11个玉米自交系单穗粒重的配合力分析

选用国内11个玉米自交系,采用GriffingⅣ双列杂交设计组配出55个杂交组合,对11个玉米自交系的最主要经济性状单穗粒重进行一般配合力和特殊配合力效应分析,结果表明:单穗粒重同时受到加性和非加性效应的控制,其遗传决定度为51.1%,狭义遗传力为4.06%。说明单穗粒重加性效应引起的变异作用不大。     

蚕豆主要数量性状的配合力和遗传力分析

以性状差异明显的4个青海蚕豆为母本,与具有互补性状的4个外来种质进行不完全双列杂交,配制16个组合。分析了株高、始荚高、有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量等8个主要性状的配合力及遗传力。结果表明:(1)加性效应和非加性效应对蚕豆杂交后代性状都有重要作用,且这些性状的基因加性效应均对杂种后代的性状起主导作用,尤其是有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量完全受基因加性效应控制;(2)应根据一般配合力和特殊配合力的大小和育种目标的要求选择合适的亲本和较优的杂交组合;(3)8个主要性状的广义遗传力由大到小的顺序是:百粒重>株高>荚粒数>有效枝>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量;狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序为:百粒重>株高>有效枝>荚粒数>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量。在改良品种粒重时,可进行早代选择,而其他性状的遗传力中等偏低,易受环境因素影响,应连续多代选择。     

8个玉米综合种的双列杂交分析

对８个综合种的双列杂交分析表明，各杂交组合在各性状上存在显著的遗传差异，其中，单穗粒重和单穗重受加性和非加性两种遗传效应的共同作用，穗行数、行粒数以非加性效应为主，穗长和百粒重则以加性效应为主。８个综合种的单穗产量及其组成因子的ＧＣＡ差异显著。ＢＳ１６（ＣＢ）Ｃ４的单穗粒重ＧＣＡ最低，ＬＢＭ、ＷＬＳ的ＧＣＡ较高。通过对各杂交组合的单穗粒重及其ＳＣＡ分析，对湖北省综合种的利用途径进行了讨论     

不同类型杂交早稻农艺性状的遗传分析

采用6个杂交稻三系不育系和10个杂交早稻父本品种,通过不完全双列杂交配置了60个杂交早稻组合。分析了在相同栽培环境条件下三系杂交早稻亲本及其所配置的杂交早稻组合的12个农艺性状的遗传规律。结果表明：12个农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主,各性状的狭义遗传力大小顺序依次为千粒重>株高>穗长>穗实粒数>结实率>穗总粒数>生育期>理论产量>实际产量>有效穗>成穗率>最高苗;除穗长外,其余性状受父本的影响较大;理论产量与结实率、穗实粒数、株高、成穗率及有效穗呈正相关,可通过这几个性状对产量进行间接选择;穗实粒数是杂交早稻选择指数中最重要的选择性状。     

杂交粳稻功能叶性状的遗传及与产量性状的相关分析

以9个新育成的BT型粳稻不育系和5个恢复系及按NCⅡ设计配制的45个组合为材料,研究杂交粳稻上部3片功能叶性状的遗传特征以及与产量性状的相关性.结果表明:杂交粳稻12个功能叶性状均受加性效应和显性效应的影响,但以加性效应占主导地位,其中倒二叶角和倒三叶角受环境等影响较大.各功能叶性状的狭义遗传率和广义遗传率均较大,在早...     

利用混合线性模型分析绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传及相关性

以19个绿豆品种(系)为亲本, 采用非完全双列杂交试验设计及混合线性模型,研究绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相互关系。结果表明, 绿豆全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重均以加性效应为主, 狭义遗传率较高且达极显著水平;单株荚数、单株产量和总产量的加性效应和显性效应均显著或极显著, 狭义遗传率相对较低;单荚粒数主要受显性效应影响, 广义遗传率较高;播种至开花天数与株高间存在显著或极显著遗传和表型正相关;单株荚数、单荚粒数与百粒重显著或极显著负相关;单株荚数与单株产量、总产量显著或极显著正相关;百粒重与单株产量、总产量相关性不大;针对全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重的选择可在早期世代进行, 而对产量的选择可以根据单株荚数和单株产量在晚期世代进行。     

