In vitro ruminal fermentation and in situ ruminal degradation of tamarind kernel powder extract residue in wethers

We examined the in vitro fermentation characteristics and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of tamarind kernel powder extract residue (TKPER), a by‐product of polysaccharides thickener processing. Two types of TKPER (I and II), of which the CP and neutral detergent fiber organic matter basis contents (%) were 41.4 and 42.0 and 1.4 and 0.5, respectively, were compared with dry heat soybean (SB), soybean meal (SBM) and dry soybean curd residue (SBCR). The TKPERs had significantly lower in vitro gas production compared to the other products at each observation time (P < 0.05). The in vitro DM and CP digestibility (%) of TKPER I and II were 67.7 and 64.9, and 64.5 and 58.0, respectively, significantly lower than those of SB and SBM (P < 0.05). We used four wethers (55.6 ± 4.6 kg) with ruminal cannulas to investigate the in situ degradability of TKPER I, SB, SBM and SBCR. At the ruminal outflow rate of 0.05/h, the effective degradability (%) values of the DM and CP of TKPER I were 64.1 and 49.7, respectively, which were similar to those of SBM. In conclusion, TKPER had high CP and exhibited in situ degradability similar to that of SBM, suggesting that TKPER could be used as a protein source feed.     

Effects of starch and protein sources on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of Hanwoo (Korean native) steers

Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (274.8 ± 4.6 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to examine the effects of dietary treatments on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary treatments consisted of concentrate that were based on ground corn with soybean meal (C‐SBM), ground corn with corn gluten meal (C‐CGM), ground barley with soybean meal (B‐SBM) and ground barley with corn gluten meal (B‐CGM). Although the intakes of starch and protein for steers fed experimental diets were different, it did not change ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Average duodenal CP flow and quantity of CP apparently digested post‐ruminally was higher (P = 0.001) for CGM‐based diets than SBM‐based diets. There were increases in quantity (P < 0.001) and percentage (P < 0.001) of corn starch digested post‐ruminally compared to barley starch. Synchronized diets showed higher percentages (P = 0.03) of starch apparently digested post‐ruminally than asynchronization. Hanwoo steers fed a corn‐based diet with a large quantity of starch reaching the duodenum and fed C‐CGM supplying great amounts of protein to the small intestine may have contributed to increased post‐ruminal starch digestion.     

Effects of soybean meal supplementation on ruminal kinetics of feed particle size reduction and passage in dairy cows fed rice straw

Six ruminal-cannulated nonlactating Holstein Friesian cows (mean body weight:660 ± 42.9 kg) were used to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on voluntary rice straw (RS) intake, feed particle size reduction, and passage kinetics in the rumen. They were allocated to two dietary treatments: RS alone or RS supplemented with SBM. Voluntary dry matter intake of RS and total tract fiber digestibility was increased by SBM supplementation (p < 0.05). Supplementation with SBM decreased rumination time per dietary dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) intake (p < 0.01). Particle size distribution in the rumen and total ruminal NDFom digesta weights were not affected by SBM supplementation. However, the disappearance rates of total digesta and large and small particles from the rumen were increased by SBM supplementation (p < 0.01). Moreover, SBM supplementation increased the rate of size reduction in ruminal particles (p < 0.05). In situ disappearance of DM and NDFom of RS in the rumen was greater in SBM-supplemented cows than in nonsupplemented cows (p < 0.05). This study clearly showed that increased ruminal RS particle size reduction, passage, and fermentation due to SBM supplementation accelerated the RS particle clearance from the rumen and resulted in increased voluntary RS intake of dairy cows.     

Effects of protein concentration and source on nutrient digestibility by mature steers limit-fed high-concentrate diets.

