暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤水盐运移特征的影响

为探索高效节水控盐灌排技术,通过田间试验,以玉米为试材,研究了不同微咸水矿化度及暗管埋深对土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明,微咸水矿化度和暗管埋深对土壤含水率和盐分均有影响,高矿化度处理灌后土壤含水率比低矿化度高,1.3m暗管埋深灌后土壤含水率要高于0.8m暗管埋深;微咸水灌后1d作物主要根系层(0~40cm)脱盐率受矿化度影响较大,矿化度越高,脱盐效果越差;灌后25d,淡水灌溉及暗管埋深0.8m、3g/L微咸水的处理土壤无积盐,其余各处理均发生积盐现象,灌溉水矿化度越大,0~80cm土层积盐越强烈,1.3m暗管埋深较0.8m埋深土壤积盐更加明显。建议同类型区种植玉米时暗管埋深为0.8m,灌溉使用微咸水矿化度不超过3g/L为宜。     

内蒙古河套灌区咸水灌溉的环境效应分析

研究了咸水灌溉对土壤水盐动态、地下水位、地下水质、作物生长及产量的影响。灌溉水源为黄河水和高矿化度地下水混合。咸水灌溉期间,土壤盐分有所增加,通过控制咸水灌溉定额,以及进行合理的黄河水秋浇灌溉,可以达到年度内土壤盐分动态平衡。咸水灌溉条件下,作物长势及产量基本不受影响。适宜合理的咸水灌溉不会造成环境恶化,而且对缓解河套灌区水资源紧张的矛盾有着重要意义。     

改良材料对微咸水滴灌农田土壤盐分分布与离子组成的影响

【目的】探究微咸水滴灌及改良材料配施对节水灌溉农田土壤盐分的影响规律。【方法】以内蒙古河套灌区典型重度盐碱地为对象,分别开展了常规黄溉、微咸水滴灌、微咸水滴灌配施生物炭和微咸水滴灌配施石膏4个处理的田间小区试验,对比分析不同处理对于土壤盐分及其离子组成的效应?【结果】微咸水滴灌的平均脱盐率(13.46%)大于常规黄河水灌溉(7.14%),不会造成显著的盐分积累,但土壤盐分中Na~+、Cl~-量分别增加了91.12%和47.21%,全盐占比也随之增加,从而引起土壤钠质化,并导致土壤盐分在20～40 cm土层积累;微咸水滴灌配施生物炭或石膏可提高土壤脱盐率并消减土壤钠质化危害,且以微咸水滴灌配施石膏处理脱盐率最高,可达到46.30%;相比其他处理,微咸水滴灌配施生物炭表现出更为强烈的生育期土壤返盐现象,且土壤K~+、Mg~(2+)?SO_4~(2-)的全盐占比有所提高,而微咸水滴灌配施石膏处理则会降低Na~+、Cl~-、Mg~(2+)的全盐占比,提高Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)的全盐占比?【结论】微咸水滴灌配施生物炭或石膏具有调控盐分运动与离子组成的双重效应,这为河套灌区盐碱地节水改良利用提供了一定理论基础?     

咸水灌溉对土壤盐分分布及设施番茄生理特性的影响

【目的】探明咸水灌溉对土壤盐分分布与设施番茄生长及生理的影响。【方法】本试验以南疆设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为T1(2 g/L)、T2(4 g/L)、T3(6 g/L)和T4(8 g/L),并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展咸水灌溉条件下设施番茄生理特性及土壤盐分分布的影响研究。【结果】在垂直方向上各处理土壤含盐量随土层深度增加逐渐减小,水平方向上盐分主要积聚在距离滴灌带20～40 cm处;结果末期盐分主要积聚在20～60 cm浅层土壤处,形成积盐区,且随着灌溉水矿化度增加积盐区逐渐扩大;2～4 g/L的咸水灌溉,对番茄株高茎粗生长具有一定的促进作用,对干物质量无显著影响,6～8 g/L咸水灌溉对作物生长抑制作用明显;当灌溉水矿化度为2g/L,时叶绿素总量达到最大,灌溉水矿化度4g/L时类胡萝卜素量达到最大;当灌溉水矿化度大于4g/L时,植物器官内大量积累的活性氧已经超出保护酶的清除能力;2～4 g/L咸水灌溉在保证番茄产量的同时,可显著提高果实的品质。【结论】综合考虑设施番茄产量及品质,在淡水资源紧缺,地下咸水资源丰富的南疆地区,推荐采用2～4 g/L矿化度的咸水对...     

