半干旱黄土地区幼龄侧柏叶蒸腾的数学模型

 通过人工控制水分,形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同土壤水分梯度环境。在自然环境下对侧柏叶片定时、定位进行蒸腾速率及林冠层的光照、空气温度、空气湿度、叶水势和土壤水分等因子的同步观测。蒸腾速率与各个因子的相关分析表明:黄土半干旱地区侧柏蒸腾速率η_t/(μg·cm^-2·s^-1)与光照强度E/(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、空气饱和差p_v/kPa、叶水势Ψ/kPa、气温t/℃的关系可以分别表示为:η_t=>αE_b,η_t=αp_vb,η_t=αψ^b,η_t=αt²+bt+c;侧柏的蒸腾速率η_t与气孔阻力R_s/(s·cm^-1)和土壤含水量W/％有密切关系,可以分别表示为:η_t=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃,R_s=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃。用气温、空气饱和差、叶水势3个因素建立了半干旱黄土地区幼龄单株侧柏蒸腾速率的非线性指数预测模型:η_t=0.6950_exp（0.03158t-14.2492/p_v+0.7606/Ψ）,经检验获得了满意的数值模拟结果。     

降雨对河岸生态系统杨树树干液流及其环境控制的影响

降雨能够改变土壤水分状况进而促进林木蒸腾,然而场降雨量及其持续时间对林木树干液流及其环境控制机制的影响尚不明确。为此,在华北半干旱半湿润区的北京市顺义区共青林场,选取位于河岸生态系统不受土壤水分胁迫的欧美杨(Populus×euramericana)人工林为研究对象,在2019年和2021年生长季,使用TDP热扩散法测量树干液流,同步监测气象及土壤含水量等环境因子。根据对该区长期(2016—2017年、2019年和2021年)降雨数据统计分析结果,将2次降雨脉冲间隔超22.5 h的事件划分2场独立的降雨事件。按照降雨事件雨量及历时,将其中位数±1.5倍标准误的事件定义为常见事件,而将累积概率大于90%的事件定义为极端事件。结果表明:(1)太阳辐射是唯一显著控制该杨树人工林生长季树干液流的环境因子(偏相关系数r_p=0.539),饱和水汽压差、风速和土壤含水量均与树干液流不相关(p>0.533),降雨事件发生前后这一环境控制特征没有发生变化;(2)雨后树干液流随着场降雨量的增加而降低(R²=0.78,p=0.004),但与降雨事件历时无显著相关关系;(3)树干液流在常见降雨事件和极端事件后,在半小时尺度上随时间变化无显著差异(p≥0.264),但4类降雨事件后主导的环境控制因子却不完全相同,太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差总能显著促进半小时尺度的树干液流(r_p≥0.374),而土壤含水量仅在常见和极端的强降雨历时事件后,显著促进雨后半小时尺度液流(r_p≥0.215)。风速显著抑制常见场降雨量事件后半小时尺度的树干液流(r_p=-0.258),却能显著促进常见和极端场降雨历时事件后半小时尺度的树干液流(r_p≥0.183)。研究成果为进一步深入揭示降雨特征对树干液流及其生物物理控制机制的影响,以及改进气候变化下生态水文过程的模拟与评估提供参考。     

武陵山区女儿寨小流域次降雨径流与产沙特征

 以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为研究区,根据流域2004—2008年77场典型降雨径流观测资料,研究流域次降雨径流与产沙特征。结果表明:77场降雨中,以25.0～49.9 mm和50.0～100.0 mm的降雨为主,占降雨总数的67.53%,降雨强度以10～40 mm/h为主;降雨量与径流深和产沙模数呈现较为显著的线性相关性,降雨量、径流深及降雨侵蚀力对产沙模数均有明显影响,其中以径流深和产沙模数的拟合效果最好,R2达0.684 7;在对降雨、径流、产沙共12个指标进行相关性分析的基础上,对径流深、洪峰流量、产沙模数、降雨侵蚀力4个主要指标进行多元逐步回归拟合,R2均在0.85以上,并通过显著性检验,回归方程拟合效果较好,可用于相关指标的定量计算;流域的产沙量主要取决于几次大的暴雨,汛期的降雨决定流域的产流产沙状况。研究结果可为流域水土流失监测和预报、水土保持措施合理配置等提供相应参考。     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