Five ruminally fistulated 3-yr-old mature Holstein steers (average BW 691+/-23 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment with a 2 x 2 + 1 fact orial arrangement of treatments. Effects of protein concentration and protein source on nutrient digestibility, excretion of DM and fecal N, ruminal fluid volume and dilution rate, ruminal characteristics, and in situ DM disappearance of whole shelled corn, ground corn, and orchardgrass hay were measured in steers limit-fed high-concentrate diets at 1.5% of BW. A negative control basal diet (NC; 9% CP) was supplemented to achieve either 11 or 14% CP; supplemental CP was either from soybean meal (11 and 14% SBM) or a 50:50 ratio of CP from urea and soybean meal (11 and 14% U). Dry matter and OM digestibilities were 5% greater (P < .07) for steers fed the SBM diets than for those fed the U diets. Starch digestibility did not differ (P > .10) among steers fed any of the diets. Nitrogen source did not affect (P > .10) apparent N digestibility or fecal N excretion; however, steers fed the NC diet had the lowest (P < .10) apparent N digestibility compared with those fed all other diets. Ruminal fluid volume was lower (P < .06) when steers were fed the NC diet compared with all other diets; there were no differences (P > .74) among diets for ruminal fluid dilution rate. In general, ruminal ammonia N and VFA molar proportions were not affected by protein source or concentration. Although CP concentration affected (P < .06) in situ DM disappearance of ground corn, CP concentration did not (P > .48) affect total tract digestion of DM or OM. This indicates that CP concentration may have affected site of digestion, but not extent of digestion. When mature ruminants were limit-fed a corn-based diet to meet primarily a maintenance function, protein source and concentration had little effect on measures of nutrient digestion.     

Characterization of dietary protein in Brassica carinata meal when used as a protein supplement for beef cattle consuming a forage-based diet

As a novel oilseed crop in Florida, Brassica carinata has the capacity of producing high-quality jet biofuel, with a protein-dense meal (~40% crude protein; CP) obtained as a by-product of oil extraction. Characterization of the meal protein is limited, yet necessary for formulation of beef cattle diets; therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine ruminal and postruminal digestibility of protein from B. carinata. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers (473 ± 119 kg) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which in situ ruminal and postruminal degradability of nutrients were evaluated. The three-step in vitro procedure was used to compare CP and amino acid (AA) degradation in B. carinata meal pellets (BCM) with that of cottonseed meal (CSM), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and soybean meal (SBM). In situ bags were incubated in the rumen for 0 to 96 hr, with the undegraded supplement remaining after 16 hr subjected to serial in vitro enzymatic solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Ruminal rate of degradation of dry matter, organic matter, and CP was greatest (P ˂ 0.01; 10.9, 11.3, and 11.5 %/h, respectively) for SBM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) content did not differ (P = 0.20; 47.8% and 55.1%, respectively) between CSM and DDGS, but was decreased (P ˂ 0.01) compared with SBM and BCM, which did not differ (P = 0.99; 72.3% and 71.8% RDP, respectively). Compared with DDGS, SBM had greater (P < 0.01) intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Intestinally absorbable digestible protein (IADP) was greatest (P < 0.01) for CSM, with SBM and BCM having the least IADP. Total tract digestibility of CP (TTDP) was greater (P < 0.01) for SBM compared with CSM and DDGS. The contribution of RUP to intestinally absorbable AA was 7.2 and 3.1 g of lysine and methionine per kilogram of CP in BCM, respectively. The evaluation of B. carinata meal as protein supplemented for cattle consuming a forage-based diet resulted in 71.8% RDP and 97.1% TTDP, thus indicating its viability as a high-quality protein supplement for beef cattle.     

Performance and carcass characteristics of young cattle fed with soybean meal treated with tannins

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with soybean meal treated with tannin (SBMT) on the intake, digestibility, performance and characteristics of the carcasses of young cattle fed a high‐concentrate diet. Forty‐two Nellore bulls with body weight of 244.5 ± 4.99 kg were used. Diets had the inclusion of 7.5% SBM, with a proportion of that SBM (0, 33, 66 or 100%) replaced for SBMT; and other treatment (SBMT + urea) just with 2.5% of SBM which was treated with tannins. Seven animals were randomly selected and slaughtered, and the remaining animals were distributed on treatments and remained for 112 days. After, all animals were slaughtered. There was a linear decline in dry matter intake (P = 0.026) when SBM was replaced with SBMT. No decrease in carcass weight (P > 0.05) was observed. The efficiency of carcass weight gain showed a quadratic function effect (P = 0.049). There were changes in carcass gain composition when SBMT was added (P < 0.05), with an increase in muscle and reduction in fat deposition. The use of SBMT in place of SBM causes changes in body gain composition in animals and reduces DM intake by the animals, achieving a better feed conversion efficiency.     

