黄瓜土传病害拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

为了有效防治黄瓜的土传病害,本文从黄瓜根际土壤中分离得到256株细菌,利用平板对峙试验筛选到一株拮抗菌ZM-1。通过形态、生理生化和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,测定菌株产生的抑菌物质。通过正交实验法与单因素法对菌株进行发酵优化,并通过盆栽试验测定菌株防病能力。结果表明,菌株ZM-1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,该菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumebrium 和黄瓜疫病菌Phytophthora drechsleri的抑制率分别为62.80%和65.58%。该菌株可以产生纤维素酶、铁载体等多种抑菌物质。经过最佳发酵优化,菌株发酵液菌含量可达到1×10¹⁰ cfu/mL以上。最适发酵培养基配方为蔗糖5 g/L、胰蛋白胨10 g/L、K₂HPO₄ 10 g/L,发酵条件温度25 ℃、pH 7.5、时间48 h、接种量2%。盆栽试验表明,菌株ZM-1对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜疫病的防效分别为53.97%和51.11%。本研究表明拮抗菌ZM-1在防治黄瓜土传病害方面具有开发应用的潜力。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌DS-1菌剂的研制及田间应用效果

本文以一株解淀粉芽胞杆菌DS-1生防菌为研究对象,采用单因素法和正交试验法优化该菌株的发酵条件和生产工艺,通过菌剂的研制测定了其温室防效。结果表明:该菌株最佳固态发酵为以玉米粉为基质,培养条件为可溶性淀粉200 mg/g、小米粉50 mg/g、接种量0.8 mL/g、培养时间96 h、pH 8.0;最适的菌株助剂为壳聚糖20 mg/g(载体)、聚四氟乙烯浓缩分散液100 mg/g(分散剂)和糊精50 mg/g(保护剂)。粉剂与颗粒剂均能提高番茄和黄瓜的株高和鲜重,且颗粒剂效果更突出;并对辣椒枯萎病的防治效果可达60.75%和62.86%,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效达63.58%和66.12%,两种制剂的防效均显著高于发酵液的防效。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YB114对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的生防效果及发酵条件优化

解淀粉芽胞杆菌YB114为本研究团队筛选出的一株对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病(Corynespora leaf spot)具有较高活性的生防菌株。为加快其产业化进程，本试验研究了该菌株的生物活性及发酵条件。盆栽试验结果表明，100倍发酵稀释液处理对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的治疗及预防效果分别为85.72%和42.29%,100倍发酵上清稀释液的治疗及预防效果分别达到74.14%和33.25%,菌株发酵液和上清液对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的治疗效果好于预防效果。YB114发酵液对黄瓜植株有促生效果，叶面喷施后黄瓜茎长、根长、叶面积及地上部生物量增加，叶片中叶绿素、生长素和玉米核苷素含量显著增加。发酵最优培养基为10 g/L果糖、17 g/L水溶性花生饼粉、1 g/L磷酸二氢钾。最佳发酵条件为：装液量40 mL/250 mL三角瓶，接种量6%(体积分数)、pH 7.0,转速180 r/min,温度32℃,发酵时间24 h。优化发酵条件后YB114对棒孢叶斑病的防效提升了22.4%。     

玉米叶斑病拮抗细菌的筛选及其发酵培养基优化

通过平板对峙、温室盆栽试验和田间小区试验,筛选到1株对玉米叶斑病(弯孢叶斑病、大斑病和小斑病)具有较好防效的细菌菌株ST-87-14。温室盆栽试验显示其对玉米弯孢叶斑病的防治效果可达100%,对玉米大斑病、玉米小斑病的防治效果分别达到83.30%和87.60%。田间小区试验结果表明菌株ST-87-14防治玉米弯孢叶斑病的效果达52.04%,对玉米大斑病、玉米小斑病的防治效果分别达43.56%和48.16%。通过温室试验,证明菌株ST-87-14的菌体和胞外代谢产物都能对玉米叶斑病起到防病作用。通过16S rDNA序列测定和生理生化鉴定明确了菌株ST-87-14为枯草芽孢杆菌。通过对常见11种病原真菌的平板对峙培养,结果表明,ST-87-14菌株具有较广的抑菌谱。通过单因子试验,确定了ST-87-14菌株发酵培养基的最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为豆饼粉。通过L9(34)正交试验优化出该菌最适发酵培养基配方为(g/L):蔗糖30g、豆饼粉2.0g、NaCl 1g、CaCO31g、KH2PO40.2g和MgSO4.7H2O 0.3g。     

