东乡野生稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复的遗传研究

应用协青早A／（协青早B／／东乡野生稻／协青早B）BC1F5、中9A／（协青早B／／东乡野生稻／协青早B）BC1F5、协青早A/（协青早B／／协青早B／东乡野生稻）Be1F5和中9A／（协青早B／／协青早B／东乡野生稻）BC1F5四套测交群体,分析测交群体的育性表现及研究东乡野稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复的遗传。结果表明：东乡野生稻对矮败（CMS—DA）和印尼水田谷败育（CMS—IA）的育性恢复表现为质量一数量性状,结合群体遗传结构、育性分布和东乡野生稻的偏粳性及广亲和性,可知东乡野生稻对CMS—DA和CMS—IA的恢复性由1对或2对恢复基因控制。     

三种水稻胞质雄性不育恢复基因的比较

用籼型强恢复系密阳46、H804,含广亲和基因S5n的粳型恢复系02428、T984及H921分别与三种水稻雄性不育胞质野败(CMS-WA),矮败(CMS-DA),印尼水田谷败育(暂名CMS-IA)不育系测交,分析各组合F1、F2及BCF1代的育性表现以研究雄性不育胞质恢复性的遗传。密阳46和H804对CMS-WA、CMS-DA、CMS-IA的恢复性均由两对主效恢复基因控制。T984及H921对野败、矮败和印尼水田谷败育均含有一对主效恢复基因。02428对野败和印尼水田谷不育胞质不含恢复基因,对矮败可能含一对弱恢复基因。对矮败胞质雄性不育的恢复基因作了讨论,推测存在强弱差异的可能。籼粳杂种后代育性表现较品种间组合育性表现更易受环境影响。     

东乡野生稻抗褐飞虱QTL分析

野生稻是水稻抗褐飞虱基因的重要种质资源。应用东乡野生稻与栽培稻协青早B构建的2套材料,开展水稻抗褐飞虱基因鉴定研究。先以协青早B//协青早B/东乡野生稻BC₁F₅群体为材料,应用褐飞虱田间种群进行抗虫鉴定,检测到2个抗褐飞虱QTL,其中,qBph2位于水稻第2染色体RM29–RG157区间,东乡野生稻等位基因可降低死苗率22.2%;qBph7位于第7染色体RM11–RM234区间,东乡野生稻等位基因可降低死苗率43.7%。进一步以协青早B为轮回亲本,构建了BC₃F₃群体,应用褐飞虱生物型I、II和III进行抗虫鉴定,QTL分析表明qBph2抗褐飞虱生物型I和II,qBph7抗褐飞虱生物型I和III。这2个QTL对培育抗褐飞虱水稻品种具有重要应用价值。     

一个水稻耐冷主效QTL-qCT10的分离鉴定

东乡野生稻是迄今为止世界上耐冷性最强的稻种资源之一,研究耐冷性遗传特征,挖掘耐冷基因,对把耐冷优良特性应用到水稻育种中具有重要意义。本研究结合前人对东乡野生稻耐冷性定位结果,以东乡野生稻为供体亲本,协青早B(XQZB)为受体亲本,结合分子标记,回交构建近等基因系,再用耐冷近等基因系与协青早B杂交加自交,得到F2群体作为试验材料,对耐冷主效QTL-qCT10进行分离鉴定。最后把qCT10界定在第10染色体分子标记In Del10-9与InDel10-22间224.5 kb范围内,是一个新主效耐冷QTL。研究结果有助于进一步探明东乡野生稻强耐冷性遗传机制,为培育强耐冷水稻品种打下基础。     

水稻质核互作孢子体雄性不育性的基因分析

把花粉育性划分为可育、染败、圆败和典败四种类型,对三种不同细胞质来源的四个水稻雄性不育系的质核互作雄性不育性进行基因分析。结果表明,野败珍汕97A、野败二九矮4A、冈比亚卡二九矮7A 和毛早壳八四早8A 的质核互作雄性不育性均由两对隐性育性恢复基因 rf_1 rf_1 rf_2 rf_2控制,属孢子体不育类型。IR24具有相应的两对显性     

线粒体DNA由来的RAPD标记能鉴别水稻雄性不育和可育细胞质

以野败型细胞质的水稻雄性不育系珍汕97A及其保持系珍汕97B的总DNA为模板,从100个引物中筛选到OPA12对珍汕97A能扩增出一条1600 bp的特异带.用OPA12扩增野败型细胞质的龙特浦A及其保持系龙特浦B、矮败型细胞质的协青早A及其保持系协青早B、恢复系明恢63、珍汕97A/明恢63的F1和F2个体的总DNA,不育系、F1和F2所有调查个体都有16     

Evaluation of Restorability of Two Fertility Restorer Genes in the Rice Chromosome Single Segment Substitution Lines (SSSLs)

