粗纤维测定法牧草细胞壁成分损失的研究

测试了１２种牧草的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和各自的无氮浸出物含量。牧草细胞壁损失含量与ＮＥＦ含量间呈非常显著正相关，款项人线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝－１６．６６＋０．７９ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＮＤＦＫ法ＮＦＥ含量与ＮＤＦ间呈非常显著相关（ｒ＝－０．９０１９Ｐ＜０．０１），其线性回归方程式为：ｙ＝５６．２５－０．７２ｘ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＮＤＦ法ＮＦＥ含量较ＣＦ法ＮＦＥ对照达显著水平（ｔ＝６．７０９＞ｔ０．     

生长期牦牛蛋白质需要量的研究

将１８头１．５岁生长牦牛分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组，分别饲喂含ＣＰ６．７１％，１０．１４％，１３．４３％的日粮，用比较屠宰试验、消化代谢试验和饲养试验相结合的方法研究其氮代谢。结果表明：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别为５４．０６ｇ，１９３．６７ｇ，２４７．４７ｇ，其中Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；相应的尿氮（ＵＮ）排出（ｇ／ｄ·Ｗ￣（０．０５２））分别为０．５６２，１．２９１，１．７６２，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ与Ⅰ差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ与Ⅲ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在氮沉积（ＮＲ）、采食氮利用效率方面，三组均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。生长牦牛的维持需要量ＲＤＣＰｍ＝６．０９３Ｗ￣（０．５２），增重需要量ＲＤＣＰｇ＝（１．１５４８／△Ｗ＋０．０５０９／Ｗ￣（０．５２））￣（－１）。得出的三个回归方程均呈强直线相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）：１．ＵＮ与进食氮（ＮＩ）的回归方程ＵＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．１１Ｗ￣（０．５２）＋０．４７３２ＮＩ（ｎ＝９，ｒ＝０．９２８）２．粪氮（ＦＮ）与干物质进食量（ＤＭＩ）及ＮＩ的回归方程ＦＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．７５１０（１＋０．８     

低磷奶牛血红蛋白尿症红细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤的观察

研究观察了土壤、牧草低磷条件下,诱发奶牛红细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤。发现血清磷、红细胞膜总脂和过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）明显下降：血清磷由（４３．１０±８．１０３）ｍｇ／ｇ下降至（２１．３３±２．２３１）ｍｇ／ｇ;膜总脂由（０．００２６７±０．０００１２９）ｇ／ｍＬ下降至（０．００２２４±０．０００１２９）ｇ／ｍＬ;ＳＯＤ由（２１７．６５±３．０４１）Ｕ／ｍＬ下降至（４０．６２±５．４４）Ｕ／ｍＬ,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。但微粘度（η）和红细胞丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）上升：η值由０．８４３３±０．０２１５上升至１．７２８５±０．１４５１,表明膜流动性下降;ＭＤＡ由（０．５３６±０．０７８）ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬ上升至（１．０９３±０．１８０）ｎｍｏｌ／ｍＬ,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果显示,低磷不仅引起奶牛血红蛋白尿症而且诱导红细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤。     

繁殖母兔对蛋白质和能量的要求

为了研究长毛母兔繁殖期对营养素的需要量，选用４０只成年母兔，分成三组，观察其妊娠期和哺乳期的特殊变化。结果表明：１、在日粮纤维素基本满足时，母兔对日粮蛋白质（ＣＰ）和消化能（ＤＥ）的要求是，哺乳期比妊娠期高。未试验条件下，妊娠期母兔以每日摄入４５．０２克／头ＣＰ和７００千卡／头ＤＥ为宜；哺乳期增加到６５．５４克／头ＣＰ和９５０－１０００千卡／头ＤＥ．２、繁殖期母兔通过摄食士的调整以满足自身生理需求。摄食量与体重间具有一定相关性，妊娠期ｒ＝０．３８，哺乳期ｒ＝０．６３，它们的直线方程分别为ｙ妊＝１８．７４＋０．３１ｘ，ｙ哺＝８７４．０３－２；１７ｘ．     

转基因猪研究中供体母猪激素水平与胚胎发育阶段的关系

选择３６头青年母猪进行超数排卵，发现孕酮含量与黄体数（排卵点数）呈显著相关（ｒ＿１＝０．４４４１，ｐ＜０．０１）；但与冲出胚胎数没有相关（ｒ＿２＝０．２２９６，Ｐ＞０．０５）；与２细胞以上胚胎数（不包括２细胞）均表现出强正相关（ｒ＿３＝０．６６９２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此，孕酮含量在一定程度上可作为胚胎发育阶段的指标。     