对番茄枯萎病具防效的海洋源赤杆菌YH-07的发酵条件探究

一株分离自连云港海域的赤杆菌Erythrobacter sp.YH-07对番茄枯萎病病原菌有较好的平板抑菌效果。通过单因子水平试验、正交试验对该菌株的培养基配方及摇瓶发酵条件进行优化,最优培养基配方为酵母浸膏0.25%、蔗糖1%、蛋白胨1%、NaCl 3%和MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.03%;最优发酵条件组合为培养温度30℃,140 r/min摇床培养,接种量1%,装液量50 mL/250 mL,初始pH 7.0。优化后的平板抑菌能力提高了9.4%。温室盆栽试验表明,赤杆菌YH-07对番茄枯萎病有显著抑制作用,防治效果保持在50%以上。同时显著降低番茄根际土的真菌数量,增加细菌和放线菌数量。综上所述,赤杆菌YH-07能有效防治番茄枯萎病害,改善根际微生物数量结构,具有进一步开发应用的前景。     

生防细菌HMQ20YJ04发酵条件优化及其对番茄灰霉病的效果评价

菌株HMQ20YJ04是从甘肃民勤盐碱土壤中分离筛选的对多种植物病原真菌具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗细菌。为提高其发酵液的防控效果,以发酵液活菌数作为检测指标,采用单因素试验、正交试验、Plackett-Burman试验和响应曲面法对发酵培养基组分和摇瓶发酵条件进行筛选和优化。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基组分配比为可溶性淀粉5 g/L、酵母提取物10 g/L、Mg SO₄·7H₂O 5 g/L、Na Cl 5 g/L,最佳发酵条件为转速200 r/min、接种量5%、温度32℃、时间60 h、初始p H 6.5。温室盆栽防控番茄灰霉病试验结果表明,该菌株的发酵液对番茄灰霉病具有良好的防控效果,防效为63.03%。研究结果为枯草芽胞杆菌菌株HMQ20YJ04的菌剂研发及番茄灰霉病的生物防治提供了依据。     

抗黄瓜枯萎病丛枝菌根真菌与根围促生细菌组合菌剂的筛选

 丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)同时接种具有促生防病的作用。本试验旨在评价AMF与PGPR组合菌剂防治黄瓜枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum )的效果,以获得高效生防菌剂。于温室盆栽条件下将AMF Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)、Glomus intraradices(Gi)和 Glomus versiforme(Gv)与PGPR菌株(PR2-1、PS1-3、PS1-5、PS2-6和PS3-2)不同组合菌剂处理黄瓜(Cucumis sativus, 品种:香翠16号),测定各处理对黄瓜植株生长量、枯萎病防治效果和黄瓜产量的影响。供试AMF+PGPR各组合菌剂处理能不同程度的增加黄瓜根系AMF侵染率和根围细菌的定殖数量、促进黄瓜生长发育和降低枯萎病危害程度。其中,以Fm+PS3-2和 Gv+PS2-6组合菌剂促生和增产效果最好, 以Fm+PS1-5、Fm+PS3-2和Gv+PS2-6组合菌剂防治枯萎病效果最好。综合评价筛选获得高效组合为Fm+PS3-2和Gv+PS2-6。这两个处理可使黄瓜枯萎病病情指数分别下降50.0%和58.4%,防效达到54.5%和63.7%,具有一定的田间应用潜力。     