基于LSTM模型预测不同水保工程措施条件下土壤侵蚀量——以辽西北地区为例

[目的] 准确模拟和预测不同水保工程措施下土壤侵蚀量,为辽西北地区精准预测土壤侵蚀量提供技术和理论依据。[方法] 基于野外径流小区2011—2021年的监测数据,包括：最大30 min和60 min降雨强度(I₃₀和I₆₀)、降雨历时(T)、降雨量(P)和土壤侵蚀量,建立了长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)分别对3种工程措施(水平槽、果树台田和梯田)下的土壤侵蚀量进行预测。并将LSTM预测结果与3个经典机器学习模型〔反向传播神经网络(BP)、随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM)〕预测的结果进行对比。[结果] ①在3种工程措施中,I₃₀,I₆₀,T和P对土壤侵蚀量的影响程度不同,但I₃₀,I₆₀和T对土壤侵蚀量的影响大于P。②利用BP模型预测土壤侵蚀量的相对均方根误差(NRMSE)均大于0.2。③相比于RF和SVM模型,LSTM模型在3种工程措施下(水平槽、果树台和梯田)预测土壤侵蚀量的NRMSE分别降低了约0.04～0.08,0.02～0.08,0.05～0.08。④利用I₃₀和T作为LSTM模型的输入特征预测土壤侵蚀量的精度与使用I₃₀,I₆₀,T和P为输入特征时的预测精度相近。[结论] 在辽西北地区3种水保工程措施中,利用LSTM模型基于最大30 min雨强和降雨历时对土壤侵蚀量进行预测,取得了较其他传统模型高的预测精度。这说明LSTM模型可在同类地区土壤侵蚀量的精准模拟和确定水土保持措施中推广和应用。     

黄淮麦区小麦籽粒锌含量差异原因与调控

小麦高产优质生产对保障我国粮食安全和人们营养健康有重要意义。通过实地调研和取样分析,研究了黄淮麦区276个田块的小麦籽粒锌含量与产量和产量构成、施肥和土壤养分、作物锌吸收利用等参数的关系。结果表明,黄淮麦区缺锌和非缺锌土壤的比例分别为42%和58%,两种土壤上的小麦籽粒锌含量分别介于16~52和17~58 mg·kg^-1,分别有7%和9%样本的籽粒锌达到推荐值40 mg·kg^-1。缺锌田块,籽粒锌含量与磷肥用量（r = -0.273,P < 0.01）、0~20 cm土壤有效磷（r= -0.283,P < 0.01）显著负相关,高低籽粒锌组的磷肥用量分别为73和137 kg·hm^-2,土壤有效磷分别为13和20 mg·kg^-1,有效锌分别为0.8和0.7 mg·kg^-1,但籽粒产量低于非缺锌土壤（7 204 和7 857 kg·hm^-2）。非缺锌田块,籽粒锌含量与磷肥用量显著负相关（r= -0.181,P < 0.05）,与0~20 cm（r= 0.236,P< 0.01）和20~40 cm（r= 0.183,P < 0.05）土壤有效锌显著正相关,高低锌组的磷肥用量分别为112和145 kg·hm^-2,0~20 cm的土壤有效磷分别为29和30 mg·kg^-1,有效锌分别为3.3和2.2 mg·kg^-1。因此,在缺锌土壤上,应首先解决土壤缺锌问题,将有效锌提升至临界值1.0 mg·kg^-1以上,非缺锌土壤有效锌保持在3.0 mg·kg^-1以上,同时适当减少磷肥用量和降低土壤有效磷水平,以减少磷对小麦锌吸收的负面影响,维持黄淮麦区小麦高产并改善籽粒锌营养。     

