1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对4种蔬菜害虫的作用方式比较

采用叶片夹毒法、微量点滴法和玻片浸渍法等方法测定了1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对菜青虫、小菜蛾、豌豆蚜和截形叶螨的杀虫效果。结果表明:处理24h后,在触杀活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对试虫的毒力大小为菜青虫小菜蛾豌豆蚜截形叶螨;在内吸活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对截形叶螨和豌豆蚜的LC50分别为149.22mg/L和101.76mg/L,均小于触杀作用下的219.10mg/L和165.25mg/L,表明1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对豌豆蚜和截形叶螨内吸毒性明显优于触杀作用;在胃毒活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对菜青虫和小菜蛾的LC50分别为342.82mg/L和407.34mg/L,而触杀作用下的LC50为58.61mg/L和75.30mg/L,表明该药剂对菜青虫和小菜蛾有较强的触杀作用和一定的胃毒作用。     

半夏和苦楝汁液对菜青虫杀虫活性的研究初报

用三龄菜青虫对半夏块茎和苦楝叶、果的汁液进行了室内杀虫活性的测定。结果表明,半夏对菜青虫的胃毒作用较强,72h的校正死亡率达75.8%,而触杀作用为38.6%;室内防治效果也较高,校正死亡率可达82.3%。表明半夏具有开发应用的潜力。     

半夏和苦楝汁液对菜青虫的杀虫活性初报

用3龄菜青虫(Pieris rapae L．)对半夏(Pinellia ternata Breit)块茎和苦楝(Melia azedarach L．)叶、果的汁液进行了室内杀虫活性的测定。结果表明：半夏对菜青虫的胃毒作用和室内防治效果较高，72h校正死亡率分别达75．8％和82.3％，触杀作用为38．6％，具有开发应用的潜力。     

瑞香狼毒素对菜粉蝶幼虫的拒食活性及其作用机制

瑞香狼毒素1,5-二苯基-3-羟基-1-戊酮,是本室从杀虫植物瑞香狼毒中分离得到的一个高活性化合物。本文研究了该活性成分对菜粉蝶幼虫的拒食作用和对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响。采用浸渍叶碟饲喂法测得:在48h时瑞香狼毒素对3龄幼虫的非选择性和选择性拒食作用的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为15.1mg/L和16.9mg/L。采用点滴法测得瑞香狼毒素对5龄幼虫的拒食作用的拒食中量(AFD50)为0.565μg/头。瑞香狼毒素对AChE活性的抵制率高达78.5%,表明该活性成分可显著抑制AChE活性。     

透骨草杀虫活性成分分离鉴定及其生物活性研究

采用柱层析分离、高效液相色谱切分和生物活性追踪法,从透骨草Phryma leptostachya L.石油醚提取物中分离出2个具有杀虫活性的化合物(B1和B2),采用质谱、核磁共振氢谱和碳谱,并结合相关文献对其结构进行鉴定,发现其分别为双氧木脂素A 和E。首次以粘虫Mythimna separata、槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon和家蝇Musca domestica为试虫,测定了这2个化合物的杀虫活性。结果表明:化合物 B1和B2 对3龄粘虫24 h的胃毒致死中浓度(LC50值)分别为34.9和52.8 μg/mL,24 h触杀致死中量(LD50值)分别为0.09和0.26 μg/头;对3龄槐尺蠖24 h的胃毒LC50值分别为66.1和1 675 μg/mL,触杀LD50值分别为0.049和1.33 μg/头;对家蝇成虫24 h的胃毒LC50值分别为39.2和969 μg/mL,触杀LD50值分别为0.047和1.12 μg/头。     

芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫的生物活性

本文研究了芥末精油对锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis成虫的室内杀虫活性.结果表明,芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫具有很强的熏蒸、驱避和触杀活性.在不同时间0.1μL·L-1芥末精油的熏蒸活性均最强,24h熏蒸毒力最大,锯谷盗成虫的校正死亡率达99.38%;方差分析表明不同处理时间和不同处理剂量对试虫的熏蒸活性均有极显著影响.随着时间延长,驱避作用逐渐增强;同一时间处理浓度越高驱避作用越强,8d时0.1μL·L-1驱避活性最强,达100%.在同一时间随着处理浓度的增大,芥末精油对锯谷盗触杀校正死亡率呈上升趋势,但18h后各处理间校正死亡率无显著差异.     

