国内外原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估研究综述

近年来我国乳品消费量持续增加,乳品质量安全关乎着人们身体健康和生命安全.金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的乳品中毒事件时有发生,逐本求源地针对原料乳开展金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估研究是十分必要的.本文根据国际食品法典委员会拟定的微生物风险评估的原则和指导方针,从危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估、风险描述四方面综述了关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌国内外风险评估的研究现状.通过国外成熟的定量风险评估案例,介绍关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌定量风险评估的基本框架,提出未来应加强构建肠毒素预测模型,较为系统的对原料乳从牧场到餐桌进行全程监控和风险评估的建议.     

乳品中有害微生物的检测技术及发展分析

文章首先分析了乳品中有害微生物带来的危害,同时阐述了常见的几种检测乳品中有害微生物的技术,最后还对检测技术进行了进一步延伸与探究。     

试验性兽用疫苗的风险分析

应用风险分析模型对疫苗微生物及环境释放进行安全性研究,明确地描述了鉴定和评估潜在安全风险的方法,提交风险分析报告,以确保新的试验性兽用疫苗的安全性。试验性兽用疫苗的风险评估包括：安全危害的鉴定、释放评估以及对动物、公共卫生或环境的安全风险的鉴定。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在乳品微生物中的应用进展

微生物污染贯穿乳品工业的各个环节,对经济发展和人类健康构成威胁。对微生物的有效控制是乳品质量与安全重点关注的问题,基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）在乳品安全监管工作中,具有快速、准确、稳定、灵敏以及成本低等特点,因而受到广泛的关注与应用。深入了解MALDI-TOF MS技术在乳品微生物中的应用途径与策略,可以有效提升乳品安全监管质量与效率。本综述旨在讨论 MALDI-TOF MS技术在乳品微生物中的实际应用,对MALDI-TOF MS技术在乳品微生物中的发展趋势和应用前景进行分析和探究,为应用MALDI-TOF MS技术深入研究乳品微生物相关问题提供了理论依据。     

生鲜乳有害微生物污染与危害分析

近年来乳制品质量安全是社会关注的焦点,而作为乳制品供应链最上游的生鲜乳的质量安全是乳业持续健康发展的根本保证,其可能含有的乳源性病原体和腐败菌等有害微生物严重影响乳品质量和安全。本文综述了生鲜乳中有害微生物的来源、生鲜乳种类和冷藏、巴氏杀菌对有害微生物的影响,以及主要致病菌的发生、危害和研究现状,以期为监督管理乳制品生产、加工和食物安全提供基础依据。     

生鲜乳中微生物检测技术研究进展

我国现阶段乳品科技发展迅速,随之衍生一些乳品安全问题。目前,微生物引发的乳品污染问题仍然是乳品质量安全的重点和难点,生鲜乳质量安全影响着终端奶业发展,相关机构和部门都在探寻简单、便捷、廉价、高效的乳品微生物检测方法。本文就生鲜乳中微生物检测技术现状和进展进行简要综述,以供相关行业借鉴参考。     

对保暖制品中羽绒填充料开展微生物检测必要性的探讨

本文通过调查水洗前羽绒原料及水洗加工后的羽绒填充料中微生物状况,参照GB/T 22760-2008《消费品安全风险评估通则》对水洗羽绒中的4种微生物(嗜中温性需氧菌、粪链球菌、还原亚硫酸盐的梭状芽胞杆菌和沙门氏菌)进行风险评估。得出的结论:作为一般消费品使用的衣服和被子的填充料羽绒中微生物对人体潜在的危害是极小的,风险等级为A级:可容许风险。认为现行欧盟和我国国家标准对保暖用品羽绒填充料进行微生物检测没有实际意义。     

国内外猪肉微生物限量标准比较研究

对猪肉中影响品质与安全的微生物的种类及危害特点作了介绍,通过分析比较了国内外微生物限量标准,指出了我国猪肉微生物标准存在的问题及差距,为完善肉品微生物标准体系提出合理化建议,以期推动猪肉产业向着安全、优质的方向发展。     

奶牛饲养过程中环境污染和化学性投人品对原料奶安全的风险分析

影响乳品安全的因素是多方面的,包括微生物的污染、饲料中的有毒有害化学物质的存在、饲料中非营养性添加剂带来的污染、饲料加工过程产生的毒物及交叉污染等.主要对我国奶牛的养殖现状和环境污染对奶牛养殖业的影响加以分析,并对化学性投入品给奶牛健康和原料奶质量带来的风险进行评估,以期为实现奶牛业可持续发展和确保乳品质量安全提供参考.     

国际动物源食品兽药残留风险评估概述

介绍了目前国际上对动物源食品中兽药残留进行风险评估的现状,主要内容包括危害鉴定、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述,意义在于为我国即将开展的农产品安全风险评估提供一定的理论参考.     

