彩色马铃薯块茎形成和贮藏过程中花色苷变化及抗氧化活性分析

 以不同彩色马铃薯基因型为材料,对块茎形成和贮藏过程中花色苷的种类及含量变化进行了研究。结果表明,在块茎发育过程中,不同马铃薯基因型块茎中花色苷出现的时间与含量多少各有差异,颜色较深的基因型花色苷达到最高含量的时间先于颜色浅的基因型,且不同组分的出现与累积变化规律基本上与花色苷合成的先后顺序一致;在常温和低温贮藏过程中,花色苷含量均呈下降趋势,但下降比例并无明显差异。抗氧化活性测定表明,几种彩色马铃薯基因型块茎均有一定的清除DPPH· 和ABTS⁺能力以及Fe³⁺ 还原能力,但不同基因型间抗氧化能力存在差异。     

红富士苹果采后1-MCP 处理对果皮色素及其相关酶活性的影响

 以‘红富士’苹果为试材,研究了采后1–甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对冷藏期间果实硬度, 叶绿素、类胡萝素及花青苷含量变化的影响,并重点研究了花青苷含量变化与其合成相关酶（PAL、CHI、 DFR、UFGT）和降解相关酶PPO、POD 活性变化的关系,结果显示：1-MCP 处理能抑制叶绿素降解及 贮藏前期花青苷的积累,延缓类胡萝素的积累及花青苷的后期降解;贮藏期间花青苷的合成与CHI、DFR 活性不相关,与PAL、UFGT 活性正相关;贮藏期间花青苷降解相关酶PPO、POD 活性都呈现先上升后 下降的趋势,对照的PPO 活性始终高于1-MCP 处理,1-MCP 处理明显抑制贮藏前期果皮POD 活性的上 升及贮藏后期POD 活性的下降。     

‘品丽珠’葡萄不同营养系酚类物质差异分析

筛选山东蓬莱产区酿酒葡萄‘品丽珠’黄烷醇、花色素苷含量较高的优良营养系，以期为发挥其酿酒性能提供理论依据。以蓬莱产区品丽珠母本及3个芽变营养系（214、327、623）为试材，采用分光光度计法分析葡萄果皮和种子中总酚、总单宁、总花色素含量，利用高效液相色谱法分析酚酸类、黄酮醇类、黄烷醇类、花色苷单体及白藜芦醇含量。研究结果表明，黄烷醇是种子和果皮中主要的单体酚，其中儿茶素含量最高；二甲花翠素葡萄糖苷是果皮中主要的花色苷。在相同的栽培管理条件和自然条件下，品丽珠不同营养系间的酚类物质差异较明显，相同营养系不同年份间也有显著差异。其中营养系623果皮和种子的总酚、种子的单宁和黄烷醇以及果皮和种子中的酚酸类、单体花色苷含量显著高于其他营养系和母本。     

毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’花色苷组成与相关基因表达分析

以不同发育期毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’为试验材料,利用HPLC–MS检测其果皮中花色苷的组成及含量,Real-time PCR检测花色苷合成相关基因表达水平,并与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’比较。结果表明,成熟后期‘NW196’果皮中花色苷总量显著高于‘赤霞珠’;采收期‘NW196’葡萄果皮中共检测到23种花色苷,成熟后期单糖苷所占比例高于双糖苷,其中含量最高的是花翠素–3–O–葡萄糖苷,3’5’–羟基取代花色苷比例高于3’–羟基取代花色苷;与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’相比,‘NW196’果皮中酰化和甲基化花色苷比例较低。结论:毛欧杂种‘NW196’花色苷组成与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’差异明显,这与其品种特性有关,并受到类黄酮代谢路径相关基因的调控;此外,花色素双糖苷主要在转色初期合成。     

