我国茶花育种展望与建议

文章概述了国内外茶花育种的现状,认为我国拥有占世界山茶属约90%的种类,理应更好地利用这一丰富的种质资源,培育出观赏性更佳的茶花品种。指出茶花的杂交育种必须以遗传学理论为指导,选择亲缘关系较近的类群,以及雄蕊可育茶花品种与具有所需性状的种进行杂交,其成功的机会更大。并提出在我国丰富的山茶属遗传资源的基础上创新茶花育种的思路和方向,如培育黄色茶花品种、有香气的茶花品种、终年开花的茶花品种、抗寒茶花品种等,以及培育乔木型观赏山茶和灌木型、耐修剪的观赏山茶等。     

春桃开满园

在北京植物园的碧桃园内,可观赏到直立型桃、云龙桃、斑叶桃、菊花桃、山桃花系等60个品种、万余株色彩艳丽、花型各异的桃花。香气扑鼻的白花山碧桃,是由北京植物园独自完成的第一个人工杂交的新品种,而粉花山碧桃的开花时间,则填补了山桃与桃花花期间的空白。从山桃花开到绛花碧桃花开．可持续赏花一个多月。     

茶花品种收集及利用技术研究取得可喜成果

山茶花兼有梅之风骨,牡丹之鲜艳,是我国十大名花之一。中国林科院亚林所的科研人员从1986年开始,进行国内外茶花品种收集及其利用技术的研究,现已取得可喜的成果。 1.从引种入手,广泛收集了包括野生云南山茶化资源在内的国内外品种资源655个,其中国内传统品种168个,日本茶花品种56个,茶梅品种31个,美国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国茶花品种400个。营建茶花品     

抗污染能力较强的花卉

1、茶花:茶花的品种较多,花大且色泽艳丽,优美可爱。茶花的花期长,能吸收大量的有害气体,特别是吸收氟的能力强。 2、含笑花:多年生木本植物。叶清翠浓绿,花白色而带浅黄,极为芳香,具有香蕉气味,开花时间在春秋两季,春季开花不但数量多,而且花期长,是我国著名的观赏花卉。它飘在空中的花香,对杀灭结核菌、肺炎球菌有很显著的效果。     

茶花皇后:金花茶

茶花的颜色有红、白、绿、橙、蓝、紫等色,唯独没有黄色。1960年我国植物学家胡光骕教授等,在我国广西南部十万大山中考察,首次发现了金色茶花。由此震惊了世界的山茶花的爱好者。我国政府也十分重视,列为国家一级重点保护植物中八个品种之首。 金花茶与山茶同属但不同种,有乔木型和灌木型两类。叶革质、互生。花金黄色单生在叶腋、直径5厘米-6厘米,花瓣8片-10片,雄蕊与花瓣连生,蒴果内种子7粒—8粒。栽植的实生苗植株五年可以开花,花期一般在1月—3月份,而早花品种则于10、11、12月就开花。还     

大规格名优茶花快速繁育技术研究

研究了低产油茶树嫁接茶花后的亲和性及生长势,结果表明:杂交品系嫁接亲和性好,嫁接成活率达97%,红山茶种系次之,为91%,而云南山茶系列嫁接成活率为85%;在30个名优茶花品种中有16个品种长势好,11个品种长势较好,3个品种的生长势一般。大规格名优茶花快速繁育的技术关键是适宜品种选择,嫁接前复壮、嫁接中保湿促愈合、嫁接后整形修剪与肥水管理。     

腾冲红花油茶自然类型及其品种类群划分

从生物学特征、开花结实性状和经济性状(用途)等方面将腾冲红花油茶按单瓣花系、重瓣花系、半重瓣花系划分为果(油)用,观赏茶花和花、果兼用3个类型20个主要品种类群。对这3个类型20个主要品种类群进行研究分析,以期为今后培育早实、丰产的腾冲红花油茶优良品种和开发高价值的云南茶花观赏品种提供基础的科学依据。     

云南茶花品种在重庆南山地区适应性选择研究

本试验主要针对从云南引进的38个滇茶品种,通过对其生长势、开花情况（花的大小、花色、花瓣数）等进行观察记录,制定一套筛选评价标准,筛选出适合重庆南山地区生长的品种19个。对于重庆等低海拔地区引种云南茶花提供了参考。     

广西金花茶物种识别

金茶花是名贵的观赏植物。由于其花梗下垂,形态美观,花瓣为蜡质金黄色,花朵千姿百态,颜色鲜艳,高雅别致;秋冬开花,花期较长。在茶花中独树一帜。比花王牡丹略胜一筹,为园林中的珍花,故被誉为“茶族皇后”之佳称,曾轰动国内外植物界和园艺界,这不仅因为金花茶是世界上几千个茶花品种中少有的金黄色茶花品系,而更重要的是由于金花茶是一种色泽能遗传的种质资     

油茶大砧嫁接名贵茶花品种的效应

利用油茶人工林为砧木,采用改良撕皮接技术,嫁接36个茶花品种.分析结果得出,不同茶花品种嫁接成活率有较大差异,其中25个品种嫁接砧成活率平均达到92.3%,亲和性强,7个品种的成活率平均达到88.1%,另有4个品种成活率平均为83.5%.6a后的生长状况调查表明,早花系列的5个品种、中花系列的7个品种、晚花系列的7个品种树势恢复情况最好,符合园林生产快速培育大规格茶花的要求.     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.