食葵主要经济性状的配合力及杂种优势分析

选用农家种改良过的6个食葵细胞质雄性不育系和4个优良的分枝型恢复系为亲本,按NCⅡ遗传交配设计,配成24个F₁杂种,研究了9个主要经济性状,即株高、茎粗、生育期、盘径、单盘总粒数、单盘实粒数、结实率、百粒重、单株产量的配合力及杂种优势表现。结果显示：（1）不育系中有8个性状,恢复系中有7个性状的一般配合力差异达显著或极显著水平;有4个性状的特殊配合力差异达到显著或极显著水平;（2）株高、茎粗、生育期、盘径、百粒重等5个性状主要受基因的加性效应控制;单盘总粒数、单盘实粒数、结实率、及单株产量等4个性状则受基因的加性效应和非加性效应共同影响;（3）从GCA分析看,参试的不育系以A6最为理想,A2次之;恢复系则以C3最为理想。从SCA分析看,组合A2C1单株产量效应值最高;（4）杂种优势分析表明,大部分经济性状存在杂种优势,甚至相当一部分存在超亲优势,并且这些优势都是可利用的,F₁多倾向于早熟、粗壮、高杆、大盘、多粒亲本。     

小豆百粒重性状遗传体系分析

小豆百粒重是具有重要经济价值的商品品质性状。研究百粒重的遗传体系对杂交亲本的选配、杂种分离世代的选择具有实践指导意义。本文利用子粒大小不同的5个小豆亲本组配了4个杂交组合,对其衍生后代家系群体百粒重性状的遗传体系应用主基因+多基因家系世代联合分离分析方法进行了分析。结果表明,B-1(大粒)×HB801(大粒)和HB8     

爆裂玉米产量及膨爆特性遗传效应分析

以12个爆裂玉米自交系间杂交F1为材料,采用三倍体胚乳模型对子粒膨爆特性及穗粒重、百粒重的3类遗传效应研究结果表明,3项膨爆特性指标同时受到直接效应和母体效应2种遗传体系所控制,百粒重和穗粒重由3套遗传体系所决定。穗粒重、百粒重、爆花率和膨化体积以普通直接遗传率为最主要分量,膨化倍数的普通母体遗传率最高。各自交系的直接加性效应和母体加性效应的显著性不同,要注意不同自交系的恰当组配。     

基于叶片表型性状的枣杂交F1代遗传规律分析

为了探究枣杂交后代叶片表型性状的遗传规律及遗传倾向,以枣和酸枣的杂交群体为试验材料,参照《中国枣种质资源》描述规范对‘JMS2’和‘邢16’杂交F₁代叶表型7个描述型性状和13个数值型性状进行数据采集、整理及叶片遗传规律分析。结果表明：‘JMS2’ב邢16’及168个后代的叶片表型性状均出现不同程度的分离,其中叶片颜色的分离程度较小,叶片状态、叶基形状、叶缘形状和枣吊针刺出现较高程度的分离,叶片状态受父本影响较大,叶形和叶尖形状受母本影响较大,且叶缘形状受一对等位基因控制。叶形和叶色遗传多样性较其他性状更为丰富。13个数值型性状变异系数分布在10.10%～37.58%,其中叶柄面积和锯齿宽度的变异幅度大,遗传信息相对丰富。13个数值型性状中除锯齿宽度和叶柄周长外,各性状均为多基因控制的数量性状,且除叶柄指数、锯齿宽度和锯齿数外,其他性状均表现偏小遗传,叶柄面积和叶柄周长受父本影响。经主成分分析,13个性状被简化成叶片大小,叶柄指数和叶柄面积,叶柄长和叶柄宽,叶片形状4个因子。聚类分析显示,该组合杂交后代叶片受父本影响较大。本研究将为杂交后代的早期鉴定,加快育种进...     

Inheritance of sugars and acids in berries of grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Inheritance patterns for table grape sugars and organic acids were investigated on three cross offspring populations during two successive years. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in progeny berries with only trace amounts of sucrose. Total sugar content showed additive inheritance and the broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.61 to 0.84. The means of progeny sugar content were lower than mean parent values. Inheritance of malic acid was strongly additive and the broad-sense heritability varied from 0.73 to 0.89. The means of progeny malic acid content were higher than mean parent values. Tartaric acid was mainly controlled by non-additive effect and the broad-sense heritability varied from 0.59 to 0.84. The means of progeny tartaric acid content were lower than mean parent values. Inheritance of the total acid content was strongly additive and was mainly influenced by malic acid. The broad-sense heritability of total acid varied from 0.53 to 0.90.     