金黄垂直链霉菌DF06的分类鉴定及防病促生作用

为研究生防菌株DF06对黄瓜枯萎病的防效和生防机制,通过培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析对DF06进行分类鉴定;采用平板对峙和室内盆栽法测定DF06对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用、对病害的防治效果及对黄瓜植株促生作用和防御酶活性变化影响;并通过实时荧光定量技术测定抗性相关基因的表达。结果表明：菌株DF06为金黄垂直链霉菌Streptomycesaureoverticillatus,该菌株对黄瓜枯萎病病原菌有较强的抑制作用,菌丝抑制率达80.80%,且能够导致黄瓜枯萎病菌基内菌丝发生畸变;在室内盆栽试验中DF06发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病有较好的防治效果,其保护作用达到68.42%,优于对照药剂多菌灵;不同浓度DF06发酵液能促进黄瓜种子和幼苗生长,经10⁷ CFU/mL的DF06发酵液处理后黄瓜幼苗株高、叶绿素含量和干重均显著增加,分别可达23.56 cm、2.16 mg/g和0.84 g;同时该菌能够诱导黄瓜抗病相关基因表达量的上调,提高相关防御酶活性,其中CAT、PAL和POD活性均在处理后的24h内快速增加。研究表明,DF06菌株可通过分泌某些拮...     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌HMB19198发酵培养基的筛选及优化

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis HMB19198菌株能有效防治番茄灰霉病,脂肽类抗生素泛革素(fengycin)是该菌株产生的主要抑菌活性物质。为提高HMB19198菌株的发酵水平,本研究以活芽孢浓度为检测指标,通过对8种常用工业培养基进行筛选,获得了利于HMB19198菌株芽孢形成的基础培养基。采用单因素试验筛选HMB19198菌株芽孢产量较高的碳源和氮源组合,结果表明,以可溶性玉米淀粉和糖蜜作为碳源、以花生饼浸粉和蛋白胨作为氮源时,有利于HMB19198菌株芽孢的形成。进一步运用Plackett-Burman及响应曲面分析相结合的方法,对碳源物质玉米淀粉和糖蜜,氮源物质花生饼浸粉和蛋白胨,以及无机盐K₂HPO₄?3H₂O和MgSO₄?7H₂O的适宜浓度进行了优化。优化后发酵培养基配方中各成分的质量浓度分别为:可溶性玉米淀粉67.0 g/L、糖蜜14.1 g/L、花生饼浸粉41.6 g/L、蛋白胨10 g/L、K₂HPO₄?3H₂O 9.2 g/L以及MgSO₄?7H₂O 1.5 g/L。在优化培养基中,HMB19198菌株发酵液的芽孢浓度可达到6.92 × 109 个/mL;同基础培养基相比,采用优化后的培养基,菌株发酵周期缩短了40%,发酵液中芽孢浓度提高了107%,泛革素浓度提高了39.4%。     

小串链霉菌XG40菌株发酵条件优化及其次生代谢产物性质研究

为进一步提高小串链霉菌Streptomyces catenulae XG40对琯溪蜜柚黑斑病的生防效果，通过碳、氮源单因子试验、正交试验和发酵条件优化，以菌浓度和抑菌带宽为指标确定其最佳发酵培养基配方和发酵条件。进一步用乙酸乙酯提取菌株XG40发酵液中的活性物质并测定其理化性质。结果表明，菌株XG40最佳发酵培养基配方为玉米粉50 g/L，黄豆粉9 g/L，酵母粉6 g/L，NaCl 0.5 g/L，K₂HPO₄ 0.5 g/L，MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5 g/L，FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.01 g/L；最佳发酵条件为初始pH 7.0，温度28 ℃，装液量100 mL/500 mL，接种量7%，转速160 r/min，发酵时间6 d。菌株XG40发酵液的活性物质对蜜柚黑斑病菌菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用，该活性物质较耐酸碱和短时间（180 min）紫外线照射，耐贮性高，但高温对其抗菌活性有一定的影响。小串链霉菌XG40可为开发针对蜜柚黑斑病的生物农药提供新的原材料，其活性物质抑菌效果良好，稳定易保存，可为进一步开发利用奠定基础。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.