新化合物HNPC-A8008对鳞翅目害虫的作用方式和作用特性

为系统评价新型吡唑类杀虫剂HNPC-A8008对鳞翅目害虫的生物活性、作用方式及环境因素对其应用效能的影响,通过叶片夹毒法、点滴法和根部内吸法测定了其胃毒活性、触杀活性和内吸活性,采用Potter喷雾法测定了温度、龄期对其生物活性的影响及对3龄粘虫幼虫的持效性,并应用浸渍法测定了其对粘虫卵的活性。结果表明,HNPC-A8008对粘虫表现出很好的胃毒毒力,且具有一定的触杀活性,但内吸活性较弱,药后24 h和72 h对粘虫触杀LD50和胃毒毒力LC50值分别为221.38μg/头和0.73 mg/L;2 000 mg/L浓度下,粘虫的内吸死亡率为56.67%;对1~4龄粘虫幼虫的的毒力分别为5.33、12.21、32.05和39.60 mg/L,对4龄的毒力最低;400 mg/L药液对粘虫卵的孵化抑制率为88.00%,初孵幼虫的死亡率为61.93%。温度对HNPC-A8008毒力发挥有显著影响,从15℃升至35℃,毒力增强了3.47倍,属正温度系数类杀虫剂。HNPC-A8008具有较长的持效期,药后0~14 d对3龄粘虫的LC50值在30.55~48.35 mg/L之间。     

含酰腙结构的新型吡唑酰胺衍生物对小菜蛾的生物活性

采用浸虫法、夹毒叶片法和叶碟法分别测定了13个含酰腙结构的新型吡唑酰胺衍生物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的触杀、胃毒和拒食活性。结果表明:该类化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫具有较高的胃毒和拒食活性,其中苯环上含有氯原子、且酰腙一端的取代基含有杂原子且体积较小的化合物 H7的胃毒和拒食活性最好,明显高于对照药剂毒死蜱。H7 72 h胃毒作用LC50值为0.6 mg/L(毒死蜱的LC50值为7.4 mg/L);有10个化合物的拒食活性高于毒死蜱,其中 H7 48 h的拒食中浓度(AFC50) 最低,为0.6 mg/L,明显低于毒死蜱(AFC50=6.5 mg/L)。供试化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫均无触杀活性。     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水/氯仿(1:1,v/v)萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL.3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg/头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82.22%和92.59%,显著高于触杀死亡率58.89%和68.15%。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物及4种溶剂萃取物对两种叶螨及豌豆蚜的触杀活性比较

本文分别采用玻片浸渍法和带虫浸叶法测定比较了瑞香狼毒根乙醇提取物及4种不同溶剂萃取物对截形叶螨、二斑叶螨及豌豆蚜的触杀活性。结果表明,瑞香狼毒根的乙醇提取物对截形叶螨、二斑叶螨、豌豆蚜处理12h的校正死亡率分别为60.28%、59.24%、54.32%,24h的校正死亡率分别为66.75%、61.45%、65.53%;石油醚萃取物对3种供试生物处理12h和24h校正死亡率分别为89.39%、93.70%、91.49%和93.33%、84.19%、100%;氯仿萃取物处理12h和24h后校正死亡率分别为32.11%、35.66%、27.35%和34.47%、35.95%、38.60%,瑞香狼毒4种溶剂萃取物触杀活性顺序为:石油醚氯仿水乙酸乙酯,随着浓度增大,萃取物对3种供试生物的触杀活性明显增强,表现出良好的量效关系。石油醚萃取物对截形叶螨12h和24h的LC50分别为2.040 2mg/mL和0.8mg/mL;对二斑叶螨12h和24h的LC50分别为0.280 3mg/mL和0.037mg/mL;对豌豆蚜12h和24h的LC50分别为0.911 4mg/mL和0.360 5mg/mL,24h毒力均高于12h毒力。     