由华南农业大学选育的水稻单片段代换系S15对于野败型(WA)和矮败型(DA)细胞质雄性不育系均具有较强的恢复性。以野败型不育系博白A和矮败型不育系协青早A为母本, 单片段代换系S15为父本杂交, 采用分子标记辅助选择和连续回交的方法构建了两个BC₃F₂群体。利用与第1、第10染色体上恢复基因Rf3和Rf4两侧紧密连锁的SSR标记, 从这2个BC₃F₂群体中筛选携带基因型Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4和rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4的单株, 观察这些单株花粉和小穗育性, 并利用202个多态性SSR标记分析这些单株的遗传背景, 结果表明: (1)在同一细胞核背景下(S15), DA型细胞质的可恢复性好于WA型细胞质, 单片段代换系S15中的恢复基因Rf4的恢复力大于恢复基因Rf3的恢复力。(2)单片段代换系S15中的恢复基因对于WA型不育系博白A和DA型不育系协青早A表现出质量-数量性状的遗传。在单片段代换系S15中, 除了主效恢复基因Rf3和Rf4外, 微效基因或者修饰基因也表现出对于博白A和协青早A的恢复性作用, 而且效应较大。(3)在构建的2个BC₃F₂群体中, 携带基因型Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4和rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4单株的遗传背景片段数平均为1.0, 对应于恢复基因Rf3和Rf4座位的代换片段平均长度分别为12.9 cM和18.4 cM。     

中国科学家阐明Boro II型水稻细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的分子机理

自从20世纪70年代中国成功实现杂交水稻三系配套以来,不少学者致力于水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复的机理研究。近年来,国内外科学家已定位和克隆了控制细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的基因。2006年华南农业大学刘耀光研究组在《ThePlantCell》上发表论文揭示:BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育由线粒体编码的细胞毒素肽引起,两个含PPR蛋白基因中的任何一个均可破坏或降解细胞毒素肽使植株育性恢复,从而在分子水平解释了BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复性的机理。这是中国科学家对植物细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复研究的最新贡献。     

中国科学家阐明BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的分子机理

自从20世纪70年代中国成功实现杂交水稻三系配套以来，不少学者致力于水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复的机理研究。近年来，国内外科学家已定位和克隆了控制细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的基因。2006年华南农业大学刘耀光研究组在《The Plant Cell》上发表论文揭示：BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育由线粒体编码的细胞毒素肽引起，两个含PPR蛋白基因中的任何一个均可破坏或降解细胞毒素肽使植株育性恢复，从而在分子水平解释了BoroⅡ型水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复性的机理。这是中国科学家对植物细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复研究的最新贡献。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育的研究进展

细胞质雄性不育性的发现受到育种家的广泛重视,它的形成机理同细胞质遗传理论密切相关.在杂交水稻生产中不育系决定着杂交水稻的生产及其种植面积.在不育性研究中主要是研究育性恢复基因对不育基因的恢复能力.前人的研究主要是从一个恢复系对应的一个不育系进行,也有人尝试着用恢杂的方式进行恢复基因的位置研究,不同的类型得出了不同的结论.本文对野败型、包台型、滇型、红莲型、马协型的遗传及基因的分子标记进行综述,对分子生物技术在水稻细胞质雄性不育中的发展及应用进行探讨.以期为水稻细胞质雄性不育的研究及其在生产中的应用提供参考.     

Mapping of minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring fertility restoration of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility and QTLs conferring stigma exsertion in rice

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) hybrid rice has made a great contribution to the increase of rice yield globally. To facilitate the development of high‐quality pairs of the wild abortive (WA) male sterile and maintainer lines, the genetic basis of fertility restoration of WA‐CMS and stigma exsertion was investigated in this study using a testcross population with the WA‐CMS background. Seed‐setting rate and stigma exsertion rate were used as the indicators of the two traits, respectively. Results showed that four minor QTL regions from 9311 were responsible for the variation of seed‐setting rate, while a few minor QTLs and epistatic QTL pairs influenced stigma exsertion rate. These results would be of great use in the development of high‐quality pairs of WA male sterile and maintainer lines in rice.     

雄性不育系“NEWFREE”的特点及其在观赏向日葵中的利用

雄性不育（male sterility）是向日葵杂种优势利用的重要途径。目前，全世界均是利用细胞质雄性不育性生产商用杂交种，因此，向日葵雄性不育性的发现和利用是育种学家们研究的重要课题。本研究采用了不同地理来源的20份自交系材料作育性试验，结果表明, “NEWFREE”雄性不育系具有与PET1完全不同的恢复系和保持系，很可能是     

水稻细胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复基因的研究进展

细胞质雄性不育（cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS）及育性恢复（restorer of fertility,Rf）是作物杂种优势利用的有效途径之一,由线粒体不育基因和核恢复基因互作产生。本文综述了水稻CMS和Rf基因的来源及其分子遗传机理,并展望了水稻CMS和Rf系统在水稻育种方面的应用。     

