THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CARBURIZED MASS-TRANSFER AND ITS MEANINGS

This paper deals with the kinetics of carbon atoms transfer from gas phase to solid phase in gas carburizing. According to the kinetic equations of the chemical reactions on the solid surface, it is deduced that the carbon transfer quantity from gas phase to solid phase is in direct proportion to the difference of carbon activiries between gas phase and solid phase. Based on what is mentioned above, we set up the kinetic equation of carbon transfer from gas phase to solid phase, discussed the factors which affected the carbon transfer. It was known then that increasing the contents of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in gas phase could qu'icken the carbon transfer. On the other hand, proper oxidants, especially proper water, could quicken the carbon transfer.     

不同春小麦品种营养特性的研究

通过二年的田间试验和室内化学分析,对高秆、中秆、矮秆型春小麦的营养特性进行了研究.本文主要阐明:不同春小麦品种体内N、P、K浓度消长规律的共性与差异;三要素消耗系数,生产效率的置信范围和品种间的差异;不同品种三要素吸收曲线的共性和特殊性;穗部三要素的来源等.为耐肥性不同的春小麦品种的施肥技术提供理论依据     

云南哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤碳分布特征

通过调查亚热带森林生态系统中各类属性土壤碳在2种不同类型土壤剖面中的分布规律,分析和探讨原生土和淤积土在森林土壤碳循环过程中发挥的重要作用。本研究地点位于云南省哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶原生林生态系统,以海拔高度较高的上游森林原生土和海拔高度较低的下游灌草淤积土为采样点,沿着土壤剖面分层取样,重点研究土壤剖面根层(0~45 cm)土壤中全碳、活性有机碳、微生物量碳、可溶性碳和水溶性碳的垂直分布规律。研究结果表明：本研究过程中所调查的5类不同属性土壤碳在两种不同类型土壤剖面中均呈衰减指数式分布。土壤全碳、活性有机碳和水溶性碳在淤积土中的平均含量均显著高于原生土;土壤微生物量碳在2种类型土壤剖面中的平均含量差异不显著;而土壤可溶性碳在淤积土中的含量显著低于原生土,说明在哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶原生林生态系统中原生土和淤积土在储存不同属性土壤碳和碳循环方面发挥着不同作用。本研究结果充分证明不同属性土壤碳在同一亚热带森林生态系统不同类型土壤剖面中虽然垂直分布规律一致,但是平均储量存在着明显的空间异质性,这为全球热带和亚热带森林生态系统中土壤碳库不同属性土壤碳的估算和不同类型土壤碳循环的研究提供新的理论依据和研究方向。     

Simplified Elasto Plastic Analytical Model for Stiffened Steel Plate Shear Wall with Slits

Based on the mechanism of steel slit wall, a simplified elasto plastic analytical model which allows for nonlinear dynamic and static analysis was proposed. The parameters of simplified model related to configuration and nonlinear behavior were defined. In order to validate the simplified model, the pushover analysis of steel slit wall and a frame with steel slit wall were conducted. The results show that the load displacement curves obtained from simplified models, experiments and FEM are similar. The proposed model can fully represent the mechanism of steel slit wall, and it can correctly predict the internal forces and deformations of each member in the model.     

输电钢管塔空间KK型管板连接节点极限承载力

空间KK型管板连接节点作为输电钢管塔中最主要的节点型式,其安全性是整个塔架结构安全的重要保证。相比较于平面K型节点,在考虑实际结构中节点空间效应后的KK型节点的受力性能更为复杂。在平面K型管板节点的试验研究基础上,对两类空间KK型管板节点展开参数化分析,重点讨论了节点几何尺寸参数和主管轴压应力比等因素对节点极限承载力的影响变化规律。结合大量有限元参数分析所得计算结果,并综合考虑各种因素对节点极限承载力的影响,提出了空间KK型管板连接节点在主管管壁局部屈曲破坏模式下的极限承载力建议计算方法。     

Construction Techniques of the Ultra Large Diameter Steel Confferdam Sinking in Uper Stream Yangtze River

This article introduces the construction technique of ultra large diameter steel cofferdam in brief aiming at the point and crux in the construction,which is based on the sinking construction craft of 36m diameter steel cofferdam of 10~# main pier in Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge,laying particular emphasis on the system of anchor and fixed position,which can provide a reference for the similar deep water foundation construction.     

Design Approach on Flexural Load-carrying Capacity of Steel Beam to CFST Column Joints with External Stiffening Ring

A 3-D finite element model is established by ABAQUS to simulate the behavior of the joints with concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column to steel beam using external stiffening ring.The load versus deformation curves of this type of joints are compared between theoretical and experimental results,and in good agreement.Parametric analysis is performed to study the flexural load-carrying capacity of the joint.The width of external stiffening ring,the steel ratio of CFST column,the ultimate strength of steel beam,the strength of steel tube and beam,the concrete strength,the axial load ratio,and the beam to column linear stiffness ratio are considered as parameters.The simplified practical design approach is proposed based on parameter analysis of the flexural load-carrying capacity of these joints.The practical calculated values are in good agreement with the FEM results.     

