氮对玉米杂交种F_(2:4)家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_(2:4)家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析.结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异.相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r=-0.58和-0.62).     

氮对玉米杂交种F2∶4家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_2∶4家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析。结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异。相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r= -0.58和-0.62)。     

葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响

为研究葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响,采用不同质量分数的葡萄糖(0、4 g/kg)和尿素(0、2、4和6 g/kg)对水稻卓两优141的新鲜秸秆进行氨化处理,常温氨化50 d后开包取样分析各项指标。结果表明:氨化饲料中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、玉米赤酶烯酮含量检测结果符合饲料卫生标准;尿素和葡萄糖的交互作用对氨态氮、可溶性碳水化合物和半纤维素含量有显著作用。随着尿素浓度的增加,各处理的pH值显著升高,氨态氮和粗蛋白(CP)含量显著增加,6 g/kg尿素处理组的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)降解效果最好;4 g/kg葡萄糖处理显著降低了秸秆NDF、ADF、ADL和氨态氮含量,显著增加了秸秆可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)和粗蛋白(CP)的含量。综合分析,添加葡萄糖可以提高水稻秸秆的营养价值,4 g/kg葡萄糖+6 g/kg尿素处理组的氨化效果最佳。     

9个燕麦品种在齐齐哈尔地区的农艺性状及饲草品质评价

为筛选出适宜在齐齐哈尔地区推广种植的燕麦品种，用基于熵权的灰色关联方法对9个燕麦品种的农艺性状和饲草品质进行综合评价。结果发现，9个品种中，梦龙株高达到120 cm以上，与吉利和摩登差异不显著，但显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);悍马鲜草产量最高(49 395 kg·hm^-2),龙牧12号干草产量最高(13 837 kg·hm^-2)。9个燕麦品种的可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗灰分(ASH)、木质素(ADL)含量和相对牧草质量(RFQ)分别为10.52%～12.55%、6.58%～9.88%、1.96%～2.83%、32.67%～39.52%、59.47%～68.34%、6.99%～10.40%、3.50%～4.47%、85.00～110.67。梦龙、龙牧12号和吉利的CP含量显著低于其他品种(P<0.05);泰克的ASH含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);龙牧12号的ADF和NDF含量均显著高于其他品种(P<0.05)。应用灰色关联度法...     

优质蛋白玉米陕单17的选育及应用研究

优质蛋白早熟玉米单交种陕单17是西北农林科技大学农学院专用玉米研究室1996年用高赖氨酸自交系Y77QPM为母本,高赖氮酸自选自交系Y76QPM为父本杂交育成.赖氨酸含量0.46%,蛋白质含量11.53%,较对照农大108早熟6 d,综合抗性好,产量与普通玉米对照接近,具子粒饲用和粮饲兼用等特点.适宜在陕西乃至黄淮海区夏播或春播地区推广种植.它的子粒品质是本届区试中惟一达到国家普通玉米一等、食用玉米一等、饲用玉米一等、优质蛋白玉米二等的品种,黄淮海夏播区新一代优质蛋白玉米接班品种,该品种已申报国家植物新品     

青饲玉米品种的比较研究

选用青饲玉米品种与普通玉米鲁单50进行比较试验.结果表明,不同青饲玉米品种的特点不同,青科l号(Q-1)、Q-99-5和Q-99-6品种不仅生物产量高(即饲用物质产量高),而且子粒产量也较高.科多4号和科多8号的子粒产量较低,但属于多穗多蘖型,饲用物质产量显著地高于普通玉米品种。     

刈割对不同类型玉米再生分蘖及产量和品质的影响

以饲用玉米品种科多8号（多蘖多穗型）、普通玉米泰玉2号（多蘖单穗型）和郑单958（无蘖单穗型）为试验材料,研究了不同类型玉米在不同生育阶段刈割后再生分蘖的干物质积累产量及其对品质的影响。结果表明：拔节期刈割主茎后饲用玉米品种科多8号单株分蘖数有所增加,泰玉2号和郑单958单株分蘖数均降低;大喇叭口期刈割显著增加了科多8号和泰玉2号的单株分蘖数,降低了郑单958的单株分蘖数。拔节期和大喇叭口期刈割后3个品种分蘖的干物质积累量均表现为科多8号＞泰玉2号＞郑单958,并且3个品种均是大喇叭口期刈割处理＞拔节期刈割处理＞不刈割（对照）。刈割大大提高玉米子粒的粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量,改善了玉米子粒的品质,并且能够增加玉米鲜秸秆的产量,缓解了畜牧业饲料来源不足的问题。     