不同遮阴处理对滇山茶花瓣花青素苷构成的影响

 研究了不同遮阴条件下滇山茶（Camellia reticulata Lindl.）花瓣中花青素苷组成和含量的变化。结果表明：滇山茶的花瓣中含有13种以上的花青素苷,其中主要成分矢车菊素–3–O–(2–O–β–木糖基)–β–葡萄糖苷（Cy3GX）与矢车菊素–3–O–[2–O–β–木糖基–6–O–(E)–p–香豆酰]–β–葡萄糖苷（Cy3GEpCX）的含量占总花青素苷含量的60.4% ~ 64.2%。在开花期,随着遮阴率的升高和遮阴时间的延长,花瓣中13种花青素苷的含量都同时呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,但各组分占总花青素苷含量的百分比不变。用60% ~ 70%遮阳网遮阴,对提高滇山茶花瓣中Cy3GX、Cy3GEpCX以及总花青素苷含量的效果最明显,遮阴处理21 d时上述花青素苷含量皆达最大值。90%遮阳网遮阴,花青素苷含量低于不遮阴时的含量。在云南山茶花的种植中,根据实际环境条件适当遮阴,对增加花瓣各种花青素苷的含量,改善花色具有重要意义。     

采后处理对荔枝果皮花色素苷含量和花色素苷酶活性的影响

研究了冷藏、ABA、1-MCP、热处理及HCl护色等采后处理对桂味荔枝果皮花色素苷含量和花色素苷酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,与冷藏适温(3℃)相比,0℃下果实遭受了冷害,果皮花色素苷酶活性急剧增强,峰值提前出现,花色素苷含量迅速减少。ABA、1-MCP处理能暂时延缓花色素苷酶活性的上升。热水处理不同程度地诱导了果实花色素苷酶活性的升高,果皮褪色,而适当浓度的酸处理能显著抑制花色素苷酶活性,对果皮具有较好的护色效果。     

花毛茛和银莲花花瓣中花青素苷组成及含量与其花色的关系

以10个不同花色的花毛茛（Ranunculus asiaticus）和4个不同花色的银莲花（Anemone cathayensis）为材料，采用目视测色法，RHSCC 比色卡比色法，色差仪（CR-400）测定花瓣的花色表型，利用双光束紫外—可见光分光光度计（TU-1901）、高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱连用技术（HPLC–ESI–MS）对花瓣中花青素苷的成分及结构进行测定，运用多元线性回归方法分析花色与花青素苷组成之间的关系。结果表明：8个积累花青素苷的花毛茛品种花瓣中检测到5种花青素苷元，即天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素，这些花青素苷元进一步修饰形成了15种花青素苷。红色系和粉色系品种以芍药素和矢车菊素为主要成分，黄色系品种以天竺葵素或类胡萝卜素为主要成分；经分析矢车菊素苷和天竺葵素苷含量均与亮度L*值呈显著正相关，其中天竺葵素苷的积累对花瓣亮度的贡献更大。银莲花4个品种花瓣中共检测出6种花青素苷元，分别为矮牵牛素、天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素、芍药素和锦葵素，它们通过不同糖基化和酰基化修饰形成了20种花青素苷，呈现出丰富的花青素苷多样性。     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

草莓和蓝莓果实花青素提取及定量方法的比较

 本研究旨在比较果实花青素提取液的提取效果以及花青素分析方法的准确性。用丙酮-水-甲酸（A）、乙腈-乙酸（B）、乙醇-水-乙酸（C）、甲醇-水-乙酸（D）以及含有盐酸的甲醇（E） 等5种提取液分别提取了草莓和蓝莓果实中的花青素,用比色法和液相色谱法分别测定了花青素的含量。试验结果表明：由于提取液中有机溶剂和酸种类的不同,提取效果差异甚大。提取草莓花青素时,以D的提取效果最好,其次是E、C、A,B的提取量最低,还不到D的1/3。提取蓝莓花青素得到的结果与草莓相似。用比色法分析,D、E、C提取液提取的草莓和蓝莓果实的花青素含量明显低于液相色谱分析的结果, 但B提取液比液相色谱结果高2倍以上,A提取液提取蓝莓时比色法与液相色谱法的结果相近,而提取草莓时比色法比液相色谱结果高出约50%。建议花青素的定量方法应尽量使用液相色谱法,对同一种果实,尤其是以低沸点醇类作提取液时可以用比色法。     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.     