The value of a craft brewery: On the relationship between craft breweries and property values

Recent literature and public discourse emphasize the role of craft breweries in the revitalization process of economically distressed neighborhoods across the U.S. With this, many are reporting rising property values in areas surrounding craft breweries. This research examines the impacts of craft breweries on both residential and commercial property values in a case study of Charlotte, North Carolina. Estimating a series of hedonic models which incorporate a difference‐in‐difference estimator, we find that craft breweries have a positive impact on residential property values. While many areas in close proximity to a craft brewery appear to have been associated with relatively higher price premiums even before the opening of the brewery, breweries tend to add to this premium, especially in center‐city neighborhoods. We find no significant impacts on commercial property values. These results are informative to policy makers considering revising zoning laws and other regulations in efforts to promote the growth of craft breweries and spur economic development in their local economies.     

Fire Resistance Analysis of High Strength Q460 Steel Beams-Part I：Theoretical Analysis

In order to investigate the fire resistance of high strength steel beams made from Q460, the method to compute temperature distribution of high strength Q460 steel beams was derived and the temperature distribution was calculated by using finite difference method. The modified equations of temperature for components of steel beam were proposed. According to critical moment at room temperature and mechanical properties of high strength Q460 steel at elevated temperature, the critical moment and stability checking coefficient were obtained by analysis. The load bearing capacity and critical temperature as well as stability factor were studied by using equivalent stiffness method through considering the effect of temperature gradient on stiffness.     

Constitutive Model for Negative Simple-sheared Soil-concrete Interface

Negative shear property of soil-concrete interface is one critical issue in civil engineering. According to negative simple shear tests of soil-concrete interfaces with various water content, quantitative analysis on changes of shear strength, friction angle and cohesion force of negative sheared interface against positive shear experience were conducted. Several empirical formulae were proposed for above changes, and critical positive shear ratio was put forward. Based on improved stress-strain equation, mathematical model for tangent modulus of negative sheared soil-concrete interface was established. This new model consists ten parameters which can be determined by simple shear test. Process for determining these ten parameters was presented, and empirical values of them were obtained. Simulations for stress-strain curves of soil-concrete interface were carried out, and good ability of the model was found.     

万寿菊黄色素提取及其性质研究

通过研究万寿菊色素的提取工艺及其稳定性,确定其提取的最佳工艺以及长期保持其稳定性的条件。采用溶剂浸提法,分别用乙酸乙酯、石油醚、乙酸、乙醇为浸提溶剂。通过紫外扫描确定其最大吸收波长。在最大吸收波长下通过测定不同浸提溶剂所得色素的吸光度,确定最佳浸提溶剂。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定色素最佳提取工艺条件,并研究其稳定性。结果表明,提取色素的最大吸收波长为447 nm,最佳工艺为:浸提溶剂为石油醚,温度30℃,料液比1∶8,浸提时间60 min。该色素的耐热性较差但耐光性较好;使用pH值范围广;蔗糖浓度、食盐浓度和防腐剂对其稳定性虽有影响但较小;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Al3+对其几乎无影响,而Fe2+,Cu2+,Fe3+则会降低其稳定性,在加工使用过程中应避免与铁、铜制容器接触。     

大麦不同叶位叶鞘同化细胞形态结构的初步观察

研究材料为六棱食用大麦品种矮秆齐,二棱啤酒大麦品种76-22。针对2个品种不同叶位叶鞘同化细胞的形态结构作了初步的观察。结果发现:大麦叶鞘同化细胞的形态随叶位上升而逐渐趋于复杂化,主要表现为所谓的环状细胞和不规则的分枝状细胞比例随叶位上升而明显交小。此变化与叶片叶肉细胞的变化相一致。此外高位叶鞘的表皮细胞壁发生明显的波状加厚,而低位叶鞘表皮则无这种特征。     

Particle Size Analysis of Clay by Malvern Laser Particle Analyzer

In order to study the particle size distribution of fine grained soil, the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffraction grain size analyzer and traditional densimeter method were used to test the clay in Hefei. According to the work principle and affecting factors of laser method, the parameters, such as the refractive index, concentration, ultrasonic displacement and time, pumping speed of the apparatus, were altered in turn. Then the influence of these control parameters on the particle size was investigated, and the best parameters for the clay in Hefei were identified. The grain size distributions measured by laser method under the best condition and traditional densimeter method were compared, which shows that laser method has a wider measuring range, higher accuracy and better repetitiveness in measuring the particle size distribution of fine grained soil.     