氮肥类型与施用量对夏玉米产量与品质性状的影响

以郑单958和农大108为材料,研究了3种类型氮肥(普通尿素、包膜尿素与复合肥)不同施用量对夏玉米产量及子粒品质性状的影响。结果表明:①3种类型氮肥均能使两品种产量显著提高,增产效应以复合肥最好;②施氮对子粒品质性状与不施氮相比,施氮后郑单958粗蛋白与淀粉含量增加,农大108粗蛋白含量极显著提高,游离氨基酸含量显著降低,碳水化合物无明显变化;施N90～180kg/hm2条件下,除游离氨基酸含量外两品种子粒品质性状间无明显差异;③氮肥类型对子粒品质性状的影响:粗蛋白含量受氮肥类型的影响因品种及施氮水平不同表现有差异,郑单958对氮肥类型较为敏感;淀粉含量以郑单958施复合肥增幅最大,而农大108施复合肥时大幅降低,施其他两种氮肥变化不明显;游离氨基酸含量以农大108施普通尿素降幅最大,郑单958施普通尿素与包膜尿素时有所提高,施复合肥时下降。可见氮肥类型与施氮量对夏玉米品质性状的影响具有明显的基因型差异。     

密度及收割高度对复播青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

以农大1027组合为材料,在大田条件下分别研究了5种密度及不同收割高度对复播青贮玉米(生长期82 d)产量和饲用品质的影响。结果表明:在密度6万～18万株/hm2范围内随着密度的增加产量先增后降,密度与产量呈二次曲线关系;而饲用营养品质却随密度增加呈现下降趋势。产量最高的密度和品质最优的密度不一致,优质时的密度显著低于高产时的密度。在密度9万～12万株/hm2条件下,可以获得产量高、品质较优的青贮玉米。适当提高收获高度可以明显改善青贮玉米的饲用营养品质。     

不同类型玉米饲用栽培的营养品质研究

试验于2001～2002年对三个不同类型5个玉米品种饲用栽培的营养品质进行了系统研究.结果表明不同类型玉米品种各器官营养成分含量不同,营养成分在各器官中的分配也不相同,植株干物质各营养成分含量也因品种而异.就营养成分含量而言,粗蛋白含量科多8号最高,而科青1号最低,中单9409、东陵白及掖单13居中;粗脂肪含量粮饲兼用型玉米品种较高,普通型玉米品种其次,二者均高于青贮专用型;粗纤维含量青贮专用型玉米品种较高,粮饲兼用型玉米品种居中,普通型玉米品种最低;无氮浸出物的含量普通型玉米品种＞粮饲兼用型玉米品种＞青贮专用型玉米品种;粗灰分含量青贮专用型玉米品种大于普通型玉米品种与粮饲兼用型玉米品种.由于干物质中营养成分含量的不同及干物质积累量的不同,营养成分积累量不同类型品种间也存在一定的差异性.     

刈割高度对多花黑麦草新品种产量和品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割高度对多花黑麦草新品种饲草产量和品质的影响,以2个多花黑麦草新品种为对象,采用5个刈割高度分别测定2个品种的鲜、干草产量、粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和干物质体外可消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明:在65 cm时刈割,所获得的鲜、干草产量最高;随着刈割高度的增加,2个黑麦草品种的粗蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物含量呈抛物线趋势变化,在刈割高度为55 cm时达到最高值;中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量则随着刈割高度的增大逐渐增加;干物质体外消化率亦呈现抛物线的趋势,在刈割高度为65 cm时达到最高。2个品种的表现规律一致。     

The impact of hydrolyzing and oxidizing agents on chemical composition and digestibility of various high‐fibre forages