Inheritance in seed size of alfalfa: Quantitative analysis and response to selection

Seed size in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) has been positively correlated with seedling vigour and early growth, but there were few published reports on inheritance or selection for this trait. The objective of this research was to estimate components of genetic variance for inheritance of alfalfa seed size and determine the most efficient selection method. Components of genetic variance were estimated on seed and pollen plants of ‘BIC-7-WH’ and their progeny arranged in a North Carolina Design II mating design under controlled environmental conditions. Three selection methods, differing in parental control and selection pressure, were used to determine selection response. The seed parent genotype had a major role in determining alfalfa seed size, but the genotype of the seed had no influence. For genetic studies, pollen and seed parent effects on seed size should be measured on seed harvested from progeny plants. Seed size was controlled by additive and non-additive components of genetic variance. Heritability for seed size was 41.3%. Selection for seed size was effective and a significant shift for larger and smaller seed was attained after one cycle of selection.     

The Inheritance of Components of Fruiting Season, Yield and Vigour in Short-Day Strawberries and the Relationship between Pistillate Flowers and Flowering Time

The study was designed to provide information on the inheritance of the fruiting period in strawberries and to ascertain whether pistillate seedlings differed in any important respects from their hermaphrodite sibs. Seven short-day genotypes, covering the full range of outdour cropping seasons in the UK, were crossed in a half-diallel without selfs and the seedlings grown in the field. Six plant characters, components of fruiting season, yield and vigour, were analysed and each one was found to be heritable with the additive genetic component contributing more towards the overall genetic variance than the non-additive component. There was more variation for flowering time than for maturation time but both characters are important when breeding for an extended season. The pistillate cultivar‘Pandora’ contributed both the latest flowering and slowest fruit maturation to its progeny and an association was found between late flowering and pistillate flowers, suggesting a possible linkage. This will limit the usefulness of‘Pandora’ as a parent when breeding late-fruiting strawberries.     

Inheritance of the efficiency of nitrogen uptake and utilization in winter wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) under diverse nutrition levels

The effects of contrasting soil nitrogen (N) levels on the inheritance of the efficiency of N uptake and N utilization in grain mass formation were examined in winter wheat. Parents of various origins and their diallel F₂-hybrids were evaluated in field and pot experiments under varying levels of soil N. The range of additive variance in the components of N efficiency was narrow, especially under N shortage. The soil N-treatments imposed had a substantial influence on gene actions responsible for the efficiency components and modes of inheritance. Genotype × nutrition interactions were common. Under high N-fertilization, the efficiency components were inherited in a manner favourable for wheat selection (preponderance of additive effects). However, the enhanced contribution of non-additive gene effects and increased dominance under N-limited conditions could impede wheat selection to improve the N efficiency and adaptation to less luxurious fertilization regimes. Selection methods that eliminate masking non-additive influences and take advantage of the additive variance should be employed to improve these traits.     

A genetic analysis of the number of cells,length of cell,and gibberellic acid sensitivity in sugar beet and their relation to bolting mechanism

Summary Three series of full-sib progenies and parental inbred lines or populations were used to study the inheritance of the number of cells and length of cell along the hypocotyl length, and the response to gibberellic acid in young plants of sugar beet. Variance components were determined by using a factorial cross design. There were no significant estimates of non-additive genetic variation for either cellular characters. Both additive and non-additive genetic variance were responsible for the variability of stem length after GA3 treatment. It is concluded that additive type genes predominantly control the number of cells in all series. The length of cell had significant additive variances in most cases, but it was indeed markedly influenced by environmental factors. Number of cells (cell division rate) and GA3 sensitivity in young plants even before vernalization were related to bolting tendency. Bolting-susceptible genotypes generally expressed higher stem length in the response to added GA3 as compared to the bolting-resistant genotypes. However, some genotypes bolted easily in the field but reacted weakly to the GA3 treatment and vise versa. Genotypes that were susceptible to bolting and/or sensitive to GA3 had a specific range (intermediate) of cell number. There were, however, some genotypes containing an intermediate number of cells which demonstrated low bolting. These responded faintly to gibberellin treatment. The results suggest that several physiological requirements have to be fulfilled before bolting can occur, and that other plant characters interfere with the bolting phenomenon.     