秸秆排水体条件下微咸水灌溉土壤水盐运移模拟

为分析地埋秸秆体的排水抑盐效果,在室内试验的基础上,利用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟地埋秸秆体条件下盐渍土水盐运移动态,结果表明:地埋秸秆体可以有效降低土壤盐分,在灌溉水矿化度为3 g/L,地下水埋深为150 cm条件下,土壤盐分较不埋设秸秆体处理减少了17.4%;土壤水分和土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,随地下水深度增加而减小;在控制土壤含盐量小于2.55 g/kg条件下,分别采淡水、矿化度为3和5 g/L的微咸水灌溉时,地下水埋深应分别控制在80、120和200 cm以下。该研究为微咸水资源的利用及盐渍土的合理开发利用提供依据和参考。     

阿拉尔灌区微咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布影响的试验研究

利用不同矿化度微咸水对试验地进行灌溉,同时采用滴灌的灌水方式,分析了灌溉前后土壤水盐运移及盐分离子的分布状况。研究结果表明:微咸水灌溉对含盐土壤具有淋洗作用,这一作用随着灌溉水矿化度的提高而上升,这为干旱区节水农业技术提供了依据。     

灌溉水矿化度及盐分带入量对小麦相对产量影响的统计分析

在搜集、统计大量咸水灌溉试验资料的基础上,选取咸水充分灌溉条件下矿化度和小麦产量的完整对应数据103组,统计分析了灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量对小麦相对产量的影响,结果表明,随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,小麦相对产量呈线性递减趋势,当矿化度大于1.0 g/L时,灌溉水矿化度每增加1 g/L,小麦减产约5.6%;与矿化度类似,随着单位面积盐分带入量的增加,小麦的相对产量也线性降低,盐分带入量每增加1000 kg/hm2,小麦的产量将减少约2%。进一步的检验结果显示,应用灌溉水矿化度及单位面积盐分带入量均可较为可靠地估算小麦的相对产量,估算相对误差基本可控制在16%以内。     

矿化度对紫花苜蓿发芽率和株高的影响

为缓解黄淮海地区淡水资源短缺,科学合理地开发利用微咸水,提高紫花苜蓿的产量,以中苜一号为供试材料,以淡水（矿化度为1 g/L）处理为对照,分别采用矿化度为3、5、7 g/L的微咸水对苜蓿的发芽率和株高的影响进行分析。结果表明：采用矿化度为3 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉时,苜蓿的发芽率和株高与淡水灌溉无显著差异;但采用矿化度为5 g/L和7 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉时则有显著差异,对灌溉水矿化度和发芽率的分析表明,要保证发芽率不低于80%,则需控制矿化度不高于4.48 g/L。对矿化度和株高的分析表明,要达到满意株高,需控制灌溉水矿化度不高于4.66 g/L,否则长期的盐分胁迫对苜蓿的生长有明显抑制作用。     