Urea (U), sodium hypochlorite (H) and sodium chloride (S) alone or combined were applied upon high‐fibre forages (HFF) in three experiments. Experiment (Exp) I: tall wheatgrass (TW), weeping lovegrass (WL), deferred sorghum (DS) and barley straw (BS) as substrates were untreated (U0) or treated with 4 g 100 g^?1 DM (U4), and stored for 45 days. Within each forage, CP and IVDMD were increased by U4 (p < 0.01). Exp II: TW was treated with U and H: U (as in Exp I) and H (at 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 g active Cl 100 g^?1 DM), alone or combined. The interaction U*H was significant for ADF, ADL and CP. For U4+H0.25 ADF and ADL decreased (p < 0.01). For U0, ADL was reduced from H.025 through H1.00 (p < 0.05). U4 increased IVDMD and CP (p < 0.01). Exp III: oat straw (O) was treated with U0 and U4, H0 and H1, S0 and S4 (4 g S 100 g^?1 DM), including all combinations at 3 storage times (T = 10, 20 and 30 days). Interactions U*S*H*T for ADL, U*H*T for NDF and CP and S*H*T for IVDMD (p < 0.05) were found. ADF was reduced by U4, H1 and S1 (p < 0.01). The greatest decrease (4.5%) was with U4. Principal components analysis showed U4S4H1 highly related to IVDMD for all T. All treatments had little or no impact on NDF, ADF and ADL content. Lower quality forages had greatest improvements in digestibility and N‐retention.     

Intercropped wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and bean (Vicia faba L.) as a whole-crop forage: effect of harvest time on forage yield and quality

Abstract Sole crops and intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and bean (Vicia faba L.), at three harvest dates, representing successive growth stages, were evaluated for biomass production of whole‐crop forage and quality characteristics of crude protein (CP), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations and ash content. These tests were carried out for two field experiments, respectively, drilled during the spring of 1997 and autumn of 1997 on Imperial College Farm, Wye, UK. Results indicated that optimum forage yield and quality were obtained from the second to third harvest dates for the spring‐drilled experiment and the second harvest for the autumn‐drilled experiment. Wheat and bean intercrops were higher in total forage dry matter (DM) yield than either wheat or bean grown as sole crops. Field bean intercropped with wheat led to increased forage quality (CP and NDF concentrations) compared with sole wheat, and higher WSC concentrations compared with sole bean. Intercrops also enhanced weed suppression compared with sole bean. It is suggested that winter wheat–bean intercrops may have considerable potential as a moderate‐yielding, relatively high‐quality, low‐input and environmentally benign forage crop with considerable potential with regard to yield and quality and warrant further study.     

四大玉米杂优类群自交系的全株饲用营养价值分析

对我国现行的四大玉米杂优类群中25个自交系的全株玉米营养价值进行了初步测定,结果表明:在四大玉米杂优类群中,瑞德群的粗蛋白(CP)含量最低,粗脂肪(CF)含量最高,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量居中;兰卡斯特群的ADF含量比其它类群低;塘四平头类群的CF含量最低,NDF和ADF含量却最高;旅大红骨群的NDF含量最低,CP含量最高。单株鲜重、单株干重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维含量在四大类群之间无显著性差异。旅大红骨群与塘四平头群之间的NDF含量有显著差异;ADF含量在兰卡斯特群和瑞德群、塘四平头群和旅大红骨群之间存在着显著性差异。     

Effect of harvest time on yield and pre-harvest quality of semi-leafless grain peas (Pisum sativum L.) as whole-crop forage

The aim of the work was to study changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of whole crop semi-leafless field pea over two growing seasons in the Po plain, Italy. Samples of two cultivars (Baccara and Sidney) were collected from flowering to grain maturity. The developmental stage, yield, dry matter (DM) content, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), starch, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), gross energy (GE), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the net energy for lactation (NE_L) were determined at each harvest. The forage characteristics were regressed on the growing degree days (GDD) with 4.4 °C as the base temperature. The DM yield increased with advancing maturity from 0.5 to 8.91 Mg ha⁻¹, while the CP decreased from 261 to 159 g kg⁻¹ DM. During the whole growth cycle the GE, OMD, NE_L and milk forage units (milk FU) were almost steady. No differences were observed between the cultivars for any of the measured parameters. At grain maturity, the crop produced over 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ DM of grain. The CP, starch and WSC of the grain did not show any differences between the cultivars or years. The data showed that the nutritive quality of the forage of the semi-leafless grain pea harvested as a whole crop for ensiling purposes did not diminish with maturity and could help improve the self-sufficiency of dairy farms, in terms of home-grown protein forages.     