秦岭火地塘3种主要林型林冠层对不同pH值降雨水质的影响

[目的] 研究秦岭火地塘林区3种主要林型林冠层对不同pH值降雨水质的影响过程,为研究酸沉降对森林生态系统的影响提供基础。[方法] 以林区油松林、华山松林、锐齿栎林为研究对象,自制人工降雨器模拟降雨,分析各林分林冠穿透雨水化学物质浓度随降雨时间及降雨酸度的变化规律。[结果] ①模拟降雨10 min或20 min 3种林分林冠穿透雨中NH₄⁺,NO₃^-,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Pb,Zn,Cd浓度达到峰值,降雨20～30 min后浓度降低并趋于稳定,随降雨时间延长总体上呈先升高后降低并趋于稳定的规律。②针叶林、阔叶林不同的叶组织特性影响林冠中化学物质淋洗量。相同pH值降雨淋洗,油松、华山松林冠穿透雨中NH₄⁺,NO₃^-,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Pb,Zn,Cd浓度多表现为大于锐齿栎。③酸雨能促进林冠中化学物质淋失。对于同一树种,不同pH值降雨淋洗,林冠穿透雨中NH₄⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Pb,Cd浓度值及浓度变化幅度大小大体表现为：pH_4.0 > pH_5.0 > pH_7.0。[结论] 根据林冠穿透雨水化学物质浓度随降雨时间动态变化规律,将林冠对穿透雨水质影响过程划分为降雨淋洗（降雨开始至降雨10 min或20 min）和降雨淋溶（降雨约20～30 min以后）两个阶段。降雨淋洗阶段,林冠层对水质变化影响大。     

刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征及其对替代控制的响应

土壤种子库在退化生态系统植被的恢复和演替中起重要作用,为明确外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵（Solanum rostratum Dunal.）土壤种子库特征,评价植物替代控制刺萼龙葵的效果,调查了河滩及农田边缘两个典型生境中的刺萼龙葵土壤种子库特征,分析了刺萼龙葵种子在土壤中的垂直分布与季节变化动态,并利用多种多年生禾本科与豆科牧草对刺萼龙葵进行替代控制研究,以期为刺萼龙葵生态调控提供理论依据。结果表明：1）两个生境中共鉴定出23种植物,禾本科和菊科为优势科;河滩及农田边缘刺萼龙葵种子总储量分别达347粒·m^-2和2 600粒·m^-2,占整个种子库的2.46%及35.16%。2）河滩生境中刺萼龙葵种子多集中于表层（0~2 cm）土壤,占种子总量的64.3%,且随土层深度的增加而减少;而农田边缘生境0~2 cm、2~5 cm和5~10 cm 3层种子数量差异不大（P>0.05）,分别占种子总量的32.7%、38.2%及29.1%。3）两个生境中刺萼龙葵种子主要集中于4月份采集的土样中,分别为273粒·m^-2（河滩）和1 970粒·m^-2（农田边缘）,显著高于6月份与8月份采集的土样种子数（P<0.05）;4）从替代控制第2年起,刺萼龙葵的密度、生物量及土壤种子储量即被控制在较低水平,均显著低于同期对照（P<0.05）,沙打旺+苇状羊茅+冰草+羊草组合对刺萼龙葵控制效果最佳,同时还可获得牧草鲜重20 396.1 kg·hm^-2,干重7 710.6 kg·hm^-2（2017年）,经济效益可观。5）刺萼龙葵种子库与刺萼龙葵密度（P<0.01）、生物量（P<0.05）呈正相关,牧草产量与刺萼龙葵种子库储量、密度、生物量均呈负相关,但相关性不显著（P>0.05）;降雨显著影响刺萼龙葵种子库储量（P<0.05）,可用幂函数模型y=2.619x^0.001（R²=0.822,F=18.486,P=0.013）描述二者之间的关系。     