The effects of protein sources supplemented with urea-treated potato pulp (PP) silage and feeding levels of the PP silage-based concentrate on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six Japanese Black (Wagyu) steers (average initial weight 467 ± 45 kg) fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole‐plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole‐plot treatments were three different feeding levels of urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) silage‐based concentrate: 1.00%, 1.75% and 2.50% of body weight (BW) (on a dry matter (DM) basis). The subplot treatments consisted of the concentrate formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) as a rapidly rumen‐degraded protein source or corn gluten meal (CGM) as a slowly degraded protein source. Dry matter intake tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for CGM (8.9 kg/day) than for SBM (9.4 kg/day). Protein sources had no significant effect on digestibility and in situ degradation. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃‐N) was lower (P = 0.033) for CGM (7.5 mg/dL) than for SBM (9.5 mg/dL). Protein sources did not affect ruminal pH and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. The molar proportions of ruminal acetate and valerate were higher (P = 0.032) for CGM than for SBM. The maximum daily intake of the PP silage‐based concentrate expressed as a percentage of BW was approximately 1.4% of BW. Dry matter intake was higher (P = 0.046) for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.75% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility, except for crude protein (CP) digestibility. CP digestibility tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for steers fed at 1.75% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.0% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate also did not affect the in situ degradation parameter of hay and PP silage. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not affect ruminal pH, NH₃‐N and total VFA concentrations. The molar proportion of acetate was highest for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the concentrate. In conclusion, in the urea‐treated PP silage‐based concentrate, CGM seems to be more effective than SBM for stabilizing the ruminal NH₃‐N concentration and to be advantageous for fiber digestion in the rumen. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not change the amount of VFA production in the rumen and the DM digestibility.     

Effects of feeding mother liquor,by‐product of monosodium glutamate,on digestibility,energy and nitrogen balances,and rumen condition in Thai native bulls

Four Thai native bulls were used to evaluate the availability of mother liquor (ML), by‐product of monosodium glutamate, as a replacement of soybean meal (SBM) consisting of 10% in concentrate. The SBM was replaced by the ML at 0% (C), 20% (T1), 40% (T2), and 60% (T3), and the experiment was a randomized block design experiment. The animals were fed concentrate and roughage (60:40, on a dry matter [DM] basis). There were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash and non‐fibrous carbohydrate, and energy and nitrogen balances among the treatments. However, the digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber in T2 was lower than the other treatments (p < .05). The valeric acid of T2 was lower than those of C and T1 and the iso‐valeric acid of T3 was the lowest (p < .05), followed by those of T2, T1, and C at 4 hr post‐feeding. No significant differences were observed in the ruminal total VFA concentrations, pH, and NH₃‐N among the treatments. These results suggested that SBM could be replaced by the ML up to 60% without adverse effects on nitrogen and energy balance, rumen conditions, and blood metabolites in Thai native bulls.     

Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of individual amino acids in mixed diets with different crude protein levels measured by the modified in vitro three‐step and mobile nylon bag technique

The ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in three total mixed rations with different CP levels were estimated using the modified in vitro three‐step procedure (TSP) and mobile nylon bag (MNB) technique on growing lambs. The ruminal effective degradability of DM and CP did not respond with increasing dietary CP level. However, the intestinal digestibility of DM was significantly increased with increasing dietary CP level estimated by TSP (P < 0.05) or MNB method (P < 0.01). Intestinal digestibility coefficients of CP determined by TSP were lower than those of the MNB method. Histidine was extensively degraded by rumen micro‐organisms, while tyrosine was the most anti‐degradable AA among the samples. The ruminal AA degradability exhibited no significant differences except for threonine, tryptophan, alanine, aspartic acid and proline for the three diets. Similarly, only a few AAs (i.e. histidine, methionine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and cysteine in TSP; histidine, tryptophan, aspartic acid and serine in MNB) had significant differences in their intestinal digestibility; in addition, values of MNB were lower than that of the TSP method, indicating that intestinal digestibility of DM seems to be overestimated in TSP, while that of CP might be overestimated in the MNB method.     

