米曲霉和黑曲霉双菌种制曲对豆酱酶系影响的研究

以黄豆和面粉为主要原料,以淀粉酶、蛋白酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶的活性为指标,采用单因素试验方法,研究米曲霉和黑曲霉(质量比为1:1)对豆酱制曲酶系的影响,优化制曲工艺参数。试验结果表明,采用添加熟面粉的方式,制曲时间为36h,制曲温度为29～32℃,接种量0.04%,双菌种曲中酶的活性高于单一米曲霉曲。     

三种霉菌发酵燕麦的工艺优化

以燕麦为材料,采用米根霉、米曲霉和毛霉3种霉菌分别对燕麦进行发酵,研究了3种霉菌的接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度及水分添加量对发酵燕麦制品甜度和口感的影响,并以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化3种霉菌发酵燕麦的最优工艺。结果表明,米根霉发酵燕麦(RFO)的最优工艺为米根霉接种量0.5%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度33℃,水分添加量10%,在此条件下,产品的感官评分为95.37±2.09分(满分100分);米曲霉发酵燕麦(AFO)的最优工艺为米曲霉接种量0.01%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度25℃,水分添加量10%,在此条件下,感官评分为94.21±1.32分(满分100分);毛霉发酵燕麦(MFO)的最优工艺为毛霉接种量0.01%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度30℃,水分添加量12%,在此条件下,感官评分为91.64±2.25分(满分100分)。试验优化了3种霉菌发酵燕麦的最优工艺,充分利用了燕麦资源,为新型燕麦产品的研发提供新的思路和途径。     

金针菇苏打饼干的制作工艺研究及质构分析

通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究第1次发酵时间、小苏打添加量、金针菇粉添加量及酵母添加量对金针菇苏打饼干感官品质的影响,确定饼干的最佳制备工艺及配方。通过质构分析及显著性分析,判断金针菇粉的添加对苏打饼干品质的影响。结果表明,金针菇苏打饼干最佳制备工艺配方为:第1次发酵时间1.5 h,小苏打添加量1.2%,金针菇粉添加量4%,酵母添加量1.0%;添加金针菇粉与未添加金针菇粉的苏打饼干质构分析(TPA)结果显示,未添加金针菇粉饼干的TPA参数值(硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、脆性、弹性、黏着性)均高于添加金针菇粉的饼干,其中,金针菇粉的添加对苏打饼干的咀嚼性影响显著(P<0.05)。     

橙汁酸奶工艺配方研究

利用鲜榨橙汁、纯牛奶为主原料制作橙汁酸奶,研究橙汁添加量、白砂糖添加量、发酵剂添加量、发酵时间对酸奶品质的影响。以感官指标为评价依据,进行单因素试验和正交优化试验。结果表明,橙汁添加量8%,白砂糖添加量6%,接种量2%,发酵时间4.5 h时制得的橙汁酸奶综合品质最佳。     

台湾青枣乳酸发酵饮料的研制

通过单因素试验(青枣果肉添加量、蔗糖添加量、奶粉添加量、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间)研究青枣发酵饮料的感官品质,通过正交试验,确定台湾青枣发酵饮料的最佳配方为青枣果肉添加量30%,蔗糖添加量10%,奶粉添加量6%;青枣发酵乳酸饮料的最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间35 h,发酵温度30℃,接种量0.25%。     

发酵型灵芝全麦面包的研制

通过一次发酵法,以感官品质为指标,研究发酵型灵芝全麦面包的加工工艺及配方。通过正交试验,得到影响发酵型灵芝全麦面包的主次因素为发酵型灵芝粉添加量酵母添加量黄油添加量白砂糖添加量;发酵型灵芝全麦面包的最佳配方为高筋粉添加量94 g,发酵型灵芝粉添加量6 g,白砂糖添加量8 g,黄油添加量20 g,高糖酵母添加量1.2 g,食盐添加量0.8 g,面包改良剂添加量0.3 g。在此工艺下制得的发酵型灵芝全麦粉面包气孔均匀、色泽光亮,且具有一定的保健功效。     

黑木耳面包最佳生产工艺研究

以黑木耳粉、高筋粉、白砂糖、奶粉、酵母为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究黑木耳粉、白砂糖、奶粉和酵母等原料添加量,以及发酵时间、发酵温度对黑木耳面包品质的影响。结果表明,黑木耳面包最佳工艺和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间2.5 h,黑木耳粉粒度100目,黑木耳粉添加量2%,白砂糖添加量6%,奶粉添加量6%,酵母添加量0.5%,黄油添加量10%;在此条件下,可制成质地均匀、表面光滑、无气孔、口感细腻、清爽、酸甜适度,且有浓郁发酵乳香的黑木耳面包。     

米发糕发酵工艺条件的研究

以酵母粉和乳酸菌粉作为发酵剂,弹性、黏性、回复性为质构指标,研究不同的发酵时间、发酵温度及发酵剂添加量对米发糕质构特性的影响,通过单因素和正交试验对米发糕发酵工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,发酵时间和发酵温度对米发糕弹性影响显著;发酵时间和发酵剂添加量对米发糕黏性影响显著;发酵剂添加量对米发糕回复性影响显著。最优发酵条件为在32℃下发酵6 h,发酵剂添加量5%。在此条件下测得米发糕的弹性、黏性及回复性分别为0.968,3 737.891 g,0.328。     

金针菇保健馒头制作工艺的研究

以金针菇为试材,以感官品质评分为指标,探究金针菇粉添加量、加水量、酵母添加量、发酵时间对馒头品质的影响,并通过正交试验确定金针菇保健馒头制作的最佳工艺。结果表明,金针菇保健馒头制作的最佳工艺条件为金针菇粉添加量5%,加水量55%,酵母添加量0.3%,发酵时间15 min,实际感官评分为91.5分。该研究丰富了馒头的品种,拓展了金针菇的开发应用,满足了人们的多样化需求。     

基于模糊数学综合感官评价的莲子酸奶制作

以莲子、脱脂奶粉为主要原料,采用模糊数学与正交试验进行综合评价的方法,研究凝固型莲子酸奶的制作工艺。结果表明,当莲子粉与奶粉按1∶5的料水比制成悬浮液时,莲奶比1∶2,加糖量5%,接种量4%,42℃下发酵4 h,可制得本试验条件下的最优产品,影响莲子酸奶品质的因素大小为莲奶比接种量发酵时间加糖量。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...