低温贮藏年限对小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的影响

为了探究低温贮藏年限对小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的影响,以3种不同熟期的小粒大豆品种为试验材料,设置5个贮藏年限处理,研究低温贮藏条件下小粒大豆种子活力及幼苗质量的变化规律.结果 表明:随着贮藏年限的增加,不同小粒大豆品种的种子活力和幼苗质量相关指标变化规律基本相同,种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、正常苗率及幼苗质量相关指标均随贮藏年限的增加呈降低趋势,种子浸提液电导率呈上升趋势.不同品种耐贮能力有较大差异,东农690和吉林小粒6号种子的安全贮藏期为1年;九芽豆1号耐贮性较好,安全贮藏期为2年.     

超干贮藏对柱花草种子的影响

以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究超干贮藏对柱花草种子的生理生化变化及超干保存技术指标。结果表明,含水量降至3.17%的柱花草超干种子,经50℃15d人工加速老化后,表现出较强的抗老化能力。贮藏2a 后,超干种子与分别在5℃和-20℃贮藏下的含水量为8.10%的种子相比,它们的发芽率、活力指数等方面均无显著性差异;超干种子与室温贮藏下的对照相比,其电导率降低43.0%、脱氢酶活性增强33.5%、丙二醛积累减少50.0%、幼苗的吸氧量高 33.0%。经超干处理的柱花草种子能显著提高其耐藏性。     

贮藏温度及时间对山豆根种子活力的影响

采用沙培法研究了山豆根种子在-80℃、-20℃、4℃及室温条件下贮藏1个月、3个月、6个月、9个月的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,并与随采随播种子的活力进行比较。结果表明随着贮藏时间的延长,山豆根种子的活力逐渐下降,山豆根更适宜随采随播。贮藏条件下,4℃更适合贮藏（6个月）,其次是-20℃（3个月）、-80℃（3个月）,室温贮藏最好不要超过1个月。     

贮藏时间和温度对甘蓝型油菜种子活力及脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了甘蓝型油菜种子在低温和常温干燥条件下,密闭贮藏过程中种子脂肪酸组成分含量、含油量及发芽能力的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏年限增加,甘蓝型油菜种子油酸、二十碳烯酸、芥酸的含量逐渐增加,亚麻酸、亚油酸含量则逐渐下降,棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量变化不明显;在冷藏1～5年里脂肪酸成分含量变化较快,之后变化缓慢;低芥酸材料在贮藏过程中芥酸含量增加速率高于高芥酸材料。随着贮藏时间延长,种子含油量逐渐下降,含油量高的材料下降更快;种子发芽率和发芽势均下降,后者下降幅度大;在同样冷藏条件下,套帐自交的种子比开放授粉种子的发芽率和发芽势下降均快且幅度大,而常温贮藏的开放授粉种子发芽能力下降速度明显比冷藏的快,6年后发芽率几近于零。     

常温条件下花生种质资源超干燥贮藏研究

不同含水量的花生种子在常温下，密封干燥贮藏7、9、11、12a，对其种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、植株生长发育以及植物学特性和经济性状有不同程度的影响。在武汉气候条件下，花生种子含水量处于3．2％～3．3％的超千状态下，至少可安全贮藏11年。     

影响杂交水稻种子播种品质的因素和改进措施

种子的播种品质即种子的外在价值,包括种子净度、发芽率、活力、千粒重、容重、种子病虫感染率、种子色泽等。杂交水稻种子比常规水稻种子明显不耐贮藏,活力下降快。2003年我们对普通仓贮条件下贮藏8个月的珍汕97A、汕优77、汕优46种子的发芽率进行了调查,结果分别比入库时下降了13·0%、9·0%和7·5%,而同期入库相同含水量的密阳46种子发芽率只下降4·0%;麻袋装贮藏1 a后(未翻晒)的珍汕97A、汕优77、汕优46种子,发芽指数和活力指数大幅度下降,发芽率只有48·5%,61·5%和64·5%(表1)。分析影响播种品质的内外因素,并提出改进措施。1影响杂…     

贮藏时间和温度对甘蓝型油菜种子脂肪酸及活力的影响

研究了甘蓝型油菜种子在低温和常温干燥条件下,密闭贮藏过程中种子脂肪酸组成分含量、含油量及发芽能力的变化。结果表明：随着贮藏年限增加,甘蓝型油菜种子油酸、二十碳烯酸、芥酸的含量逐渐增加,亚麻酸、亚油酸含量则逐渐下降,棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量变化不明显;在冷藏1~5年里脂肪酸成分含量变化较快,之后变化缓慢;低芥酸材料在贮藏过程中芥酸含量增加速率高于高芥酸材料。随着贮藏时间延长,种子含油量逐渐下降,含油量高的材料下降更快;种子发芽率和发芽势均下降,后者下降幅度大;在同样冷藏条件下,套帐自交的种子比开放授粉种子的发芽率和发芽势下降均快且幅度大,而常温贮藏的开放授粉种发芽能力下降速度明显比冷藏的快,6年后发芽率几近于零。     

红毛丹种子贮藏及发芽试验初报

[目的]为红毛丹种子的贮运、播种时间等提供参考,并为提高红毛丹杂交育种的种子成苗率提供科学依据。[方法]以红毛丹为材料,通过不同储藏方式对红毛丹种子进行储藏,以研究不同贮藏方式和贮藏时间对红毛丹种子发芽的影响。[结果]常温贮藏和低温(4℃)贮藏下种子发芽率整体趋势随着贮藏天数增加逐渐降低;低温贮藏的种子发芽势随着贮藏天数的增加逐渐降低,常温下贮藏8 d的种子发芽势最大,为32.5%,常温下贮藏4 d的种子发芽势最低,为10.0%。[结论]常温贮藏下种子发芽率和发芽势整体趋势均高于低温贮藏下的种子。     

实葶葱种子贮藏方式研究

采用4种贮藏方式,分别研究了贮藏0d、30d、60d、90d的实葶葱种子发芽能力。结果表明室温贮藏种子发芽能力优于硅胶贮藏、低温贮藏和低温沙藏。室温贮藏的实葶葱种子活力随着贮藏时间延长逐渐升高,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均高于其他处理。     

低温对花生种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

在室内培养条件下,以青花7号花生品种为试验材料,系统研究了收获后低温对种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的降低,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数降低,幼苗主根长度、侧根长度和侧根数量减少,根系活力降低,出苗率降低。处理温度达到-1℃即对种子发芽和幼苗生长造成明显不良影响,可作为花生种子收获后受低温危害的阈值。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.