A Qualitative Risk Assessment Approach for Swiss Dairy Products: Opportunities and Limitations

Switzerland implemented a risk‐based monitoring of Swiss dairy products in 2002 based on a risk assessment (RA) that considered the probability of exceeding a microbiological limit value set by law. A new RA was launched in 2007 to review and further develop the previous assessment, and to make recommendations for future risk‐based monitoring according to current risks. The resulting qualitative RA was designed to ascertain the risk to human health from the consumption of Swiss dairy products. The products and microbial hazards to be considered in the RA were determined based on a risk profile. The hazards included Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, coagulase‐positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. The release assessment considered the prevalence of the hazards in bulk milk samples, the influence of the process parameters on the microorganisms, and the influence of the type of dairy. The exposure assessment was linked to the production volume. An overall probability was estimated combining the probabilities of release and exposure for each combination of hazard, dairy product and type of dairy. This overall probability represents the likelihood of a product from a certain type of dairy exceeding the microbiological limit value and being passed on to the consumer. The consequences could not be fully assessed due to lack of detailed information on the number of disease cases caused by the consumption of dairy products. The results were expressed as a ranking of overall probabilities. Finally, recommendations for the design of the risk‐based monitoring programme and for filling the identified data gaps were given. The aims of this work were (i) to present the qualitative RA approach for Swiss dairy products, which could be adapted to other settings and (ii) to discuss the opportunities and limitations of the qualitative method.     

云南特色食品乳扇中铝含量的检测技术研究及其健康风险评估

建立干法灰化-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定乳扇中铝的含量。采用干法灰化对牛奶和乳扇样品进行前处理,利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定乳扇中铝含量,采用靶标危害系数法（Target Hazard Quotients,THQ）评价乳扇中铝含量对人体存在的潜在健康风险。铝在0.0~10.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,干法灰化前处理方式的检测结果满足方法学要求,回收率为91.90%~96.80%,精密度为3.59%~6.52%;检出限为0.15 mg/kg。重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险评价结果表明,乳扇存在膳食摄入潜在风险。干法灰化-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法操作简便、准确性好,适合乳扇批量产品检测,对于保证乳扇安全性具有重要的意义,为乳扇的质量安全性评估提供了一定的理论依据。     

Participatory probabilistic assessment of the risk to human health associated with cryptosporidiosis from urban dairying in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya

We carried out a participatory risk assessment to estimate the risk (negative consequences and their likelihood) from zoonotic Cryptosporidium originating in dairy farms in urban Dagoretti, Nairobi to dairy farm households and their neighbours. We selected 20 households at high risk for Cryptosporidium from a larger sample of 300 dairy households in Dagoretti based on risk factors present. We then conducted a participatory mapping of the flow of the hazard from its origin (cattle) to human potential victims. This showed three main exposure pathways (food and water borne, occupational and recreational). This was used to develop a fault tree model which we parameterised using information from the study and literature. A stochastic simulation was used to estimate the probability of exposure to zoonotic cryptosporidiosis originating from urban dairying. Around 6?% of environmental samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Probability of exposure to Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle ranged from 0.0055 for people with clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in non-dairy households to 0.0102 for children under 5?years from dairy households. Most of the estimated health burden was born by children. Although dairy cattle are the source of Cryptosporidium, the model suggests consumption of vegetables is a greater source of risk than consumption of milk. In conclusion, by combining participatory methods with quantitative microbial risk assessment, we were able to rapidly, and with appropriate 'imprecision', investigate health risk to communities from Cryptosporidium and identify the most vulnerable groups and the most risky practices.     

Risk Assessment of Bacitracin Resistance as a Medicated Feed Additive

The aim of this study was to provide theoretical basis for regulatory departments to formulate risk management measures for bacterial resistance of animal origin.The point assessment method was applied to assess the risk of bacitracin resistance in animal origin foods of Chinese residents,according to the model of risk assessment analysis,based on the data from the monitoring report of the citizen's physiques in China in 2014,the fifth Chinese total diet study and the official website of European Medicine Agency.Dietary exposure to bacitracin was calculated by estimated daily intake,and hazard quotient (HQ) was used in risk characterisation to indicate risk level of health damage exposed to bacitracin.Firstly,through the way of hazard identification,the toxicity of bacitracin by oral ingestion was very low.But the pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens had developed resistance to bacitracin,with the resistance genes easily transferring to the human intestinal flora through bacteria commonness.Secondly,the hazard characterization indicated the toxicological ADI was 0.055 mg/(kg·BW),and the microbiological ADI was 3.9 μg/(kg·BW).Thirdly,exposure assessment showed that the maximum dietary exposure of bacitracin was in 2 to 7 age group among Chinese residents.And that of women through intake of dairy products was higher than men.Among 2 to 7 age group,dairy products contributed most to the dietary exposure of bacitracin,while meat was the largest contributor above 8 years old.Fourthly,risk characterization hazard quotient was 1.4901 for males and 1.4121 for females among Chinese residents aged 2 to 7 by calculation,and <1 among other age groups.Finally,the uncertainty analysis showed that the lack of monitoring data of bacitracin residues in animal foods,the lag of authoritative data collection and release,the absence of consumption data of aquatic products brought uncertainty to the results.In total,the risk of bacitracin resistance as a medicated feed additive through animal foods exposure was high in children aged 2 to 7 and moderate in other age groups.The maximum residue limit standard should be revised appropriately and risk management of bacitracin resistance need to be strengthened in imported animal foods.     

