共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 183 毫秒
1.
颗粒大小对浙江省土壤磁学性质的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
LU Sheng-Gao 《土壤圈》2000,10(1):81-88
Effect of different shading levels (no-shading,80% shading,and 40% shading)on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under conditions of different soil water contents in summer midday.All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading,including decreased net photosynthetic rates,a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates,and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration.The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water,respectively,but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%,respectively,Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable. 相似文献
2.
接种含ACC脱氨酶的假单胞菌能部分缓解干旱胁迫对豌豆生长、产量及成熟的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two preselected plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)- deaminase (EC 4.1.99.4) were used to investigate their potential to ameliorate the effects of drought stress on growth, yield, and ripening of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Inoculated and uninoculated (control) seeds of pea cultivar 2000 were sown in pots (four seeds pot-1) and placed in a wire house. The plants were exposed to drought stress at different stages of growth (vegetative, flowering, and pod formation) by skipping the respective irrigation. Results revealed that inoculation of peas with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase significantly decreased the "drought stress imposed effects" on the growth and yield of peas. Exposure of plants to drought stress at vegetative growth stage significantly decreased shoot growth by 41% in the case of uninoculated plants, whereas, by only 18% in the case of inoculated plants compared to nonstressed uninoculated control.
Grain yield was decreased when plants were exposed to drought stress at the flowering and pod formation stage, but inoculation resulted in better grain yield (up to 62% and 40% higher, respectively) than the respective uninoculated nonstressed control. Ripening of pods was also delayed in plants inoculated with PGPR, which may imply decreased endogenous ethylene production in inoculated plants. This premise is further supported by the observation that inoculation with PGPR reduced the intensity of classical "triple" response in etiolated pea seedlings, caused by externally applied ACC. It is very probable that the drought stress induced inhibitory effects of ethylene could be partially or completely eliminated by inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase. 相似文献
Grain yield was decreased when plants were exposed to drought stress at the flowering and pod formation stage, but inoculation resulted in better grain yield (up to 62% and 40% higher, respectively) than the respective uninoculated nonstressed control. Ripening of pods was also delayed in plants inoculated with PGPR, which may imply decreased endogenous ethylene production in inoculated plants. This premise is further supported by the observation that inoculation with PGPR reduced the intensity of classical "triple" response in etiolated pea seedlings, caused by externally applied ACC. It is very probable that the drought stress induced inhibitory effects of ethylene could be partially or completely eliminated by inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase. 相似文献
3.
To study the physiological effects of small root zone, plants of a hybrid wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Meiyou 4) were grown in small pots (1 litre) or large pots (8 litre) with low nitrogen (50 mg kg-1 soil) and high nitrogen (200 mg kg-1 soil). Restricting root zone decreased dry weight of plants at the stages of stem elongation and flowering, compared to those of control plants grown in the large pots (P<0.01). Spraying of 6-benzylaminopurine (50 μmol L-1) increased dry weight of plants and chlorophyll concentration in leaves. Restriction of root zone decreased the concentrations of total nitrogen, chlorophyll and soluble protein in the flag leaf and accelerated senescence of the leaves. Supply of high nitrogen delayed senescence of the flag leaf. The results suggested that the shortage of nutrients, especially nitrogen deficiency, was the primary reason for the decreased growth of plant in the treatment of root zone restriction. 相似文献
4.
施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization. 相似文献
5.
A filed experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejing Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P(15 kg P hm^-2)could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice,the contents of N,P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages,and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains,which,was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced,non-reduced and total sugar in the shoot at the heading stage, And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate, P de to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousead grains. In addition,one-time excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm^-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial(3.74mg kg^-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotaion,and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilzer P.Thus,one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils. 相似文献
6.
在富营养土壤斑块中根增值对玉米养分吸收和生长的贡献 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages. 相似文献
7.
限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area. 相似文献
8.
The Interaction between potassium and moisture during the growth of and nutrient uptake by rapeseed plats grown on K-deficient soils has been investigated in this study.The results show that the dry weight of the above-ground parts of the plant appears to be somewhat reduced when the volume water content of the soil remains 0.15 for 3 successive days.As the shortage in the soil water continues,the weight of the plant root and the permeability of the root plasmalemma are markedly affected;the stem thickness and leaf area are reduced.However,K application can increase the dry matter weight of the above-ground parts,the thickness of the stem,and the area of the leaf.Application of K can also maintain a comparatively low water potential(ψ)and a comparatively high moisture content in the leaves,thus increasing the drought-resisting ability of the plant.When the volume water content of the soil is raised to 0.30,leaf yellowing as a symptom of nutrient deficiency appears on rapeseed plants grown on K-deficient soils.With increase in soil moisture content,the Ca concentration of the aerial parts of the rapeseed plant without K application increases while the K concentration decreases,Both K application and the soil moisture regime have very little effect on the Mg Concentration in the plant.Under soil mosture stress,the nitrogen content and total amount of amino acids in rape leaves increases;and thus more proline and glutamic acid is formed.On the other hand,the impact of soil moisture on pant‘s dry matter is governed by the status of potassium nutrition.On soils with low K.the moisture content has very little effect on yield;when K fertilizer is applied,however,the moisture content shows a very significant effect on yield increase. 相似文献
9.