Nutrient digestibility of extruded canola meal in ileal-cannulated growing pigs and effects of its feeding on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs

Canola meal (CM) contains less crude protein (CP) and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates than soybean meal (SBM) and consequently has a lower nutrient digestibility. Therefore, processing strategies that may increase the feeding value of CM warrant study. In two experiments, the effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in growing pigs, and growth performance and diet digestibility in weaned pigs were assessed. Solvent-extracted CM was extruded using a single-screw extruder at three screw speeds: 250 (CM-250), 350 (CM-350), or 450 (CM-450) rpm. In exp. 1, in a double 4 × 4 Latin square, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 68.1 kg) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM or extruded CM. The CM sample contained 43.2% CP, 33.2% total dietary fiber (TDF), and 8.9 µmol of total glucosinolates/g on a dry matter (DM) basis. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID of CP, reduced (P < 0.05) apparent hindgut fermentation of CP, and decreased (P < 0.05) predicted net energy (NE) value of diets. Extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of most indispensable AA by 3.1 to 5.3%-units. In exp. 2, 200 weaned pigs (initial BW, 8.3 kg) were fed diets containing 20% SBM, CM, or extruded CM starting 2 wk postweaning for 3 wk. The CM sample contained 42.7% CP, 28.3% TDF, and 5.3 µmol total glucosinolates/g DM. Wheat-based diets provided 2.3 Mcal NE/kg and 5.1 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. Dietary inclusion of extruded CM replacing SBM decreased (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of DM, GE and CP, and DE value. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) of pigs did not differ between extruded CM and SBM diets and were not affected by extrusion, but increasing extruder screw speed linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG for day 1 to 7 and G:F for the entire trial. In conclusion, extrusion increased diet AID and CM SID of AA but not DE and predicted NE values of CM. However, increasing extruder speed did not further increase the SID of most of the AA of CM in growing pigs. Dietary inclusion of 20% CM or extruded CM did not affect the growth performance in weaned pigs.     

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality,cool-season forage: intake,nutrient digestibility,and ruminal fermentation

This experiment evaluated the influence of protein supplementation frequency (SF) and amount offered on intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation by rumen-fistulated beef steers consuming low-quality [2.9% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis], cool-season forage. Seven Angus × Hereford steers (300 ± 27 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square. Treatments, in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus a non-supplemented control (CON), consisted of 2 levels of supplemental soybean meal, 100% (F) or 50% (H) of the estimated rumen-degradable protein requirement, provided daily (D), once every 5 d (5D), or once every 10 d (10D). Experimental periods were 30 d and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured from days 19 to 28. On days 21 (all supplements provided) and 30 (only daily supplements provided; day immediately prior to supplementation for 5D and 10D treatments) ruminal fluid was collected for ruminal pH, ammonia-N (NH₃), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and determination of ruminal fermentation variables. Forage and total DM, organic matter (OM), and nitrogen (N) intake increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04). However, a linear effect of SF × amount of supplement interaction was observed for forage and total DM, OM, and N intake (P ≤ 0.04), with each variable decreasing as SF decreased, but the decrease being greater with F vs. H. Apparent total tract DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not affected by supplementation or amount of supplement provided (P ≥ 0.10). In contrast, N digestibility increased with supplementation and for F vs. H (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N increased linearly as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.03). When all supplements were provided, ruminal NH₃, total VFA, and molar proportions of all individual VFA increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04), whereas acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.01). When only daily supplements were provided, none of the aforementioned fermentation parameters were affected (P ≥ 0.09). In summary, reducing the amount of supplemental CP provided to ruminants consuming low-quality forages, when supplementation intervals are >5 d, can be a management tool to maintain acceptable levels of DMI, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation while reducing supplementation cost.     

Optimizing nitrogen utilization in growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with dried citrus pulp