NJS系小鼠的选育研究Ⅱ、近交过程中血清胆固醇含量的定向选择效应

在连续全同胞近交过程中，以７０日龄血清胆固醇含量选育指标，通过后裔鉴定和定向选择，逐代提高血清胆固醇水平。结果表明：随近交世代增加，血清胆固醇水平呈上升趋势。第１５世代前上升快，选择效果明显。１５世代后，逐渐进入选择极限。第１５代可能为选择顶点。７～１５代时，近交世代（ｘ）与血清胆固醇含量（ｙ）呈显著的直线回归关系（Ｐ＜０．０１），回归公式为：ｙ＝１．１３７３＋０．３２４７ｘ，而１５～２０代时二者间的直线回归关系不显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。６～１１代、１１～１５代、１５～２０代父子间血清胆固醇含量的回归系数分别为：０．２９３４、０．３６８３、０．４２９６（Ｐ＜０．０５）。第２０世代时，雄、雌小鼠血清胆固醇水平分别为６．３７±０．４０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１、５．０５±０．５４ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，是选择前的２．２５、２．００倍。这些值已超过小鼠的正常值范围，表明该品系小鼠已呈高胆固醇血症状态     

内毒素诱导的红细胞过氧化损伤及山莨菪碱的保护效应

通过给山羊静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素复制的休克模型,研究了内毒素诱导的红细胞脂质过氧化损伤,并观察了山莨菪碱的相关保护效应。将３０头山羊随机分成３组,第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）静注生理盐水作为正常对照,第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌（Ｏ１１１Ｂ４）内毒素２次（间隔２４ｈ）,第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）处理同第Ⅱ组,仅处理前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱。分别于处理后１、３、５、７、９、１２ｈ采血,制备样本供测定。结果显示,山羊注射内毒素１ｈ后,红细胞脂质过氧化物含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,红细胞膜还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并伴有红细胞ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＧＲ活性降低（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）;而注射内毒素前给与山莨菪碱的山羊,其上述各项指标的变化均较小。以上结果表明,内毒素可使红细胞脂质过氧化作用增强,而山莨菪碱能拮抗红细胞的这种过氧化损伤,对细胞有一定的保护作用。     

LRH—A3提高母猪繁殖力效应

５０头二产母猪（约×长）被随机均分为５组，Ⅰ组为空白对照组，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ４个试验组分别于配种当天（０ｄ）及配种后５，１０和０＋１０ｄ每头每次肌注ＬＲＨ－Ａ３（促黄体激素释放激素，促排３号）１５０μｇ，并在注药后当天及５，１０，２０，３０和４０ｄ耳静脉采血，分离血浆；各组取２头分别于注药前及注药后０．５，１，２和４ｈ采血，分离血清，测定其内分泌变化。结果，各试验组ＬＨ峰均在注药后２ｈ，Ⅱ组峰值显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；配后１０～３０ｄ，各试验组Ｐ４含量显著高于对照组；配后３０ｄ妊娠猪Ｅ１Ｓ含量达峰值，且与产仔数呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４０３２，ｎ＝４６，Ｐ＜０．０１）；产仔数及受胎率以Ⅴ组为最佳。     

仔猪断奶腹泻及断奶前期限饲对增重的影响

开展了对３６窝２９７头断乳仔猪腹泻频率及断奶前期限饲对增重的影响试验。试验表明,仔猪多在断奶后３～４天开始腹泻,６～９天腹泻达到高峰,三周内腹泻面可达７９．３％;２３．６％的仔猪在断奶后一周内失重,平均日增重为－５１．６克;不同腹泻频率对仔猪后期增重差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）;仔猪断奶始重（Ｘ１）和前期日增重（Ｘ２）对保育期全程日增重（ｙ）相关极显著（ｒ１＝０．２５９,ｒ２＝０．４５９,Ｐ〈０．０１）,经回归分析,回归关系显著（ｙ＝２１４．３１＋１５．９５Ｘ１,ｙ＝３３９．２＋０．４８Ｘ２,Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

应用奶牛乳房参数估测产奶量的探讨

奶牛一胎９０天产奶量（ｙ）与奶牛乳房纵围（ｘ＿１）、乳房前区长（ｘ＿２）和乳房前区宽（ｘ＿３）的相关系数为极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），并且三个性状间的相关也都极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），对ｘ＿１与ｙ之间简单相关系数剖分为直接通径作用与间接通径作用，即。经各偏回归系数的显著性检验，ｂ＿１的ｔ值最小且不显著，剔除ｘ＿１后重新建立“最优”多元线性回归方程，即可作为９０天产奶量的估测公式，并为优良种牛的早期选择提供可靠的科学依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.