Identification of the Rf gene conferring fertility restoration of the CMS Dian-type 1 in rice by using simple sequence repeat markers and advanced inbred lines of restorer and maintainer

Cytoplasmic male sterility of Dian‐type 1 (CMS‐D1) was developed 30 years ago in Yunnan. A major gene conferring fertility restoration for the CMS‐D1 system was detected by microsatellite markers in advanced inbred lines consisting of 196 maintainers and 62 restorers developed in breeding programmes of hybrid rice involving the CMS‐D1 system. The gene was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers, OSR33 and RM228, on chromosome 10, and was temporarily designated as Rf‐D1(t). The genetic distances of the gene to the two microsatellite markers were 3.4 and 5.0 cM, respectively. This linkage was confirmed by using an F2 population derived from a cross between a CMS‐D1 line and a restorer. This study also demonstrated that using OSR33 was reliable and efficient for identification of restoring lines in hybrid rice breeding with the CMS‐D1 system.     

Assessment of purity of rice CMS lines using cpDNA marker

AFLP technique was used to analyse the polymorphism between rice cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line Jin2A and its maintainer Jin2B. A stable differential band was discovered, and sequence analysis showed that Jin2A contained a more tandem repeat of 6 base pairs (AGAAAA) than Jin2B. Further studies confirmed that the diversity came from cpDNA and occurred at three kinds of abortive cytoplasmic genotypes. Accordingly, specific primers were designed and utilized to assess the purity of rice CMS lines during multiplication with pollen fertility and seed setting rates of bagged panicles as control. The result indicated that this cpDNA locus could be utilized to precisely distinguish maintainer plants from rice CMS lines. PCR analysis was consistent with that from Grow-out test in CMS line seed purity assessment during multiplication, despite it was helpless in distinguishing F₁ hybrids from CMS lines due to similar cytoplasms. Because of fewer hybrid and more maintainer off-plants, this cpDNA locus was still appropriate for seed purity assessment of rice CMS line during multiplication. This is first report that a marker on cpDNA could be utilized to assess the genetic purity of rice CMS lines with three abortive cytoplasmic genotypes.     

Comparative genetic analysis and molecular mapping of fertility restoration genes for WA,Dissi, and Gambiaca cytoplasmic male sterility systems in rice

The genetic relationship among three cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems, consisting of WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca, was studied. The results showed that the maintainers of one CMS system can also maintain sterility in other cytoplasmic backgrounds. The F₁ plants derived from crosses involving A and R lines of the respective cytoplasm and their cross-combination with other CMS systems showed similar pollen and spikelet fertility values, indicating that similar biological processes govern fertility restoration in these three CMS systems. The results from an inheritance study showed that the pollen fertility restoration in all three CMS systems was governed by two independent and dominant genes with classical duplicate gene action. Three F₂ populations, generated from the crosses between the parents of good-performing rice hybrids, that possess WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca CMS cytoplasm, were used to map the Rf genes. For the WA-CMS system, Rf3 was located at a distance of 2.8 cM from RM490 on chromosome 1 and Rf4 was located at 1.6 cM from RM1108 on chromosome 10. For the Dissi-CMS system, Rf3 was located on chromosome 1 at 1.9 cM from RM7466 and Rf4 on chromosome 10 was located at 2.3 cM from RM6100. The effect of Rf3 on pollen fertility appeared to be stronger than the effect of Rf4. In the Gambiaca-CMS system, only one major locus was mapped on chromosome 1 at 2.1 cM from RM576. These studies have led to the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for selecting putative restorer lines, new approaches to alloplasmic line breeding, and the transfer of Rf genes into adapted cultivars through a backcrossing program in an active hybrid rice breeding program.     

水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价

野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。     

Interspecific amphiploid‐derived alloplasmic male sterility with defective anthers,narrow disc florets and small ray flowers in sunflower

The cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS)/fertility‐restoration system is important for hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed production. The objective of this study was to characterize two novel alloplasmic CMSs, designated CMS GRO1 and CMS MAX3, with defective anthers, narrow disc florets with no swollen corolla, and short, narrow ray flowers derived from two tetraploid amphiploids (AMPs). Among 26 tested lines, only AMP Helianthus cusickii/P 21 and HA 410 failed to restore male‐fertility. Segregation of CMS, male‐fertile plants and plants with reduced male‐fertility was observed both in the testcross progeny of a six line half‐diallel cross of F₁s with CMS MAX3 and in an F₂ population of CMS GRO1 × RHA 274. Male‐fertility restoration was controlled by at least two dominant genes. Detailed analysis of the mitochondrial genes may provide insight into the differences between these CMSs and other CMS lines. The new CMSs will facilitate the studies of the incompatibility between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes, especially for the alloplasmic CMS involving perennial species, and also provide unique ornamental flower types and CMS sources for hybrid sunflower breeding.