气吸式播种机多分支汇流管路气压损失分析与试验

为探究气吸式播种机气力系统多分支汇流管路负压气流的流动规律,掌握管路总体压力损失与管路几何结构之间的关联特性,获取管路总体压力损失的定量预测目标值,该研究对多分支汇流管路气流流动状态进行分析,明确了影响管路气流流动的主要因素,采用单因素试验及Fluent仿真模拟,从宏观、微观尺度阐明多分支汇流管路中的气流流动规律及总流气压损失原因,通过量纲分析法建立了总体压力损失（ΔP,Pa）与空气密度（ρ,kg/ m³）、空气动力黏度（μ,Pa·s）、集管封闭端长度（L,mm）、入口支管1的入口流量（Q,m³/s）、入口支管内径（d,mm）、入口支管长度（l,mm）、入口支管间距（δ,mm）、集管内径（γ,mm）、出口支管内径（D,mm）和出口支管长度（Δ,mm）关系的经验公式。台架试验结果表明,所建立的经验公式应用范围为0.0009 m³/s≤Q≤0.0045 m³/s,28 mm≤d≤45.2 mm,100 mm≤l≤200 mm、200 mm≤δ≤300 mm, 42.6 mm≤γ≤81.4 mm,150 mm≤Δ≤250 mm,34 mm≤D≤42.6 mm、53.6 mm≤D≤57 mm,对多分支汇流管路总体压力损失的预测精度在经验公式计算值的10%以内。所建立的经验公式可为气吸式播种机多分支汇流管路的设计选型、结构优化提供参考。     

粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征

为揭示粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀机理,采用湖北通城县、江西赣县、福建长汀县、广东五华县4个样地的4种粗颗粒土壤（分别定义为TCA、GXA、CTA、WHA）进行室内模拟降雨试验,研究粗颗粒土壤坡面侵蚀过程及侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成的变化规律。结果表明：（1）4种土壤的地表径流随着降雨时间的增长呈现出先增加后递减并趋于稳定的规律;（2）4种土壤的侵蚀特征存在差异,土壤侵蚀速率表现为WHA>TCA>GXA>CTA;（3）4种土壤的侵蚀泥沙中颗粒分布百分比大小均为砂粒>黏粒>粉粒>砾石。不同土壤侵蚀泥沙富集率表现出明显差异;（4）水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率的相关性显著,用幂函数可以准确描述其关系。在表达式中引入土壤黏粒含量、砾石含量后模型更加可靠（D_r=0.001ω^1.163C_l^-4.069,R²=0.82;D_r=0.003ω^1.149G_r^-1.934,R²=0.84）,提高了模型预测土壤侵蚀速率的精度,在实际应用中具有更广的适应范围与现实价值。     

几种土壤剖面的硝化作用及其动力学特征

选用陕西省六种主要耕作土壤及其剖面不同层次23个土样,在实验室培养条件下,研究其硝化作用的特点,并选用dN/dt=bN(B-N)/B方程（式中,N为硝态氮的累积量,t为试验培养时间,B耿硝态氮累积量的渐进值）,描述硝化作用过程中硝态氮含量随时间的累积,获得定量描述硝化作用强弱的两个指标（Kmx和td)。结果表明耕层土壤由北向南硝化作用强度逐渐减弱,硝化作用的最大速率（Kmx)变幅为2．70－16．58mg/kg.d,陕北的黑垆硝化作用进行最快,陕南的黄泥巴最慢,在不同土壤剖面中,硝化作用由上到下呈现减弱趋势,硝化作用的最大速率（Kmx)随土层深度增加而下降,迟缓期（td)随土层深度增加而延长,在粘化层和粘重土层中,硝化作用非常微弱或基本不发生硝化作用,这些不同土壤及剖面层次硝化作用的较差与土壤的物理,化学特性有关。     

Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 1. An event-based model of rainfall infiltration and surface runoff

Overland flow resulting from an excess of rain over infiltration is an essential component of many models of runoff and erosion from fields or catchments. The spatially variable infiltration (SVI) model and a set of associated equations relating depth of runoff and maximum rate of ‘effective’ runoff (as used in the GUEST erosion model) to storm depth, depth‐averaged intensity of rainfall, average maximum infiltration capacity and an additional amount of initial infiltration were validated and tested on back‐sloping bench terraces in volcanic upland West Java, Indonesia. Data used were runoff rate and depth from 31 small (1.0–8.2 m²) bounded plots representing sections of terrace beds or risers and from six larger (53–231 m²) terrace units with hydrologically defined boundaries. Modelled runoff rates using rainfall intensity data corresponded well with observed patterns and the storm‐based equations were used successfully to model runoff depths and maximum effective runoff rates for individual events. Resulting values for maximum average infiltration rate (I_m) varied between 18 and 443 mm hour^?1 and reflected effects of vegetation or mulch cover and soil compaction. We conclude that the SVI model and the derived equations provide a robust and accurate method for predicting runoff at the investigated scale.     