NbRbohB基因在本氏烟与疫霉菌互作中的功能分析

活性氧(active oxygen species, AOS)在植物抗病中发挥着重要作用,主要由NADPH氧化酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase)系统产生.为明确NADPH氧化酶NbRbohB基因在本氏烟与疫霉菌亲和与非亲和性互作中的功能,采用荧光定量PCR技术以及病毒诱导的基因沉默方法探究了NbRbohB基因在本氏烟中对2种疫霉菌抗性中的作用,并利用NADPH氧化酶抑制剂对辣椒疫霉的抗性进行了检测.结果发现:2种疫霉菌均能诱导本氏烟发生氧迸发,且NbRbohB基因可能参与了疫霉菌诱导本氏烟发生的氧迸发过程.该基因沉默后降低了本氏烟对亲和互作辣椒疫霉菌的抗性,但对非亲和互作疫霉菌的抗性没有肉眼可见的影响;NADPH氧化酶抑制剂处理本氏烟后也能降低其对辣椒疫霉的抗性.表明该基因通过介导AOS产生,参与植物对亲和性与非亲和性互作疫霉的抗病反应,在亲和互作中尤为重要.     

靶标抗性点突变基因型检测技术

杀虫剂的不合理使用导致害虫的抗药性日趋严重。抗药性是一种涉及一个或几个昆虫基因的遗传特征。靶标抗性通常与点突变相关,对抗性相关的点突变的快速检测诊断是抗性治理的基础之一。评述了5种基因型检测技术——单链构象多态性、固相微型测序、双向等位特异PCR扩增、实时荧光定量PCR和焦磷酸测序的优缺点及其在突变检测中的应用。     

In vitro activity and binding characteristics of the hydroxybenzonitriles in chloroplasts isolated from Matricaria inodora and Viola arvensis

The electron transport inhibition, uncoupling, and binding of ioxynil and bromoxynil salts is compared in chloroplast fragments isolated from two weed species with contrasting responses to the hydroxybenzonitriles. Ioxynil Na was three to four times more inhibitory than bromoxynil K towards DCPIP and SiMo reduction in both Matricaria inodora and Viola arvensis. Ioxynil Na was also a more potent uncoupler of PSI-dependent electron transport from ascorbate/DCPIP to methyl viologen. Uncoupling occurred at concentrations higher than those that inhibited electron transport. Binding studies with [¹⁴C]bromoxynil K and [¹⁴C]ioxynil Na salts revealed slightly biphasic curves with no significant difference in the amounts of the two herbicides bound at a given concentration. The ratios of inhibition constant (K_i) and binding constant (K_b) were approximately one for ioxynil Na and three for bromoxynil K. Radiolabelled herbicide displacement studies revealed that ioxynil Na could partially displace bound [¹⁴C]bromoxynil K, but bromoxynil K could not displace bound ioxynil Na at biochemically active concentrations. Ioxynil Na may be a more effective inhibitor than bromoxynil K because it binds more strongly to the thylakoid membrane.     