Our objectives were to compare the effects of sources of supplemental N on ruminal fermentation of dried citrus pulp (DCP) and performance of growing steers fed DCP and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay. In Exp. 1, fermentation of DCP alone was compared with that of isonitrogenous mixtures of DCP and solvent soybean meal (SBM), expeller soybean meal (SoyPLUS; SP), or urea (UR). Ground (1 mm) substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 24 h, and IVDMD and fermentation gas production kinetics and products were measured. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.10) ruminally fermentable fractions, IVDMD, pH, and concentrations of NH3 and total VFA, but reduced the rate of gas production (P < 0.10) and the lag phase (P < 0.01). Supplementation with UR vs. the soy-based supplements increased ruminally fermentable fractions (P < 0.05) and concentrations of total VFA (P < 0.10) and NH3 (P < 0.01), but these measures were similar (P > 0.10) between SBM and SP. In Exp. 2, 4 steers (254 kg) were fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP, or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR, SBM, or SP in a 4 x 4 Latin square design, with four 21-d periods, each with 7 d for DMI and fecal output measurement. Nitrogen-supplemented diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (11.9% CP), and all diets were formulated to be isocaloric (66% TDN). Intake and digestibility of DM, N, and ADF were improved (P < 0.05) by N supplementation. Compared with UR, the soy-based supplements led to greater (P < 0.05) DM and N intakes and apparent N and ADF digestibilities. Plasma glucose and urea concentrations increased (P < 0.10) with N supplementation and were greater (P < 0.01) for the soy-based supplements than for UR. Intake, digestibility, and plasma metabolite concentrations were similar (P > 0.1) for SBM and SP. In Exp. 3, 24 steers (261 kg) were individually fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP (control), or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR or SBM. Over 56 d, DMI and ADG were greatest (P < 0.05) in steers fed SBM. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.05) DMI, ADG, and G:F. However, SBM supplementation produced greater (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG and similar (P > 0.05) G:F compared with UR supplementation. We conclude that supplemental N is important to optimize ruminal function and performance of growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with DCP. Diets with supplemental N mainly from SBM improved diet digestibility and animal performance beyond that achieved by UR.     

Effect of polyethylene glycol 4000 supplementation on the performance of indigenous Pedi goats fed different levels of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia nilotica</Emphasis> leaf meal and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ad libitum</Emphasis> Buffalo grass hay

In a first of two experiments, twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 21.3 ± 0.5 kg live weight were used in a 37-day study in a 2 (levels of PEG 4000) × 2 (levels of Acacia) Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake and digestibility, and growth rate of Pedi goats fed ad libitum Buffalo grass hay. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins; both extracted (0.37 % DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Supplementation with PEG 4000 increased (P < 0.05) crude protein intake as the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased from 80 to 120 g. Similarly, treatment with PEG 4000 improved (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibilities when compared to 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with PEG 4000 resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in blood urea concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of A. nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation on in vitro digestibility of the diets similar to the actual ratios of the first experiment. Level of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation improved (P < 0.05) in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) in vitro CP digestibility where 80 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. In vivo DM and OM digestibilities were best predicted from in vitro DM and OM digestibilities while in vivo CP was explained by in vitro OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro DM and OM digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo DM and OM digestibilities while OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo CP digestibility.     

In vitro evidence for the importance of cultivation conditions on the effects of Calliandra tannins on ruminal escape of soybean protein and its post‐ruminal degradability

Purified condensed tannins (CT) extracted from the legume Calliandra calothyrsus (var. San Ramón CIAT 22310), harvested in the dry and the rainy season and cultivated with low or high level of fertilization were added to soybean meal in a ratio of 600 mg/g of the incubated crude protein (CP). Effects on degradation either in ruminal fluid only, or in ruminal fluid followed by incubation in HCl/pepsin, were evaluated using a modified two‐step in vitro method. Season was found to have larger effects on in vitro ruminal and post‐ruminal CP degradation than fertilization. Condensed tannins from the rainy season harvest reduced ruminal CP degradation less than that from the dry season harvest. They had also less negative effects on the degradability of rumen escape protein and enhanced the proportion of post‐ruminally degraded CP more than CT from the dry season harvest. An increase in level of fertilization reduced ruminal CP degradation in CT from the rainy season plants but this was not associated with effects on post‐ruminal degradation. The study demonstrated the importance of environmental factors for the efficiency of CT in modifying ruminal and post‐ruminal CP degradation.     

Digestive evaluation of soy isolate protein as affected by heat treatment and soy oil inclusion in broilers at an early age

Soy protein isolate (SPI) mixed with soybean oil (SPIO) incubated at 100°C for 8 h was used to evaluate changes of solubility and digestibility of SPI in vitro and digestive function in broilers at an early age. Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to three groups with six replicates of 12 birds, receiving basal diet (CON), 8 h heat‐oxidized SPI diet (HSPI) and 8 h heat‐oxidized mixture of SPI and 2% soybean oil diet (HSPIO) for 21 days, respectively. Nitrogen solubility index (NSI) declined and soybean oil accelerated the decline of NSI during incubation (P < 0.05). Decreased in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were observed in SPIO (P < 0.05). HSPI and HSPIO decreased body weight gain, relative jejunum weight and pancreatic trypsin activity at day 21 (P < 0.05). HSPIO decreased anterior intestinal trypsin activity at day 14 and amylase and trypsin activity at day 21, pancreatic amylase activity at day 21 and apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and CP of broilers from days 18 to 20 (P < 0.05). Heat treatment and soybean oil could induce oxidative modification of SPI, and oxidized SPI negatively affected growth and digestion of broilers. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