不同刈割期甘蔗营养成分和生物产量研究及饲用价值评价

畜牧产业的快速发展对饲草饲料的需求日益增加,筛选新的饲料作物品种是当务之急。本研究以2个国审牧草甘蔗品种为对照,对15个甘蔗品种的生物产量和10个青饲料常规营养成分指标进行测定分析,探究甘蔗不同刈割期的主成分变化规律,评价甘蔗饲用价值,为甘蔗一年多采和全株饲用提供科学依据。通过因子主成分分析筛选出粗蛋白（CP）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）、粗脂肪（EE）、钙（Ca）5个主要指标,基本包含了所测指标的全部信息。结果显示：15个甘蔗CP含量最高的是‘云蔗12-201’,为8.80%;ADF含量最低的是‘ROC22’,为35.25%;WSC含量最高的是‘云蔗00-290’,为6.16%;EE含量最高的是‘云蔗01-286’,为1.40%。其中‘ROC22’‘云蔗12-201’的CP含量超过CK1、CK2;‘Q27’‘ROC22’‘云蔗01-286’‘云蔗06-160’‘云蔗12-142-1-J’‘滇蔗11-728’的ADF含量均低于CK1、CK2;‘Q27’‘云蔗00-290’‘云蔗12-142-1-J’‘云蔗16-16’‘滇蔗11-726’‘滇蔗11-728’的WS...     

Prediction of the chemical composition of white clover by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to assess near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and reliable method for estimating quality parameters in white clover ( Trifolium repens ). NIRS calibrations were derived for ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) acid detergent lignin (ADL). To maximize variability, the set of samples for analysis was selected from field plots, harvested in two contrasting environmental locations over a period of 5 years. The samples were scanned using a NIR-Systems model 5000 monochromator. A total of 145 samples was used to calibrate and cross-validate the equations derived. A separate independent set (sixty-five samples) was used for testing the predictions. Standard errors of calibration and cross-validation, expressed as percentages of the mean, were 3·5 and 5·5 for ash, 3·0 and 4·2 for CP, 4·4 and 5·0 for CF, 3·7 and 4·7 for NDF, 3·3 and 4·2 for ADF and 14 and 16 for ADL respectively. The NIRS calibrations obtained from this study have the potential to be used in breeding programmes to assess the quality of white clover and for agronomic evaluations.     

刈割留茬高度对青稞饲草与籽粒产量及饲用品质的影响

为探究适宜于高寒区青稞多元化利用最佳刈割留茬高度,以昆仑14号、昆仑18号和柴青1号为试验材料,以未刈割为对照(CK),于分蘖盛期开展不同留茬高度的刈割处理,探究留茬高度对青稞农艺性状、籽粒产量、饲草产量及营养品质的影响。结果表明,随着刈割留茬高度的降低,各青稞品种青苗饲草产量均呈逐渐增加的趋势;青苗中粗蛋白含量呈逐渐降低趋势,而纤维类物质含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,使青苗相对饲喂价值显著降低。各青稞品种秸秆饲草产量随刈割留茬高度的降低而降低,且降幅随留茬高度的降低而增大。刈割使青稞秸秆中粗蛋白含量增多,纤维类物质含量减少,相对饲喂价值升高。留茬8 cm有助于促进青稞穗部、茎部和根系的生长发育,使籽粒产量升高;留茬5 cm会抑制青稞各器官的生长发育,使籽粒产量锐减。各品种在留茬8 cm时综合经济产值最高,其中昆仑14号综合经济产值最高,为2.86×10⁴元·hm^-2。参试材料中,昆仑14号为高寒区最适用于粮饲兼用的青稞品种,8 cm为适宜于青稞饲草与籽粒兼收的最佳刈割留茬高度。     

Effects of monensin and increasing crude protein in early lactation on performance of dairy cows

Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the singular and combined effects of different level of crude protein and monensin treatments during the early lactation on digestion and milk yield of dairy cows. The experiment was designed as completely randomized with a 3x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were three Concentrations of CP supplement (19.5, 21.4 and 23.4% of dry matter) and two levels of monensin (0 and 350 mg per cow per day). This experiment consist of three periods and each period was 3 week in length. Monensin did not affect DMI, milk yield, lactose and SNF but it reduced milk fat and protein percentage. Monensin premix significantly decreased rumen ammonia but rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis was not affected by monensin treatment. Although, Monensin treatment increased apparent digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, but they were not significantly. Increasing dietary CP, improved milk and protein production, but did not alter the other components of milk. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, CP were improved by increasing dietary CP. Increasing diet CP from 19.5 to 21.4% did not significantly increase ruminal ammonia, but increasing to 23.4% have significant effect on it. There was a linear relationship between level of crud protein in the diet and urine volume excretion. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by increasing CP level; on this way maximum protein synthesis was achieved in 21.4% CP.