柱失效方程中荷载相关特性对承载力抗震设计可靠度的影响

以竖向荷载和水平地震作用组合下的钢筋混凝土柱和钢柱为对象,研究了失效方程中荷载相关特性对柱承载力抗震可靠性的影响。根据现行《混凝土结构设计规范》和《钢结构设计规范》分析了不同柱弯矩轴力相关曲线的特性。结合多个框架结构实例,对比了柱失效方程中荷载相关曲线与规范考虑情形的异同。实例分析表明:水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,小偏压RC柱和工字型钢柱的荷载相关曲线与规范考虑的情形较为符合,均近似为负相关的直线;水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,大偏压RC柱的荷载相关曲线则与规范考虑的情形有较大出入,存在明显的正相关段部分。在此基础上,考虑失效方程复杂特性,依据已有的荷载和抗力变量概率模型,采用Monte Carlo法分析了水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下柱的可靠性。结果表明:钢柱和小偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化幅度较小,与规范模式计算结果较接近;大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化会有较大幅度波动,与规范模式计算结果差异较大;当轴压力荷载效应比值为负时,大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度会低于规范计算值较多,现行柱可靠性设计方法会偏于不安全。     

热风干燥智能控制系统的设计

根据热风干燥工艺特性,借助自研开发的热风干燥实验台,基于PLC设计了热风干燥智能控制系统。针对热风干燥实验台温度非线性、大滞后和惯性大的特点,采用模糊—PI控制器,保证了温度控制精度和稳定性。该控制系统实现了温度、湿度、风速和干燥时间的分阶段设置和显示,趋势曲线显示和历史数据下载功能。     

Finite Element Analysis of Hysteretic Behavior of PR Steel Frame-steel Plate Shear Wall

In order to investigate the seismic behavior of partially-restrained steel plate shear wall (Steel Plate Shear Wall, SPSW), the effects of partially-restrained connection on the hysteretic behavior, lateral bearing capacity, stiffness, energy dissipation of SPSW with strong and weak steel frame were simulated under low cyclic loading via equivalent strip model that had been verified by experiment. The results show that hysteretic behavior of SPSW has dual characters. The hysteretic curves of SPSW with strong surrounding steel frame become fat, and the hysteretic curves of SPSW with weak surrounding steel frame become narrow. With the increase of the bending capacity of PR connection, the hysteretic curves of SPSW become fat gradually, and the capacity of energy dissipation and lateral bearing increase. However, the effect on lateral stiffness of PR connection of SPSW with strong steel frame is higher than the one with weak steel frame.     

鹅肝酱的研制

以普通鹅肝为主要原料,研制鹅肝酱的工艺流程和最佳工艺参数。研究了腌制剂、热烫、添加调味剂煮制和添加肉类对鹅肝酱品质的影响。通过正交实验分析,得到鹅肝酱的最佳工艺参数为:腌制剂用量5%,添肉配比为4∶5∶5,热烫时间5min,煮制时间10min。     

氮沉降对小叶章光合生理特性的影响

为了阐明湿地植物小叶章光合特性对氮沉降响应的变化规律,选择三江平原沼泽化小叶章为研究对象,通过野外原位控制试验,研究了3个氮水平[0 g N/m² (N1)、5 g N/m² (N2)和10 g N/m² (N3)]对小叶章光合色素及光合参数的影响。结果表明,随着施氮水平的增加,小叶章的全氮含量、光合色素含量、光合参数AQE和Amax均呈增加趋势,但Rd则呈现先升高后下降的趋势,表明N3处理更能促进小叶章净碳的累积;光合参数Vcmax和Jmax也呈增加趋势,这有利于小叶章在低温环境下进行光合作用,维持施氮条件下较高光合能力。     

Study on Optimum Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks

In this paper,the flow velocity fields,suspended solids concentration fields and flow-through curves in rectangular sedimentation tanks with different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are simulated in detail using a developed mathematical model given in Reference 2.According to the numerical results,the influence of different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio on the operating efficiency is analyzed.Finally,the rational reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are presented.     

A New Method for Measuring Bonding Shear Properties of Adhesives on Steel Substrates

Single-lap-joint adhesively bonded metal specimen which is the national standard experimental method in use has an extremely non-uniform distribution of shear stresses along the joint, and tensile stress concentration of high values is produced on the steel substrate interfaces. Therefore the test result, which is not the real bonding shear strength between adhesive and steel substrates, can only be used as a test index for qualities of adhesives not the strength criterion for load is capacity evaluation. The combined bonding disc specimen is adopted for measuring bonding shear properties of adhesive on steel substrates, has a very uniform distribution of shear stresses in adhesive and along the bonding surfaces of steel substrates, of which the uniform coefficient is greater than 0.97. Furthermore, when adhesive joint is treated as an arc and steel substrates are chamfered at both ends of the joint, tensile stresses on the bonding surfaces can be reduced to less than 20 MPa which can hardly cause tensile failure. Thus, the results of combined bonding disc specimens can actually represent the real bonding shear strength or bonding shear-compression strength between adhesive and steel substrates, which can be used as strength criterion for load capacity evaluation of bonding members.