咸淡水交替灌溉对土壤盐分分布及夏玉米生长的影响

为了研究不同咸淡交替灌溉制度对各层土壤盐分含量、夏玉米生长的影响,采用3种矿化度(1、3、5 g/L)微咸水和3种不同生育期(壮苗期、拔节期、灌浆期)咸淡交替灌溉方式("咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸")开展避雨盆栽试验研究。结果表明,全生育期灌溉淡水处理(CK)各层土壤盐分含量最低,随着灌溉微咸水矿化度增加,各层土壤盐分含量增大,相同矿化度下,同一深度土壤盐分含量由大到小依次为"淡淡咸"、"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"。3 g/L和5 g/L"淡淡咸"处理的土壤含盐量由大到小依次为下层、上层、中层,其他处理由大到小依次为下层、中层、上层。不同生育期灌溉微咸水对夏玉米的株高、叶面积及产量的抑制程度由大到小依次为拔节期、壮苗期、灌浆期,即"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"、"淡淡咸",抑制作用随灌溉微咸水矿化度增加而增大,5 g/L"淡咸淡"处理与CK相比减产最多,减产率为34.85%。在滨海地区进行夏玉米种植,应考虑在生育后期灌溉微咸水,同时利用非生育期淡水灌溉降低土壤次生盐碱化的风险。     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对大白菜生长和土壤盐分累积的影响

为了合理开发和安全利用海河流域环渤海低平原区浅层地下微咸水,以秋茬大白菜为研究对象,2010、2011年在河北临西灌溉试验站用0．72g／L（深层淡水）、2g／L（咸淡混合水）、3g／L（咸淡混合水）、4．3g／L（浅层微咸水）的微咸水进行田间灌溉试验,探求其对大白菜的产量和品质以及土壤盐分动态的影响。试验结果表明：不同矿化度微咸水灌溉的大白菜的品质之间没有差异。2、3g／L微咸水与0．72g／L淡水灌溉的大白菜的产量没有差异,但4．3g／I。浅层微咸水直接灌溉比淡水灌溉产量降低,2年平均减产率9．0％。土壤含盐量随着灌溉水矿化度的提高总体出现增加趋势。     

微咸水对生物炭作用下盐碱土水盐运移特征影响

为了合理利用微咸水资源并结合生物炭改良剂,在节水基础上探究施用生物炭微咸水矿化度对盐碱土水盐运移规律影响.以黄三角中度盐碱土为研究对象,在室内进行一维垂直入渗试验,包括对照共设置8个处理:CK,W1,W2,W3,C1,W1C,W2C,W3C.结果表明:相同入渗时间下,累积入渗量和湿润锋运移深度随微咸水矿化度增加先增加后降低;低矿化度条件下,掺生物炭的土壤入渗性能优于未掺生物炭的,提升幅度2.16%~8.54%,且处理W2C效果最优,W1C略小于W2C,Kostiakov模型能够更好地描述微咸水矿化度对生物炭作用下盐碱土的土壤水分入渗过程.相同土壤条件下,各处理0~20 cm土层土壤含水率随着微咸水矿化度增加先增加后降低,掺生物炭的土壤含水率比未掺生物炭高2.53%~3.95%,且处理W2C增幅显著,W1C略小于W2C.各处理的土壤含盐量随着微咸水矿化度增加而增加,生物炭处理的脱盐效果略小于未掺生物炭的,其中2 g/L微咸水处理的脱盐效果最优,脱盐率高达47.4%.综合考虑,对黄河三角洲地区中度盐碱土,建议掺加生物炭并采用2 g/L微咸水进行灌溉.     

Influence of different water quantities and qualities on lemon trees and soil salt distribution at the Jordan Valley

The influences of water quantity and quality on young lemon trees (Eureka) were studied at the University of Jordan Research Station at the Jordan Valley for 5 years (1996–2000). Five water levels and three water qualities were imposed via trickle irrigation system on clay loam soil. The primary effect of excess salinity is that it renders less water available to plants although some is still present in the root zone. Lemon trees water requirements should be modified year by year since planting according to the percentage shaded area, and this will lead into substantial water saving. Both evaporation from class A pan and the percentage shaded area can be used to give a satisfactory estimate of the lemon trees water requirement at the different growth stages. The highest lemon fruit yield was at irrigation water depth equal to evaporation depth from class A pan when corrected for tree canopy percentage area. Increasing irrigation water salinity 3.7 times increased average crop root zone salinity by about 3.8–4.1 times.The high salt concentration at the soil surface is due to high evaporation rate from wetted areas and the nature of soil water distribution associated with drip irrigation system. Then, the salt concentration decreased until the second depth, thereafter, salt concentration followed the bulb shape of the wetted soil volume under trickle irrigation. Irrigation water salinity is very important factor that should be managed with limited (deficit) irrigation. But increasing amount of applied saline water could result in a negative effect on crop yield and environment such as increasing average crop root zone salinity, nutrient leaching, water logging, increasing the drainage water load of salinity which might pollute ground water and other water sources.     