不同产地豆粕和DDGS营养成分、瘤胃降解率及小肠消化率的分析测定

试验研究了不同产地(吉林、九三、林口)豆粕(SBM)和不同产地(集贤、牡丹江、肇东)玉米酒精糟(DDGS)营养成分、CP的瘤胃降解规律及RUP的小肠消化率。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的干奶期中国荷斯坦奶牛,利用尼龙袋原位培养法研究不同产地豆粕和DDGS在奶牛瘤胃中CP的降解规律。每个尼龙袋每种饲料装5 g,在瘤胃中培养0、2、4、8、16、24和48 h。将每个尼龙袋每种饲料装75 g瘤胃培养16 h,瘤胃未降解残渣强饲给公鸡,从而测定豆粕和DDGS的IDP。吉林豆粕中的CP和SP含量最高,林口豆粕最低,而九三豆粕居中。林口豆粕中NDIP和ADIP含量为29.10%和2.52%,在三种豆粕中处于最高。三种DDGS的CP、NDIP和ADIP含量的变化趋势一致,均为肇东地区最高,其次为集贤、牡丹江。除了慢速降解部分(b)的降解速率(c)外,豆粕和DDGS的其它降解参数均差异不显著。九三豆粕IDP为73.37%,显著高于其它两种豆粕(P<0.05)。集贤DDGS的IDP显著高于牡丹江DDGS(P<0.05),而肇东DDGS居中。由此得出结论,除了营养指标受到产地影响外,豆粕和DDGS的瘤胃降解率和小肠消化率均不受产地影响。     

Practice on improving fattening local cattle production in Vietnam by increasing crude protein level in concentrate and concentrate level

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) level in concentrate (experiment 1) and concentrate level (experiment 2) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention, ruminal pH and NH₃-N concentration and average daily gain (ADG) of Vietnamese local fattening cattle. Animals (24 cattle, initial live weight (LW) 150.3?±?11.8 kg in experiment 1 and 145.1?±?9.8 kg in experiment 2) were allotted based on LW to one of four treatments in a randomised complete block design. In experiment 1, concentrate with four levels of CP (10, 13, 16 and 19 %) was fed at 1.5 % of LW. In experiment 2, concentrate was fed at 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 % of LW. In both experiments, roughage was 5 kg/day native grass and ad libitum rice straw (fresh basis). Results showed that the CP level in concentrate significantly affected dry matter (DM) intake (P?<?0.05), N retention, ADG and ruminal NH₃-N concentration (P?<?0.01), but it had no significant effect on DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (P?>?0.05), whereas CP digestibility increased (P?<?0.001) along with the CP level. DM intake, N retention and ADG increased (P?<?0.001) linearly with concentrate intake. DM and CP digestibility were not significantly affected by concentrate intake (P?>?0.05). OM digestibility and NH₃-N concentration increased linearly (P?<?0.05), whereas NDF digestibility and ruminal pH declined linearly with increased concentrate consumption (P?<?0.01). These results indicate that 16 % CP in concentrate and feeding concentrate at the rate of 2.2 % of LW are recommendable for fattening local cattle in Vietnam.     

Effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal on nitrogen utilization by growing lambs

The effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal (CM) on N utilization by growing lambs were evaluated in two experiments. In both experiments, seven supplemental dietary protein treatments were fed. For each of these protein treatments a 3 x 3 Latin square metabolism trial was conducted, using two sets of three lambs and three periods. Within square treatments were 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 times maintenance intake levels. In Exp. 1, protein treatments were control (7.0% CP, DM basis), urea fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP, CM fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP and a 50:50 (N basis) mixture of blood meal/corn gluten meal (BC) fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP. In Exp. 2, protein treatments were urea, 64% urea and 36% BC (all mixtures on a N basis), 36% urea and 64% BC, BC, 50% CM and 50% BC (CM/BC), CM and soybean meal (SBM), all at 10.5% CP. In Exp. 1, apparent N digestibility (AND) was lower for CM diets than for urea (P = .13) and BC (P less than .05) diets (49.0 vs 50.6 and 51.3%, respectively). Absorbed N was utilized with similar efficiencies for all supplemental protein sources. Dietary CP and digestible protein (DP) were closely related (DP = .879[CP%] -3.66; r2 = .91), indicating that for urea, CM and BC total tract N digestibility was not influenced by theoretical ruminal degradability. In Exp. 2, N balance and N utilization efficiency indicated that the optimal extent of ruminal protein degradation was about 50%. Nitrogen balance was similar for the CM, CM/BC and SBM treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Amino acid digestibility in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to pigs and poultry