Inheritance of nut traits in filbert (Corylus avellana L.)

Summary A filbert breeding program was initiated at Oregon State University in 1969 to develop improved cultivars for the Pacific Northwest. Nut traits were evaluated in parents and progenies and the first published inheritance data for this crop species are presented. Correlation coefficients of progeny means and mid-parent values are 0.92 for percent kernel, 0.84 for nut weight, 0.68 for amount of fiber on pellicle, 0.89 for kernel shrinkage, 0.70 for number of nuts per cluster, and 0.34 for estimated husk length. It is concluded that all but one of the evaluated traits is highly heritable and that additive gene action is principally responsible.Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 4390.     

水稻籼粳交恢复系茎秆抗倒性的配合力分析

本研究以通过不断聚合和累加不同籼粳亚种有利基因的方法,自育成的不同籼粳分化类型的12个恢复系,与8个两系和三系不育系为材料,采用植物数量性状配合力（NCⅡ设计）分析方法,研究了6个茎秆抗倒性状的配合力和群体遗传参数。结果表明：所考察的6个茎秆抗倒性状的遗传受亲本基因加性效应和非加性效应的影响。倒伏指数、抗折力以非加性效应为主;株高、弯曲力矩、茎椭圆截面积以基因加性效应为主;亲本基因加性效应和非加性效应对后代茎壁截面积的作用相似。恢复系的遗传效应对杂交组合茎秆抗倒性起主要作用。抗折力和弯曲力矩性状除了受亲本特殊配合力的影响外,恢复系的一般配合力也起重要作用。K17A、广抗13A和II-32A三个不育系表现降低籼粳杂种株高超亲和提高抗倒性的遗传效应;明恢509、明恢512、明恢502和明恢398四个恢复系在降低倒伏指数方面较其他恢复系具有明显优势,且株高一般配合力为负效应,在提高茎秆抗倒性为目标的育种实践中有重要利用价值。     

Inheritance of Resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith in Tetraploid Potato

Inheritance of bacterial wilt resistance in tetraploid potato was investigated in segregating progenies of parent clones with resistance derived from different specific sources and different types of adaptation. A race 1 and a race 3 isolate of Pseudomonas solanacearum were used to test the resistance under warm temperatures. Results obtained indicated partial dominance of resistance. Significant general and specific combining abilities showed that both additive and non-additive gene actions are important in conditioning resistance expression. There was evidence that epistasis is an important component of the non-additive gene action in the inheritance of resistance. Other aspects of the resistance and implications for breeding are discussed.     

Genetics of rate limiting disease reaction to Alternaria solani in Tomato

A study was conducted to understand the genetics of rate limiting disease reaction to Alternaria solani in tomato. The results from χ² analysis and Castle Wright estimation revealed that resistance is an oligogenic character controlled by two to few genes. In general, the results for predominant gene effects reveal that both additive and non-additive effects are involved in the inheritance of early blight resistance. The results for predominant gene effects obtained for various crosses studied are discussed along with their implications for improvement of this trait.     

Inheritance of yield and yield-related traits in highland maize hybrids of Uganda

Although many studies have been conducted on gene action of grain yield and yield related traits in maize, none of them focused on highland maize in Uganda. This study was conducted to establish the gene action controlling inheritance of yield and its related traits in highland maize hybrids. Thirty-six F₁ hybrids generated from a 9 x 9 half diallel mating design, were planted with two local checks in three highland locations; Kalengyere, Kachwekano, and Buginyanya with two replications using a 2 x 19 alpha (0, 1) lattice design. Results showed that inheritance of ear length and anthesis-silking interval was controlled by both additive and non-additive gene action while the inheritance of days to anthesis, days to silking was mainly controlled by additive gene action. The inheritance of grain yield and other yield related traits was greatly influenced by environment and genotype x environment interaction. Considering the great influence of the environment and genotype x environment interaction on most of the traits including grain yield, further testing in additional locations over more seasons and broadening the genetic base of the parents is encouraged.