文山牛Y染色体遗传多样性与父系起源研究

[目的] 探究云南文山牛群体Y染色体遗传结构与血统来源，以期为该黄牛品种的资源保护与利用提供科学依据。[方法] 本研究采用PCR扩增和生物信息学方法，对55头文山牛Y-SNPs（UTY19和ZFY10）和Y-STRs（INRA189和BM861）遗传多样性进行系统研究。[结果] 55头文山牛均属于瘤牛Y3单倍型组，结合Y-SNPs和Y-STRs分型结果，发现文山牛中存在Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种Y染色体单倍型，Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1684±0.0636。[结论] 云南文山牛只有瘤牛父系起源，其遗传血统稳定，纯合度高。     

昭通牛Y-SNPs和Y-STRs遗传多样性和父系起源研究

[目的]从分子水平分析昭通牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR产物直接测序和荧光微卫星分型方法对24头昭通牛2个Y-SNPs标记（UTY-19和ZFY-10）和2个Y-STRs标记（INRA189和BM861）进行遗传多态性检测。[结果]发现昭通牛有Y2-90-158和Y3-88-156两种单倍型（Y-SNPs-INRA189-BM861）,频率分别为29.17%和70.83%,表明昭通牛有普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源。Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.4312±0.0812,说明昭通牛的遗传多样性较高。[结论]昭通牛以瘤牛Y3单倍型组为主,具有南方黄牛特征,与其地理分布和气候及形态特征相一致。     

大别山牛Y-SNPs和Y-STRs遗传多样性及父系起源研究

[目的]从分子水平分析大别山牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR产物测序及荧光微卫星分型方法。[结果]对49头大别山牛公牛的2个YSNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)及2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)进行多态性检测,结果表明,2个Y-SNPs标记在大别山牛中均未检测出多态性,2个Y-STRs标记在大别山牛中均表现为单态,即INRA189标记的等位基因大小均为88bp,BM861均为156bp。根据Y-SNPs与Y-STRs标记的结果,发现49头大别山牛全部为Y3-88-156单倍型,频率为1,表明该品种只有Y3瘤牛父系起源,其单倍型多样度为0,显示大别山牛的父系遗传多样性很低。[结论]大别山牛属于南方黄牛类型,其遗传多样性很低,表明其瘤牛种质特性单一、稳定。     

涠洲牛Y-SNPs和Y-STRs遗传多样性及父系起源研究

[目的]为从分子水平上探究涠洲牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]本研究利用PCR测序及生物信息学方法,对28头涠洲公牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)及2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)进行多态性检测。[结果]发现28头涠洲牛全部为Y3单倍型组,根据Y-SNPs标记的核苷酸变异及Y-STRs标记的等位基因大小确定单倍型(Y-SNP-INRA189-BM861),结果显示28头涠洲牛有Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种单倍型,单倍型频率分别为89.29%和10.71%,说明涠洲牛只有1个瘤牛Y3父系起源。Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1984±0.0924,表明涠洲牛的父系遗传多样性较低。[结论]涠洲牛属于瘤牛父系起源,遗传基础十分稳定。     

关岭牛Y染色体遗传多样性与父系起源研究

[目的]探究关岭牛Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、限制性酶切和生物信息学方法,分析关岭牛Y-SNP(USP9Y基因)和2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)的遗传多样性。[结果]发现32头关岭牛USP9Y基因的PCR产物均为552bp,其中4头牛的552bp片段不能被SspI酶切开,属于普通牛Y2单倍型组,占0.125,其余28头牛的PCR产物均可被酶切成两条带(215bp和338bp),属于瘤牛Y3单倍型组,占0.875。2个Y-STRs标记INRA189和BM861在关岭牛品种均表现多态性(88/104bp和156/158bp)。结合Y-SNP与Y-STRs的分型结果,界定关岭牛有2种Y染色体单倍型Y2-104-158和Y3-88-156,其Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.2258±0.0882,表明关岭牛父系遗传多样性很低。[结论]关岭牛具有普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3两种父系起源,其中瘤牛占明显优势。     