The digestibility of AA in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) and regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) were determined in pigs and poultry. In the pig assay, 4 Cotswold barrows (average initial BW of 80.4 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to 4 semipurified diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diet 1, a low protein diet (5% casein), was used to quantify endogenous CP and AA losses. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were formulated to contain 35% regular, solvent-extracted SBM; batch 1 of DESBM (DESBM-1); and batch 2 of DESBM (DESBM-2), respectively, as the sole source of protein. The DESBM samples were obtained from 2 different batches but were subjected to the same processing conditions. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was included as a digestibility marker in all diets. Compared with DESBM-1 and DESBM-2, apparent ileal digestibility of DM in SBM was greater (P < 0.05). Apparent and true ileal digestibilities of AA in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) compared with DESBM-2. In the poultry assay, 4 dietary treatments were each assigned to adult cecectomized roosters in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was a nonnitrogenous diet (NND; 90% sucrose and 10% vegetable oil) used to estimate endogenous N and AA losses. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 contained SBM, DESBM-1, and DESBM-2 as the only source of protein. Each of these diets was fed in 25-g quantities formulated to provide 5 g of CP from the respective soybean meal source. The SBM had greater (P < or = 0.05) true digestibility for isoleucine, leucine, cysteine, proline, serine, and tyrosine compared with DESBM-1. The results indicate that, relative to regular, solvent-extracted soybean meal, AA digestibilities of different batches of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal varied in pigs and poultry.     

Determination of nitrogen balance in goats fed a meal produced from hydrolyzed spent hen hard tissues

To provide an economically viable and environmentally sound method for disposing of spent laying hens, we manufactured a proteinaceous meal from the hard tissue fraction of mechanically deboned laying hens (primarily feathers, bones, and connective tissue). We hydrolyzed the hard tissue and coextruded it with soybean hulls to create a novel feather and bone meal (FBM) containing 94.2% DM, 23.1% CP, 54.5% NDF, and 7.3% fat (DM basis). We evaluated the FBM in supplements for meat goats in which it provided 0, 20, 40, or 60% of the N added to the supplement compared with a negative control supplement with no added N source. The remainder of the N was contributed by soybean meal (SBM). Supplementation of N resulted in greater DMI than the negative control (P = 0.005), and DMI changed quadratically (P = 0.11) as FBM increased in the supplement. Digestibility of DM was similar in all diets, including the negative control (P > 0.10). Fiber digestibility increased linearly as dietary inclusion of FBM increased (P = 0.04 for NDF, P = 0.05 for ADF), probably as a result of the soybean hulls in the FBM. Nitrogen digestibility declined linearly from 60.5% with 0% FBM to 55.6% with 60% FBM (P = 0.07), but N retention changed by a quadratic function as FBM replaced SBM (P = 0.06). Negative control goats had less N digestibility (P < 0.001) and N retention (P = 0.008) than N-supplemented goats. Feather and bone meal had a greater proportion of ruminally undegradable B(3) protein than SBM (23.1 vs. 0.3% of CP, respectively). Ruminal VFA and pH were unaffected by replacing SBM with FBM, but supplying no source of N in the concentrate resulted in reduced total VFA in ruminal fluid (P = 0.04). Ruminal ammonia concentration increased quadratically (P = 0.07) as FBM increased, reflecting increased intake, and it was much less in unsupplemented goats (P < 0.001). Serum urea had less variation between 0 and 4 h after feeding in goats receiving 40 or 60% of added N as FBM in comparison with those receiving only SBM or 20% FBM. Feather and bone meal promoted a more stable rumen environment, possibly because of reduced rates of protein degradation within the rumen. A palatable by-product meal for ruminants can be made from spent laying hen hard tissue, one that supports N metabolism similar to that of traditional protein sources.