. However, increasing dietary fat content resulted with no change in fat-corrected milk yield. The FA profile of milk was changed by fat supplementation. Feeding oil reduced the proportion of both short-chain (C_8:0 to C_12:0) and medium-chain (C_14:0 to C_16:1) FAs, and increased the proportion of long-chain (≥C_18:0) FAs in milk fat. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat was increased from 0.38% for the control to 0.79, 1.51, and 1.56% of fat for the cows supplemented with FSO, SBO, and ESB, respectively. Feeding oils rich in linoleic acid (SBO and ESB) was more effective in enhancing cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat than oils containing linolenic acid (FSO). There was a linear relationship between transvaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in milk. Overall, feeding the FSO, SBO, and ESB diets increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased the saturated fatty acid in milk fat.     

日粮中添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃指标的影响,试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,选择年龄、胎次、体重相近的安装永久性瘤胃瘘管健康荷斯坦牛3头。试验日粮分别是在基础日粮、基础日粮+200g棕榈油、基础日粮+200g玉米油;结果表明,棕榈油组、玉米油组各时间点pH值均高于对照组,但各组间差异没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组在不同时间点NH3-N浓度都略高于对照组,但差异均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度变化的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组在各时间点DM的降解率均低于对照组,在24h时棕榈油组、玉米油组与对照组相比分别下降8.8%、14.0%,但差异均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组和对照组的各时间点NDF、ADF降解率差异均不显著(P0.05)。说明添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃发酵无显著不良影响。     

Effects of total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on milk yield,composition, and quality

Background: In the last years, difficulties occurring in corn cultivation(i.e., groundwater shortages, mycotoxin contamination) have been forcing dairy farmers to consider alternative silages. Some experiments conducted on lactating cows have proven that the total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage did not reduce milk yield.However, this kind of substitution involves supplementing sorghum-based diets with grains, to compensate for the lower starch content of sorghum silage compared to corn silage. Change of silage type and inclusion of starch sources in the diet would influence rumen fermentations, with possible effects on milk composition(i.e., fatty acid profile) and coagulation properties. A worsening of milk coagulation properties would have a negative economic impact in Italy, where most of the milk produced is processed into cheese.This study was designed to compare milk composition and quality, with emphasis on fatty acid profile and coagulation properties, in dairy cows fed two diets based on corn or sorghum silage.Results: The sorghum diet reduced milk yield(P = 0.043) but not 4% fat corrected milk(P = 0.85). Feeding sorghum silage did not influence milk contents of protein(P = 0.07) and lactose(P = 0.65), and increased fat content(P = 0.024).No differences emerged for milk concentrations of saturated(P = 0.61) and monounsaturated fatty acids(P = 0.50),whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower(P 0.001) for the sorghum diet. Concentrations of n-6(P 0.001) and n-3 fatty acids(P = 0.017) were lower in milk of cows fed the sorghum diet. Milk coagulation properties did not differ between the two diets, except the "a30"(the curd firmness, expressed in mm, 30 min after rennet addition), that was lower(P = 0.042) for the sorghum diet.Conclusions: Feeding a forage sorghum silage, properly supplemented with corn meal, as total replacement of corn silage maintained milk composition and did not influence negatively milk coagulation properties, which have a great economic relevance for the Italian dairy industry. Thus, silages obtained from forage sorghums could have a potential as substitute of corn silages in dairy cow diets.     

干奶后期饲喂阴离子盐对奶牛离子平衡和产奶的影响

采用28头荷斯坦经产牛按配对试验设计研究了添加阴离子盐对奶牛血液离子浓度、胎衣不下发病率及产后6个月泌乳性能的影响。结果表明,饲喂阴离子盐饲粮5天使尿液pH值显著降低(P<0.01),产前血清氯离子浓度提高(P<0.05),钙离子浓度趋于上升,并使分娩后胎衣不下的发病率降低31.2个百分点P=0.05)。第1、2、3、4泌乳月校正乳产量提高,且趋向提高乳脂率,但对乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂乳固体含量等乳成分没有明显影响(P<0.2)。饲喂阴离子盐能够显著降低产奶牛第2、3、4个泌乳月乳中的体细胞数P=0.03(0.09)。本试验结论:产前饲粮中添加阴离子盐能够改善奶牛产后的健康状况,提高泌乳性能。     

Effects of Supplemental Carbohydrate Sources on Lactation Performance, Nitrogen Balance, and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cows Fed Energy-Deficient Total Mixed Rations