多杀菌素对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾纯合子品系作寄主饲养菜蛾绒茧蜂,用多杀菌素田间推荐使用浓度(25 mg/L)分别处理处于卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的绒茧蜂,其中卵期和幼虫期通过处理寄主幼虫间接处理,并测定该药剂对成虫的毒力,系统观察该杀虫剂对绒茧蜂各虫期的致死和亚致死作用。与对照相比,绒茧蜂卵期或幼虫期其寄主受药后,可导致蜂幼虫死于寄主体内或啮出寄主的过程中,使结茧化蛹率下降43% ~56%,成虫羽化率下降19% ~33%,成蜂雌性比下降11% ~25%,而成虫大小、寿命和寄生力未受显著影响;在蛹期受药使成虫羽化率下降10%,成蜂寿命缩短,但对成虫寄生力无显著影响;对成虫24 h的LC99为4.31 mg/L。结果表明,多杀菌素可进入寄主作用于其体内的蜂卵和幼虫,或直接作用于蜂蛹和成虫,从而对绒茧蜂各个虫态产生显著的致死和亚致死效应,尤以对成虫高毒。     

欧洲山芥对小菜蛾个体发育及产卵选择性的影响

测试了欧洲山芥对小菜蛾个体发育和成虫繁殖力的影响，以及小菜蛾雌蛾经历不同植物后对其产卵选择性的影响。结果表明，在欧洲山芥开花结籽期植株上取食发育至化蛹的少量个体，与白菜、结球甘蓝上取食发育的个体相比，身体较小，繁殖力较低；欧洲山芥具有刺激小菜蛾成虫增加生殖力的作用，对甘蓝上发育出来的雌成虫，当分别提供欧洲山芥或结球甘蓝让其产卵时，在两种植物上平均每雌产卵量分别为267粒和139粒；经历不能明显改变小菜蛾雌成虫对欧洲山芥的强烈嗜好性，当小菜蛾在成虫期经历白菜或甘蓝后．对这两种植物的相对嗜好性虽有所提高，但仍将绝大部分或所有的卵产在欧洲山芥上。可见，欧洲山芥对于小菜蛾是一种较为理想的诱杀植物。     

细辛醚对家蝇和淡色库蚊的生物活性

为了进一步确定细辛醚的作用谱和作用方式,测定了其对家蝇和淡色库蚊的触杀、熏蒸和忌避活性。结果表明:细辛醚对家蝇4 h的触杀LD50值为3.45 μg/头;对家蝇、淡色库蚊4 h的熏蒸LC50值分别为5.77和4.24 μL/L;对两者在LC80剂量下熏蒸处理的击倒中时(KT50)值分别为11.64和4.80 min;在1 mg/mL的浓度下,对家蝇的忌避率为81.82%。中毒家蝇依次表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡等症状。     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

Enzyme inhibition by molluscicidal component of Areca catechu and Carica papaya in the nervous tissue of vector snail Lymnaea acuminata

In the present study toxic effects of active molluscicidal component of Areca catechu and Carica papaya was studied on certain enzymes in the nervous tissue of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata. In in vivo and in vitro exposure of arecoline (active component of Areca catechu seed) and papain (C. papaya latex and seed) significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. The inhibition kinetics of these enzymes indicate that arecoline and papain caused competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of AChE, respectively, whereas arecoline caused competitive-non-competitive inhibition of ACP/ALP and papain caused non-competitive inhibition of ACP/ALP. Thus the inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP by arecoline and papain in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata may be the cause of molluscicidal activity of A. catechu and C. papaya, respectively.     

非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮的超临界流体萃取技术研究

采用超临界流体萃取-反相高效液相色谱法,以鱼藤酮萃取率和萃取产物总得率为评价指标,研究提出非洲山毛豆Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f中鱼藤酮的超临界流体萃取较优工艺条件为:萃取物料粒径30目,静态萃取20 min,萃取温度45℃,压力27.58 MPa,流体总流量30 mL/g,萃取前向萃取池中加入3 mL甲醇作夹带剂。采用该法对非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮的萃取率(质量分数)达0.41%,相当于氯仿浸提法的98%;萃取产物总得率(质量分数)为16.62%,高于氯仿浸提法。与常规溶剂法相比,该方法具有萃取效率高、精确、无毒、经济、操作简便、选择性可调等优点。