微咸水和再生水对盆栽棉花土壤理化性质和根系的影响

为缓解华北水资源短缺问题,寻求代替水源,进行了微咸水和再生水灌溉条件下不同灌水量对盆栽棉花土壤理化性质和棉花根系影响的试验。试验设置灌水水质和灌水量2个试验因素,灌水水质设计为低、中、高矿化度微咸水和再生水,清水作为对照;灌水量设计为田间持水量的95%、85%、70%、55%。试验结果表明:微咸水和再生水处理增加土壤含盐量,微咸水处理的土壤含盐量随着矿化度的升高而增加;再生水处理提高土壤有机质和硝态氮的含量;微咸水和再生水促进棉花根系的生长,在盐分累积严重的情况下根系生长最快。     

Numerical evaluation of subsurface trickle irrigation with brackish water

In this study, an assessment for a proposed irrigation system in the El-Salam Canal cultivated land, Egypt, was conducted. A numerical model (HYDRUS-2D/3D) was applied to investigate the effect of irrigation amount, frequency, and emitter depth on the wetted soil volume, soil salinity levels, and deep percolation under subsurface trickle irrigation (SDI) of tomato growing with brackish irrigation water in three different soil types. The simulations indicated that lower irrigation frequency increased the wetted soil volume without significant increase in water percolates below the plant roots. Deep percolation decreased as the amount of irrigation water and emitter depth decreased. With the same amount of irrigation water, the volume of leached soil was larger at lower irrigation frequency. The salinity of irrigation water under SDI with shallow emitter depth did not show any significant effect on increasing the soil salinity above tomato crop salt tolerance. Based on the results, it appears that the use of SDI with brackish irrigation water is an effective method for growing tomato crop in El-Salam Canal cultivated land especially with shallow emitter depth.     

河套灌区节水灌溉对土壤盐分累积规律的模拟研究

在内蒙古河套实施农业节水对引黄灌区水资源可持续利用具有非常重要的意义。通过河套灌区土壤水盐动态的原位监测,并应用水盐运移和作物耦合模型HYDRUS-EPIC对不同灌溉条件下葵花土壤盐分累积规律进行分析。研究结果表明:现状滴灌条件下葵花生育期土壤表层(0~10cm)盐分呈累积趋势,全盐含量分别比传统地面灌溉和等量地面灌高115%和37%;葵花生育期0~100cm增加的全盐量(ΔC)滴灌比传统地面灌溉高305%,比等量地面灌溉低23%,淋洗是灌区滴灌不可或缺的抑盐措施;滴灌条件下葵花的产量比传统地面灌小6.5%;滴灌产量比等量地面灌高11.7%,增产效果明显。     

微咸水滴灌对土壤盐分及棉花产量影响的试验研究

为了确定微咸水膜下滴灌棉花适宜的灌水量和利用方式,通过测坑试验探讨了微咸水膜下滴灌灌水量以及利用方式对棉花根层土壤盐分及产量的影响,结果表明：微咸水膜下滴灌灌水量为525.00~675.00 mm时棉花根层周围盐分积累较少,灌水量为475.00~564.29 mm时棉花产量较高;比起采用3.00 g/L的微咸水直接灌溉,1.08 g/L的微咸水直接灌溉时根系层土壤积盐范围较小且棉花产量较高,其次为1.08 g/L与3.00 g/L的微咸水轮灌。最后综合考虑确定出微咸水膜下滴灌棉花适宜的灌水量范围为525.00~564.29 mm,在淡水资源比较缺乏或没有淡水资源而微咸水资源较丰富的地区,可以考虑采用低矿化度的微咸水直接灌溉或将低矿化度与高矿化度的微咸水进行轮灌。     