Modelling the impact of within-storm variability of rainfall on the loading of solutes to preferential flow pathways

Rainfall variability within a storm can have a significant impact on the amount of chemical transported by surface runoff and preferential flow. Previously, studies have evaluated only a few slowly varying rainfall patterns and related sorption capacities. We use a bounded random cascade approach to generate 50 000 realizations of realistic rainfall intensity patterns within a single storm event (96 minutes duration, mean intensity of 18.75 mm hour^?1) to explore the effects on the partitioning of rainfall and linearly sorbing solutes between fast preferential flow (loading) and slow flow in the soil matrix for a silt loam and a sandy clay. Loading and infiltration are modelled by a near‐surface mixing model and Green–Ampt infiltration. The statistical properties of loading were evaluated from these simulations. For this storm the mean total of resident solute mixing from the soil to preferential flow reached a maximum for a retardation factor R ～ 5. Much smaller loadings occurred for more weakly sorbing and more strongly sorbing solutes. The variability of loading tended to decrease with increasing R. Ensemble averaged rainfall patterns were derived which related to the magnitude of loading. The patterns of rainfall generating large preferential flows did not necessarily lead to large solute loading. Early peaking, mid‐storm peaking and late peaking rainfall contributed to large solute loadings, depending upon soil and chemical properties. These patterns result from a balance between the amount of preferential flow generated and the amount of solute available when preferential flow is triggered. The results suggest that the use of R as a measure of the mobility of resident solutes depends on the flow pathway considered. In addition, characterization of flux distributions in soil with weakly sorbing, resident tracers, may underestimate the potential for rapid transport of strongly sorbing solutes subject to natural variations in rainfall.     

Assessing interrill erosion rate from soil aggregate instability index, rainfall intensity and slope angle on cultivated soils in central Greece

In order to develop a new formula for assessing interrill erosion rate by incorporating the soil aggregate instability index, β, erosion plots at seven sites in central Greece were used to measure interrill erosion rate under natural rainfall conditions during a 39-month period. Soils classified as Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols with slopes 7–21%, moderately well to excessively drained, clay to loamy textured, were studied. Runoff and total sediment were collected after each ponding rainfall event. The equation E_i=0.628 β S_t^1.3 e^{0.0967I₃₀} was finally proposed (R²=0.939,P<0.001) to describe interrill erosion rate. The term, S_t represents the tangent of the slope angle, and I₃₀ represents the maximum rainfall intensity in 30 min. The addition of the aggregate instability index to improve existing methodologies provide was considered to provide an easy to determine and reliable measure of soil erodibility. Validation with independent data showed that the model predicted interrill erosion well (R²=0.766, P<0.001). Therefore, the proposed model based on the aggregate instability index, β, has the potential to improved methodology for assessing interrill erosion rate.     

抚仙湖典型小流域烤烟坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失特征

选择抚仙湖典型入湖小流域中具有代表性的烤烟坡地,采用标准径流小区法进行观测,通过2007年6-9月10场降雨产流过程的地表径流及侵蚀泥沙中的氮磷流失情况的连续监测,研究烤烟坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失特征,结果表明：1）产流量与最大10min降雨强度相关性较强（R^2=0.8789）,产沙量与最大30min降雨强度相关性较强（R^2=0.9445）;2）TN、氮氮输出浓度随施肥时间延长而逐渐降低;3）TP输出量与最大10min降雨强度具有明显的线性相关关系（R^2=0.8971）;4）TN输出量与产流量之间有显著的正相关关系,TP输出量与产流量及产沙量之间相关关系都极显著,TN与TP输出量之间有正相关关系,Pearson相关系数为0.542（sig=0.106）。     