增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The effect of nitrate (NO3^-) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity (GSA) in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium (NH4^+) uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^+-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75:25 (NH4^++NO3^- treatment) when compared with that of NH4^+-N alone (NH4^+ treatment) increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang' cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38' cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang' and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38', whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007' cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^++NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^+ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (Vmax) in the ‘Nanguang' and ‘Yunjing 38' cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^+ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Kin) of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^+ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^+ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^+ by NO3^-. 相似文献
10.
A. R. A. USMAN M. I. AL-WABEL Y. S. OK A. AL-HARBI M. WAHB-ALLAH A. H. EL-NAGGAR M. AHMAD A. Al-FARAJ A. AL-OMRAN 《土壤圈》2016,26(1):27-38
Thermally modified organic materials commonly known as biochar have gained popularity of being used as a soil amendment.Little information, however, is available on the role of biochar in alleviating the negative impacts of saline water on soil productivity and plant growth. This study, therefore, was conducted to investigate the effects of Conocarpus biochar(BC) and organic farm residues(FR) at different application rates of 0.0%(control), 4.0% and 8.0%(weight/weight) on yield and quality of tomatoes grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation with saline or non-saline water. The availability of P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu to plants was also investigated. The results demonstrated clearly that addition of BC or FR increased the vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters in all irrigation treatments. It was found that salt stress adversely affected soil productivity, as indicated by the lower vegetative growth and yield components of tomato plants. However, this suppressing effect on the vegetative growth and yield tended to decline with application of FR or BC, especially at the high application rate and in the presence of biochar. Under saline irrigation system, for instance, the total tomato yield increased over the control by 14.0%–43.3% with BC and by 3.9%–35.6% with FR. These could be attributed to enhancement effects of FR or BC on soil properties, as indicated by increases in soil organic matter content and nutrient availability. Therefore, biochar may be effectively used as a soil amendment for enhancing the productivity of salt-affected sandy soils under arid conditions. 相似文献
11.
In order to study the effect of different growth rates of the shoot apex, i.e. shoot demand, on the remobilization of iron (Fe) from mature (primary) leaves, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were precultured with 8x10‐5 M FeEDTA for four days. Thereafter, plants were grown for another six days at various levels of Fe (0.0, 1.0, and 10.0μM FeEDTA), and simultaneously treated with or without shading of one primary leaf. Dry weight increment of the shoot apex decreased with decreased Fe in the nutrient solution. Shading of one primary leaf decreased total dry weight of plants irrespective of Fe supply, but increased the dry weight of the shoot apex of plants supplied without Fe or with only 1.0μM Fe. In these plants, the concentration of chlorophyll and Fe in the shoot apex corresponded with the treatment effects on dry weight of the shoot apex. Shading induced senescence of the shaded leaf, decreased the content of “active Fe”; (extractable in dilute acid), and also enhanced the remobilization of Fe and copper (Cu) from the shaded leaf. The remobilization of Fe from primary leaves was not related to the severity of chlorosis in the shoot apex (the Fe demand of sink tissue), indicating that only a certain fraction of the total Fe in mature leaves can be remobilized. 相似文献
12.
Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable. 相似文献
13.
The effects of canopy manipulation and shading on crop quantity and quality as well as plant physiology in Vitis vinifera have already been studied by many authors while the plant nutritional status changes induced by such treatments present many unexplained aspects. Partial cluster and leaf removals were performed on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon at veraison (40% berries coloured) for two years to give four treatments: Control (C), Cluster Thinning (CT), Leaf Removal (LR), and Cluster Thinned + Leaf Removal (CT+LR) plots. At veraison, one half of these plots were shaded using a 50% shading net. The correlations between elemental contents of different organs showed that only potassium (K) in the leaves and stems were positively related, while for the other macro‐ and micro‐elements, no relationship or negative links were obtained. Shading needs only 14 days to modify the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in leaves. At harvest, N was depressed in leaves of cluster‐thinned vines and enhanced in leaf‐removed ones. Such changes are discussed on the basis of photosynthetic data which support the hypothesis that canopy manipulation involves modifications in both leaf biochemical and photochemical activities. 相似文献
14.
15.