The effects of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) sources on milk yield and composition,nitrogen (N) balance,and ruminal fermentation were evaluated in lactating dairy cows fed energy-deficient total mixed rations (TMR).Fifty-six lactating Holstein cows (36.8 ±3.4 kg/d of milk yield; 152 ±26days in milk [ DIM ] ) were randomly assigned to one of four diets:( 1 ) basal TMR ( control ) ; ( 2 ) basal TMR + 1.25 kg/d sucrose (SUC) ; ( 3 ) basal TMR + 2.12 kg/d steam-flaked corn ( SFC ) ; ( 4 ) basal TMR + 2.23 kg/d wheat (WHE).The trial lasted 70 days,including the first 10 days of adaptation.Simultaneously,a 4 × 4 Latin square trial was conducted with four ruminally cannulated cows of similar DMI (Dry Matter Intake) fed on the above four diets.Each testing period lasted 18 days:15 days for adaptation and 3 days for sampling.Cows fed SUC-,SFC-,and WHE-supplemented diets produced 1.6,2.9,and 0.8 kg/d,respectively,more milk than those on the basal TMR control diet,but the difference was not significant (P =0.160).However,the production of energy-corrected milk of cows fed CHO-supplemented diets improved significantly (P =0.020),and the yield of 4％ fat-corrected milk tended to be higher (P =0.063 ) than in control animals.Percentages of milk protein,lactose and solidsnot-fat (SNF) increased significantly in cows fed CHO-supplemented diets ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and yields of milk protein and SNF were significantly higher (P＜0.05); yields of milk fat and lactose were somewhat higher ( P ＜ 0.10 ).Cows receiving supplementary CHO diets consumed more DM (Dry Matter) ( P =0.023 ) ; however,there was no significant difference in N retention,digestibility,or utilization efficiency among the treatments (P ＞ 0.10 ).The average ruminal pH was lowest in cows supplemented with SUC,while that in cows supplemented with SFC and WHE was only slightly reduced (P =0.025 ).Ruminal NH3-N concentration was highest with no supplementary CHO ( P =0.017 ),and changes in postfeeding time were similar across the diets.Total volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly lower in control animals than in those on SUC- and WHE-supplemented diets ( P =0.001 ) ; significant dietary responses were observed in the concentrations of acetate,butyrate,and branched-chain fatty acids and in the acetate-to-propionate ratio ( P ＜ 0.001 ).These results indicate that supplementation with different CHO sources in energy-deficient diets substantially improved the balance of energy and N in the rumen,altered ruminal fermentation,and improved lactation performance in dairy cows.     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期泌乳性能及血液指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产牛,采用配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组各10头。对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125g,于分娩当天添加量增至300g直到试验结束,以探讨日粮添加繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期产奶性能(产奶量及乳品质)的影响。结果表明,补充繁奶康,产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量试验组明显高于对照组(P0.05);奶牛采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及乳干物质含量两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。血液指标谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性两组间无显著差异(P0.05),高产奶牛补充繁奶康对泌乳早期产奶性能有较好的改善作用。     

日粮中添加菌糠对奶牛产奶量、乳品质、血液生化指标及抗氧化功能的影响

试验为研究日粮中添加菌糠对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量、乳品质、血液生化指标及抗氧化功能的影响,根据单因素随机设计,将健康、体重接近的90头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3个处理组,每组30头。对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮;试验1组饲喂5%的菌糠;试验2组饲喂10%的菌糠。预试期7 d,正式试验期30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,菌糠组的乳品质指标总固形物和奶中体细胞数显著降低(P<0.05)。菌糠组奶牛血液中胆固醇含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。日粮中添加10%的菌糠可以显著提高超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。研究表明,在奶牛日粮中添加不超过10%的菌糠不会对产奶量、干物质采食及血液生化指标产生不利影响,并且能改善乳品质,提高奶牛机体抗氧化能力。     

日粮中添加酵母或酵母培养物对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加酵母或酵母代谢物产品对奶牛生产性能的影响。选择70 头中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次等情况配对分成7组,每组10 头,其中试验1组为对照组,其余6组为试验组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,该日粮主要包含20 kg青贮、3 kg干草、2 kg苜蓿干草和9 kg泌乳期奶牛精料补充料。试验组在饲喂基础日粮的基础上再分别添加60 g益生素酵母1、50 g益生素酵母2、10 g益生素酵母3、10 g益生素酵母4、15 g益生素酵母5和15 g益生素酵母6。试验期为50 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期40 d。结果表明,不同的酵母或酵母代谢物产品对奶牛产奶量和奶成分有不同程度的影响,添加益生素酵母2试验组奶牛的产奶量与对照组相比增加显著( P<0.05)。不同的酵母及酵母代谢物产品对牛乳成分也有不同程度的影响,益生素酵母1、益生素酵母2和益生素酵母3显著提高了牛奶中乳脂含量(P<0.05);益生素酵母4显著提高了牛奶中蛋白含量(P<0.05);不同酵母或酵母代谢物产品对牛奶中干物质含量无显著影响;在体细胞数方面,添加益生素酵母2、益生素酵母3和益生素酵母4的试验组牛奶中体细胞数有一定的降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,本试验证明饲料中添加酵母及酵母代谢物能提高奶牛的生产性能。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of rutin on lactation performance,ruminal fermentation and metabolism in dairy cows

The effect of long‐term dietary supplementation with rutin on the lactation performance, ruminal fermentation and metabolism of dairy cows were investigated in this study. Twenty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups, and each was offered a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg rutin/kg of diet. The milk yield of the cows receiving 3.0 and 4.5 mg rutin/kg was higher than that of the control group, and the milk yield was increased by 10.06% and 3.37% (p < 0.05). On the basis of that finding, the cows supplemented with 0 or 3.0 mg rutin/kg of diet were used to investigate the effect of rutin supplementation on blood metabolites and hormone levels. Compared with the control group, the serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration of the 3.0 mg rutin/kg group is significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In another trial, four adult cows with permanent rumen fistula and duodenal cannulae were attributed in a self‐control design to investigate the peak occurrence of rutin and quercetin in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, ruminal fermentation and microbial population in dairy cows. The cows supplemented with 3.0 mg rutin/kg in the diet differed from the control period. Samples of rumen fluid, duodenal fluid and blood were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after morning feeding. Compared to the control group, the pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, number and protein content of rumen protozoa and blood urea nitrogen were lower, but the concentration of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), microbial crude protein (MCP) and serum lysozyme content were higher for the cows fed the rutin diets. The addition of 3.0 mg rutin/kg to diets for a long term tended to increase the milk yield and improve the metabolism and digestibility of the dairy cows.