钟冠报春苣苔花发育进程中花色素苷含量的变化

采用超高效液相色谱—四级杆飞行时间串联质谱联用技术（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）测定钟冠报春苣苔（Primulina swinglei）花发育进程中花色素苷在各花器官组织中的分布、含量及比例。共鉴定出17种花色素苷类物质,分别为矢车菊素、芍药花素、飞燕草素、矮牵牛素及锦葵素及其与葡萄糖、芸香糖、乙酰芸香糖等糖苷组合而成的苷元。研究发现,呈紫色的花瓣中蓝紫色的花色素（飞燕草素、矮牵牛素及锦葵素）比例达到64.0%;呈红色的花筒中红粉色的矢车菊素及芍药花素分别占36.7%和20.0%。开花前总花色素苷含量缓慢上升并趋于稳态,该过程中红粉色的花色素占据比例逐渐减小,而蓝紫色花色素所占比例渐趋增加,这可能与花瓣/花筒的比例渐趋增大有关。而花盛开之后,花色素苷含量急剧降低,可能与花色素苷的降解或稀释相关。     

脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质、色泽及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】为探索脉冲强光技术在杨梅汁加工中的应用,【方法】采用分光光度法和色差法研究了不同脉冲强光处理和热处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质含量,色泽以及其抗氧化活性的影响。【结果】结果表明,脉冲强光可显著降解杨梅汁中的花色苷(P<0.05),且杨梅汁中的花色苷的含量随着脉冲能量的增加而降低。而杨梅汁中总酚的含量却是随着脉冲能量的增加显著上升(P<0.05)。脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁抗氧化活性的影响随反应体系不同而异。杨梅汁清除.DPPH活性随着脉冲强光处理能量的增加而增大,并与花色苷的含量呈一定的负相关(R2=0.848 6),而脉冲强光处理却使杨梅汁清除超氧阴离子和羟基自由基的活性有所下降。【结论】与传统的热杀菌相比,脉冲强光处理可更好的保持其活性成分和品质,脉冲强光技术在果汁中具有较好的应用前景。     

白色花椰菜花球变紫前后花青素含量变化分析

花椰菜生产过程中,花球采收期前后极易呈现紫色,对花椰菜生产和销售造成严重影响。为了明确花球变紫前后花青素含量差异,采用植物花青素酶联免疫方法测定了花球变紫前后花青素含量。试验结果表明,白色花椰菜花球变紫前花青素含量(w,后同)为(1 599.81±138.78)ng·g-1;变紫后花球花青素含量为(2 709.54±224.78)^(2 904.95±205.41)ng·g-1;对照紫色花椰菜花青素含量为(5 069.82±292.00)ng·g-1,各处理间花青素含量差异达到显著水平。花球变紫前后花青素含量变化显著。     

紫叶芥菜花青素分布及光合作用特性研究

紫叶芥菜是富含花青素的一种新型保健蔬菜。本试验在建立紫叶-绿叶芥菜近等基因系的基础上,研究紫叶芥菜花青素的微观分布、花青素含量以及花青素对芥菜光合作用的影响。结果表明:紫叶芥菜花青素分布于叶片上下表皮,其含量显著高于绿叶芥菜,但叶绿素含量二者之间差异不显著;在相同光照辐射强度或相同CO_2浓度条件下,紫叶单株的净光合速率明显低于绿叶单株,光补偿点、光饱和点、最大羧化速率极显著低于绿叶单株,电子传递速率、最大光合速率显著低于绿叶单株;紫叶芥菜花青素含量与其光合作用参数呈显著或极显著负相关性,随着花青素含量的增加其光合作用效率降低。     

Correlation between chromaticity values and major anthocyanins in seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars

The correlation between the anthocyanin concentrations of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars and the chromaticity values a*, b*, a*/b* ratio, h° and L* was investigated. According to the position of leaves on the branch terminal, middle and base sample leaves were analyzed and the positional effect on the level of the major anthocyanin was estimated. Leaf color was measured with a portable colorimeter and individual anthocyanins were detected with the use of HPLC–MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was present in all senescing leaves of Acer cultivars and its content decreased from terminal to base position. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was identified in lower concentrations in the leaves of all cultivars. Multiple variable analysis was calculated for each of the tristimulus values and two major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) in senescing leaves of ornamental Acer cultivars. Correlations were detected between the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) in analyzed Acer cultivars and all chromaticity parameters. The highest correlation coefficient (0.94) was observed between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a*/b* ratio in cultivar ‘Bloodgood’ and lowest (0.54) between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a* in Acer palmatum Thunb. The correlation between cyanidin-3-rutinoside and chromaticity parameters was not detected in all Acer cultivars, additionally correlation coefficients and statistical significance were much lower. The expression of red color in both senescing leaves and in all-year-red cultivars can be tightly linked with the content level of cyanidin-3-glucoside; the second major anthocyanin does not contribute much to the red leaf color.     

红肉桃果实发育过程中色素和糖酸含量的变化

以红肉、白肉和黄肉3种不同果肉颜色的12份桃品种为材料分析成熟时果肉中花色苷的含量变化,结果表明,红肉桃与白肉、黄肉品种间花色苷含量差异显著,且红肉桃品种间的花色苷含量差异也很大。利用3个不同果肉颜色的桃品种进一步研究果实发育过程中色素及其相关物质的变化,结果表明,红肉桃品种天津水蜜在盛花后25d果肉中花色苷含量较高,而后逐渐减少;直至进入盛花后45d才缓慢回升,并在果实发育后期(盛花后86d)含量迅速增加;与此对应,该品种果皮在幼果期(盛花后35～45d)和果实发育后期(盛花后86d)2次出现红色,但果肉直到盛花后86d才明显变红;在整个果实发育过程中,天津水蜜果肉其它内含物的变化与白肉桃品种豫白和黄肉桃品种NJC83相似:叶绿素含量逐渐减少;类胡萝卜素和可溶性糖不断增加;可滴定酸前期上下波动变化,但近成熟时天津水蜜的可滴定酸显著高于其它2个品种。     

马铃薯花色苷研究进展

综述了马铃薯花色苷的分布、种类、结构、提取纯化方法、生理功能和应用等方面的研究进展,并介绍了块茎在发育和储藏期间花色苷的变化及光、温等外界因素对马铃薯块茎颜色的影响.     

风信子花瓣花色苷组成分析

以12个风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L.)品种为研究材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应确定色素类型,利用UPLC-PAD结合UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析花色苷种类及含量。结果表明,12个品种花瓣中均不含有色的类胡萝卜素,除‘City of Haarlem’和‘Aiolos’以外,均含花色苷。10个含花色苷的品种中,‘Woodstock’花瓣中花色苷含量最高,‘Jan Bos’、‘上农早粉’、‘上农紫红’次之。在这些品种花瓣中共检测到9种花色苷成分,通过与已有文献比对,推定其成分为:天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–阿魏酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷和天竺葵素3–O–咖啡酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Marconi’等品种花瓣中仅含天竺葵素花色苷衍生物,其它6个品种则含天竺葵素和矢车菊素的花色苷衍生物,以天竺葵素为主。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Jan Bos’、‘Marconi’和‘Lady Derby’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘Anna Lisa’、‘Woodstock’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘上农紫红’和‘Sky Line’花瓣花色苷分别以矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷以及天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷为主。     

花青苷成分对瓜叶菊花色的影响

 通过测定不同花色瓜叶菊舌状花花色表型和定性定量分析其花青苷成分组成, 探讨不同瓜叶 菊花色表型与其所含花青素类色素类型之间的关系。采用分光色差计(NF333) 测量了不同花色的色相值。用高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC - PAD) 和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用技术(HPLC - ESI - MS) 分析花瓣中花青苷和黄酮醇的组成及含量。分析表明: 花色表型中亮度和花青苷总量之间存在线性负相关。蓝色和红色瓜叶菊花色分别由飞燕草素苷元(Dp) 和矢车菊素苷元(Cy) 为核心的花青苷决定。粉色瓜叶菊含有Cy和天竺葵素苷元( Pg) 为核心的花青苷。紫色瓜叶菊主要含有Dp和Cy为核心的花青苷。瓜叶菊花色亮度与花青苷含量负相关, 瓜叶菊花红色程度和Cy为核心的花青苷含量正相关。瓜叶菊主要由花青素决定其呈色。