Influence of an exogenously changed source-sink relationship on the number of endosperm cells and grain development in spring wheat In 2 years pot experiments with spring wheat the source-sink ratio was changed by shading the plants at different times after anthesis, by removal of flag leaf blades, and by phytohormone treatment of the ear. The effect of the different treatments was recorded by determining the number of endosperm cells per grain, the single grain weight and the grain yield. In grains of normally illuminated plants the maximum number of endosperm cells was reached 2 to 3 weeks after anthesis. The storage of assimilates within these cells depends on the intensity of illumination during the entire grain filling period. Shading the plants between anthesis and maturity led to a 23 to 34% decrease in grain yield, but only to a 7 to 16% decrease in the number of endosperm cells. The same drop in the endosperm cell number was observed in plants shaded for only 15 days from the start of anthesis. A subsequent period of normal illumination till maturity led to a marked increase in the single grain weight. No decrease in the endosperm cell number was seen in plants shaded from the 15th day after anthesis till maturity. There was, however, a 12–13% reduction in the single grain weight and grain yield in these plants as compared with the control. Removal of the flag leaf at anthesis reduced the number of endosperm cells by 6 to 11%, the single grain weight by 10 to 29% and the grain yield by 15 to 25%. CCC and Ancymidol treated plants in the shading trials showed the same decrease in the endosperm cell number but a more pronounced reduction in the single grain weight compared with control plants. Their reactions to the various shading trials followed the same general pattern as the control plants. The results of the shading experiments confirm that the endosperm cell number is not the only determinating factor for the single grain weight. The application of kinetin and abscisic acid to the ear had no effect on the number of endosperm cells and single grain weight. Abscisic acid, however, reduced the number of graines per ear. 相似文献
16.
不同施氮量下子粒灌浆不同阶段遮光对小麦氮素积累和转移的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在田间高产条件下,设置每公顷施氮(N)0(N0)、168(N1)和276(N2)kg 3个氮素水平,每个氮素水平下设置不遮光和灌浆前期(开花后1~12 d)、中期(开花后13~24 d)、后期(开花后25~36 d)遮光4个处理,研究不同施氮量下子粒灌浆不同阶段遮光对小麦氮素积累和转移的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期遮光,各施氮处理的旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和内肽酶活性显著降低;恢复照光后,N0和N1处理旗叶硝酸还原酶活性与不遮光的处理无显著差异。N2处理硝酸还原酶活性显著低于不遮光的处理,其内肽酶活性在灌浆中期显著升高,有利于旗叶蛋白质的降解,营养器官氮素转移量和转移效率提高;但花后吸氮量、子粒产量和蛋白质产量均降低,且显著低于N1处理。灌浆中期遮光,各施氮处理的旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和内肽酶活性亦显著降低;恢复照光后,各施氮处理旗叶内肽酶活性均显著高于不遮光的处理,N2处理显著高于N1处理。灌浆后期遮光,各施氮处理旗叶硝酸还原酶活性显著降低;N0和N1处理内肽酶活性降低。N2处理的内肽酶活性显著高于不遮光的处理,其营养器官氮素转移量、转移效率及转移氮素对子粒氮的贡献率显著高于N1处理;旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、花后吸氮量和子粒蛋白质产量与N1处理无显著差异。不同遮光阶段比较,各施氮处理营养器官氮素转移量、转移效率及转移氮素对子粒氮的贡献率,均以灌浆前期遮光的最高,灌浆中期遮光的次之,灌浆后期遮光的最低;花后吸氮量、子粒产量和蛋白质产量以灌浆后期遮光的最高,灌浆中期遮光的次之,灌浆前期遮光的最低。 相似文献
17.
不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
18.
减施磷肥提高设施番茄氮磷钾生理效率并减少土壤速效磷累积 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
19.
红芸豆养分限制因子及养分吸收、积累和分配特征研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
研究红芸豆养分限制因子、植株干物质和氮、磷、钾养分积累及分配规律,可为红芸豆合理施肥及高产栽培提供理论依据。大田试验条件下,以‘英国红’红芸豆为试材,设置缺素试验,采集全施肥区植株样品,分析研究红芸豆不同生育时期各器官干物质量、养分含量及积累量。结果显示,氮磷钾配合全施显著提高红芸豆产量;缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理与全施肥处理相比,产量分别降低14.2%、8.0%和11.3%,表明影响红芸豆产量的限制因子为氮钾磷。在整个生育期,红芸豆干物质累积速率先升高后降低;根、茎、荚皮和豆粒干物质累积量呈上升趋势,叶干物质在收获期有下降趋势,收获时不同部位干物质量为豆粒茎≈荚皮叶片根。随生育期推进,茎、叶和荚皮中氮含量呈递减趋势,豆粒中氮含量呈递增趋势,而各器官磷、钾含量呈递减趋势。盛花期到结荚期是养分累积最大期,其氮、磷、钾吸收量分别占整个生育期吸收总量的28.14%、49.22%和56.20%;不同器官吸收累积氮、磷、钾量不同,成熟期豆粒、叶、茎和根中均为累积氮最多、钾次之、磷最少,荚皮中累积钾最多、氮次之、磷最少。每生产100 kg红芸豆需供给N 4.37 kg、P2O5 2.38 kg、K2O 3.53 kg,比例为1∶0.54∶0.81。 相似文献