A mono-component model of carbon mineralization with a dynamic rate constant

The difficulties in using complicated models of carbon mineralization and the poor performance of simple ones call for new models that are simple in use and robust in performance. We have developed a model for the mineralization of carbon from experimental data in which the organic matter is treated as a single component. The logarithm of the average relative mineralization rate, K, or rate constant, of a substrate considered as a whole was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of time, t, provided prevailing soil conditions remained unchanged. The equation is: logK = logR–S logt, or K = R t^–S, in which R (dimension t^{S ? 1}) represents K at t = 1, and S (dimensionless, 1 ≥ S≥ 0) is a measure of the rate at which K decreases over time, also called the speed of ‘ageing’ of the substrate. The quantity of the remaining substrate, Y_t, is calculated by Y_t = Y₀ exp(–Rt^{1 – S}), where Y₀ is the initial quantity of the substrate. The actual relative mineralization rate, k, at time t is proportional to K, according to k = (1 ? S)K. The model was tested against an assembly of 136 sets of data collected from trials conducted in 14 countries all over the world. They cover materials ranging from glucose, cellulose and plant residues, to farmyard manure, peat and soil organic matter. The results lead to the conclusion that the model describes well the dynamics of organic matter in soil over time varying from months to tens of years, provided major environmental conditions remain unchanged. It can easily be applied in practice and is attractive because of its modest input requirements.     

Estimation of rainfall erosivity using 5- to 60-minute fixed-interval rainfall data from China

The 30-min rainfall erosivity index (EI₃₀) is commonly used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation for predicting soil loss from agricultural hillslopes. EI₃₀ is calculated from the total kinetic energy and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity of a storm. Normally, EI₃₀ values are calculated from breakpoint rainfall information taken from continuous recording rain gauge charts, however, in many places in China and other parts of the world the detailed chart-recorded rain gauge data relative to storm intensities are not readily available, while hourly rainfall is readily available. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of EI₃₀ estimations based on 5-, 10-, 15-, 30-, and 60-min time-resolution rainfall data as compared to EI₃₀ estimations from breakpoint rainfall information. 456 storm events from five soil conservation stations in eastern China were used. The values of EI₃₀ based on the fixed-time-interval data were less than those calculated from breakpoint data. The average conversion factors (ratio of values calculated from the breakpoint data to those from the fixed-interval data) for the five stations decreased from 1.105 to 1.009 for the estimation of E values, from 1.668 to 1.007 for I₃₀ values, and from 1.730 to 1.014 for EI₃₀ values as the time resolution increased from 60 to 5 min. The maximum 30-min rainfall intensity was the major source of error in estimating EI₃₀ for 60-min fixed-interval data, while storm kinetic energy played a proportionately more significant role as the fixed-interval data decreased from 60 to 5 min.     

红壤区裸露坡地不同类型次降雨的产流产沙规律

为探究红壤区裸露坡地在不同类型次降雨下的产流产沙规律,研究收集长汀县水土保持科教园红壤裸露坡地径流小区2013年1月至2020年12月共388场降雨—径流—土壤侵蚀观测资料,采用K-means将降雨划分为4类进行分析。结果表明:(1)主要降雨类型有A(短历时、大雨强、小雨量、低频次)、B(长历时、小雨强、大雨量、中频次)、C(中等历时、小雨强、小雨量、高频次)3类,B、C为研究区主要产流产沙来源,贡献85%以上的径流和土壤侵蚀量。(2)次降雨径流深及土壤侵蚀量与降雨量(P)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀)和降雨动能(E)呈线性正相关,与降雨侵蚀力(EI₃₀)呈幂函数关系。但降雨特征对产流产沙的总解释度小于65%,且随着降雨历时的增加而减小。(3)降雨特征与产流产沙存在3种约束关系,其约束线表明降雨特征对次降雨潜在最大产流产沙的影响。其中,潜在最大径流深主要由P和E决定,潜在最大土壤侵蚀量的上限为800~900 t/hm²。从降雨特征单因子影响、综合影响和约束效应3个方面分析了红壤裸露坡地的产流产沙特征,为红壤区水土流失防治提供了数据基础。