南丹牛Y-SNPs与Y-STRs遗传多样性研究

[目的]分析南丹牛的Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法进行分析。[结果]通过对25头南丹牛的Y-SNPs和Y-STRs分析,发现南丹牛仅包含瘤牛Y3单倍型组,细分为Y3-88-156和Y3-90-156两种单倍型,单倍型频率分别为92%和8%,南丹牛的Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1533±0.0915。[结论]南丹牛是瘤牛父系起源,其遗传基础很稳定。     

皖南牛Y-STRs与Y-SNPs遗传多样性研究

[目的]从分子水平探究皖南牛的遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR产物直接测序、荧光微卫星分型方法,选择2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)和2个Y-STRs位点(INRA189和BM861)对35头皖南公牛进行遗传多样性检测。[结果]发现35头皖南公牛包含Y1、Y2和Y3 3种单倍型组,其频率分别为2.86%、8.56%和88.58%。普通牛Y1单倍型组只有1种单倍型(Y1-98-158),普通牛Y2单倍型组有3种单倍型(Y2-102-158、Y2-104-158和Y2-106-158),瘤牛Y3单倍型组只有1种单倍型(Y3-88-156),皖南牛Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.2185±0.0924,表明皖南牛有普通牛与瘤牛2个父系起源,遗传多样性较低。[结论]皖南牛属于南方黄牛类型,以瘤牛的种质特性为主。     

延边牛Y染色体遗传多样性与父系起源研究

[目的]为了研究延边牛Y染色体遗传多样性以及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、直接测序和生物信息学方法,分析延边牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY19和ZFY10)和2个Y-STRs标记(INRA189和BM861)的遗传多样性。[结果]Y-SNPs标记检测发现延边牛有Y1和Y2单倍型组,2个Y-STRs标记在延边牛品种检测发现只有INRA189表现多态性(98bp/102bp/104bp)。结合Y-SNPs与Y-STRs的分型结果,确定延边牛有3种Y染色体单倍型Y1-98-158、Y2-102-158和Y2-104-158,所占频率分别为0.031、0.938和0.031,其Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.1230±0.0777,表明延边牛父系遗传多样性很低,父系遗传稳定。[结论]延边牛为普通牛父系起源,其中Y2单倍型组占明显优势。     

夏南牛Y-STRs和Y-SNPs多态性及父系起源研究

[目的]为从分子水平上探究夏南牛的父系遗传多态性、群体遗传结构及起源。[方法]采用直接测序、荧光微卫星分型方法。[结果]通过2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)分析发现,32头夏南牛属于普通牛Y2单倍型组,所占频率为100%。通过2个Y-STRs位点(INRA189和BM861)的遗传多态性分析,发现32头夏南牛在2个Y-STRs标记中均无多态性,INRA189标记只有102bp等位基因,BM861标记只有158bp等位基因。结合Y-SNP与Y-STRs的分型结果,判定夏南牛只有1种Y染色体单倍型(Y2-102-158),其Y染色体单倍型多样度为0。[结论]夏南牛只有Y2普通牛父系起源且父系遗传基础稳定、单一,这与夏南牛的培育历史相一致。     

西藏牛和日喀则驼峰牛Y-SNPs遗传多样性及父系起源研究

[目的]分析西藏牛和日喀则驼峰牛的Y染色体遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]通过对13头西藏牛Y-SNPs分析,发现西藏牛包含普通牛Y1、Y2及瘤牛Y3三种单倍型组,其频率分别为0.077、0.846和0.077;对8头日喀则驼峰牛Y-SNPs的分析表明,日喀则驼峰牛具有普通牛Y2和瘤牛Y3两种单倍型组,其频率分别为0.125和0.875。西藏牛和日喀则驼峰牛的单倍型多样度分别为0.2949±0.1558和0.2500±0.1802,表明西藏牛和日喀则驼峰牛具有较低的父系遗传多样性。[结论]西藏牛主要为普通牛Y2起源,日喀则驼峰牛主要为瘤牛Y3起源,且其遗传多样性较低。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.