药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险评估

本研究旨在为监管部门制定动物源细菌耐药风险管理措施提供理论依据。利用2014年国民体质监测数据、第五次中国总膳食研究数据和欧洲药品管理局官方网站数据,采用抗菌药物风险评估模型,对中国居民经动物性食品摄入杆菌肽的耐药性风险进行点评估。用估算每日摄入量作为杆菌肽膳食暴露量,用危害指数（HQ）进行风险特征描述,反映杆菌肽耐药对人体健康损害的风险等级。结果表明,危害识别得杆菌肽经口毒性极低,但肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌已对杆菌肽产生耐药性,耐药基因可转移至人体肠道菌群。经危害特征描述可知,杆菌肽毒理学每日允许摄入量（ADI）为0.055 mg/（kg·BW）,微生物学ADI为3.9 μg/（kg·BW）。暴露评估发现,中国居民中2~7岁人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量最高,女性通过摄入乳类的杆菌肽膳食暴露量高于男性。2~7岁人群中,杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以乳类贡献最大,8岁以上人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以肉类贡献最大。风险特征描述发现,中国居民中通过摄入肉、蛋、乳等动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群HQ分别为男性1.4901、女性1.4121;其他年龄人群均<1。不确定性分析发现,结果不确定性源自缺乏动物性食品杆菌肽残留量监测数据、权威数据发布的滞后性、未考虑水产品等因素。综上动物性食品中药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群为高风险,其他年龄段人群为中等风险。针对杆菌肽的耐药性风险,必要时修订动物性食品中杆菌肽的最大残留限量,同时加强对进口动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险管理。     

Cattle industry and zoonotic risk

The intensive farming of dairy and beef cattle has elicited a decrease in the herds and an increase in the number of animals per herd. The high concentration of cattle and the movement of the animals among herds has led to an increase in the health risks. In this context we have to consider the role of microbial agents of zoonoses, such as bacteria, parasites, and in some cases viruses. Notably, foodstuffs, such as meat, milk and dairy products, are the main sources of zoonoses of bovine origin. In particular, raw milk must be considered at high risk for trasmission of pathogens from cattle to humans. The European Regulation concerning food safety provides specific requirements for animal products and in bovine health management. Given the direct responsibility of the producer, the adoption of a self-regulation regimen on animal health, dairy and meat products must be planned by farmers.     

Cattle industry and zoonotic risk

The intensive farming of dairy and beef cattle has elicited a decrease in the herds and an increase in the number of animals per herd. The high concentration of cattle and the movement of the animals among herds has led to an increase in the health risks. In this context we have to consider the role of microbial agents of zoonoses, such as bacteria, parasites, and in some cases viruses. Notably, foodstuffs, such as meat, milk and dairy products, are the main sources of zoonoses of bovine origin. In particular, raw milk must be considered at high risk for trasmission of pathogens from cattle to humans. The European Regulation concerning food safety provides specific requirements for animal products and in bovine health management. Given the direct responsibility of the producer, the adoption of a self-regulation regimen on animal health, dairy and meat products must be planned by farmers.     

Participatory probabilistic assessment of the risk to human health associated with cryptosporidiosis from urban dairying in Dagoretti,Nairobi, Kenya

We carried out a participatory risk assessment to estimate the risk (negative consequences and their likelihood) from zoonotic Cryptosporidium originating in dairy farms in urban Dagoretti, Nairobi to dairy farm households and their neighbours. We selected 20 households at high risk for Cryptosporidium from a larger sample of 300 dairy households in Dagoretti based on risk factors present. We then conducted a participatory mapping of the flow of the hazard from its origin (cattle) to human potential victims. This showed three main exposure pathways (food and water borne, occupational and recreational). This was used to develop a fault tree model which we parameterised using information from the study and literature. A stochastic simulation was used to estimate the probability of exposure to zoonotic cryptosporidiosis originating from urban dairying. Around 6 % of environmental samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Probability of exposure to Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle ranged from 0.0055 for people with clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in non-dairy households to 0.0102 for children under 5 years from dairy households. Most of the estimated health burden was born by children. Although dairy cattle are the source of Cryptosporidium, the model suggests consumption of vegetables is a greater source of risk than consumption of milk. In conclusion, by combining participatory methods with quantitative microbial risk assessment, we were able to rapidly, and with appropriate ‘imprecision’, investigate health risk to communities from Cryptosporidium and identify the most vulnerable groups and the most risky practices.     

牛乳杀菌技术研究进展

乳及乳制品是营养价值极高的食品，为保证充足的安全性、较长的货架期及稳定的营养价值，乳杀菌技术得到研究人员的重点关注。本文综述乳品工业的杀菌技术研究进展，阐明热处理技术和非热处理技术的杀菌机制，介绍巴氏杀菌、超高温瞬时灭菌、超高压处理、超声波、脉冲电场等不同杀菌技术对微生物、营养活性物质、风味物质、质构及化学反应等方面的影响，为其在高生物活性乳制品中的开发应用提供参考。