盐碱地滴灌对新疆杨生长及土壤盐分分布影响

通过田间试验研究高垄覆膜滴灌模式下不同土壤基质势对盐碱地新疆杨生长以及土壤盐分分布的影响。试验设5个水平的土壤基质势处理：-5kPa（S1）,-10kPa（S2）,-15kPa（S3）,-20kPa（S4）,-25kPa（S5）,每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。试验结果表明,2009年生育末期,根系周围土体中的盐分比...     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及夏玉米生长的影响

进行暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉田间试验,设置3种暗管埋深,分别为80 cm(D1)、120 cm(D2)以及无暗管排水(D0),3种微咸水浓度,其电导率分别为0.78 dS/m(S1),3.75 dS/m(S2)和6.25 dS/m(S3),共9个处理,每个处理3组重复.试验结果表明:暗管排水措施可以有效排除微咸水灌溉过程中土壤中累积的盐分;在玉米全生育期内,暗管埋深D1条件下,3种浓度微咸水S1,S2和S3灌溉时根系土壤电导率分别下降了39.00%,31.56%和29.43%,暗管埋深D2条件下,根系土壤电导率则分别下降了31.91%,18.08%和7.44%;夏玉米干物质累积量、穗棒累积量和穗棒质量分配率及最终产量均随着微咸水浓度的升高而降低;在相同微咸水浓度下,不同暗管埋设条件下的夏玉米最终产量从大到小依次为D1,D2,D0;3种暗管埋设条件下的作物需水量从大到小依次为D0,D2,D1的规律;暗管埋深80 cm的处理(D1)下夏玉米水分利用效率最高,而未埋设暗管的处理(D0)水分利用效率最低;当暗管埋设条件一定时,夏玉米水分利用效率随微咸水浓度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势.     

微咸水膜下滴灌棉花根区土壤水盐运移规律研究

研究了微咸水膜下滴灌条件下,不同矿化度的微咸水灌溉对棉花根区土壤水分、盐分变化的影响。结果表明,在相同灌水定额条件下,棉花根系对高配比微咸水混灌后的土壤水分消耗小,土壤盐分对棉花根系耗水具有抑制作用。当微咸水灌水定额小于25 mm时,易导致土壤盐分的表聚现象。根据土壤含水率与土壤电导率之间的相关关系,建立了宽行土壤电导率计算模型。通过实测值验证,试验地宽行深度为0～30 cm时,土壤电导率计算值与实测值误差率不大于5%,故在此土壤深度范围内可通过模型预测土壤电导率值。     

Model Studies on Salt and Water Balances at Konanki Pilot Area, Andhra Pradesh, India

The salt and water balances at Konanki pilot area in Nagarjunasagar project right canal command in Andhra Pradesh State of India were analysed using SALTMOD. The model was calibrated by using two-year data collected in the pilot area. From the calibration, the leaching efficiencies of the root and transition zone were estimated as 65% and the out going natural sub-surface drainage was determined as 50 mm per year. The model predicts that the root zone soil water salinity will be reduced to 4, 3 and 2.5 dS/m (from an initial value of 11.5 dS/m) during the first, second and third seasons within six years after installation of the drainage system. Next, the situation prior to the installation of the drainage system was reconstructed using the model. Finally, sensitivity analyses were made to study the effects of varying drain depth, spacing and amount of irrigation water applied on root zone salinity and depth to water table. Here, the model predicted that closer than the present spacing or further deepening of the drains from the present depth of 1 m to 1.4 m will not have any better influence on the reduction of the root zone salinity than in the present situation. These simulations also suggested that by applying 80% of the present amount of irrigation water, the root zone salinity can be brought down to 5 and 4 dS/m by second and fourth years, respectively and this will in turn reduce the problem of water logging and salinity to some extent.