新疆奎屯地区不同团场牛源大肠杆菌耐药情况比较

为了解新疆奎屯地区不同团场牛源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,比较不同养殖场之间牛源大肠杆菌的耐药差异,分别从新疆奎屯地区位于123团、127团和128团的牛场,用肛拭子在直肠采集粪样各30份,并分离大肠杆菌。采用微量肉汤稀释法,对分离出的大肠杆菌进行10种抗菌药物最小抑菌浓度的测定,通过卡方检验对不同养殖场牛源大肠杆菌耐药差异性进行比较分析。结果显示,128团对阿莫西林/克拉维酸（33.3%）和安普霉素（23.3%）耐药率相对较高;127团对氨苄西林（20.0%）、阿莫西林/克拉维酸（16.7%）和氟苯尼考（16.7%）耐药率相对较高;123团场对氨苄西林（13.3%）和安普霉素（13.3%）耐药率相对较高。卡方检验结果显示,127团对氟苯尼考和恩诺沙星的耐药率显著高于123团和128团（P<0.05）;128团对阿莫西林/克拉维酸和安普霉素的耐药率分别显著高于123团和127团（P<0.05）。不同团场多重耐药均以1～2耐为主。结果表明,新疆奎屯地区不同团场牛源大肠杆菌对多数被检药物的耐药率不高,仅对常用药物如阿莫西林/克拉维酸和安普霉素等具有较高耐药率,需在临床治疗细菌疾病时更换或避免使用此类抗菌药物。此外,各养殖场对被检抗菌药物的耐药情况不同,说明养殖场的用药极大程度影响细菌的耐药性。     

30日龄犊牛粪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

旨在调查新疆某牛场犊牛粪源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。对该牛场92头30日龄犊牛进行直肠粪样采集,采用常规方法进行大肠杆菌的分离鉴定,利用纸片扩散法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验。结果表明,从92份犊牛粪便样本中共分离到92株大肠杆菌,分离率为100%;分离菌株对阿米卡星(93.75%)、恩诺沙星(64.50%)、诺氟沙星(59.30%)、庆大霉素(57.14%)4种抗菌药物的耐药性较强,耐药率均超过50%;对阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾(36.30%)、阿莫西林(26.00%)、环丙沙星(13.60%)3种抗菌药物的耐药率也相对较高;对氨苄西林的敏感性最高,耐药率仅为3.03%。综上提示,该牛场犊牛粪源大肠杆菌对不同抗菌药物产生了一定程度的耐药性,建议该牛场应在药物敏感性试验结果的指导下合理选择抗菌药物。     

新疆某牛场不同日龄犊牛粪源大肠杆菌耐药性分析

观察不同日龄犊牛粪源大肠杆菌耐药性趋势动态变化,筛选新疆一某牛场进行分离粪源大肠杆菌株并分析临床常用抗菌药物耐药性情况,了解养殖场对抗生素治疗安全状况。选择新疆某一集约化程度较高的肉牛养殖场,分别采集0-30日龄、31-60日龄、61-90日龄犊牛的粪样。按照实验室常用大肠菌株分离法分离菌株,细菌药敏试验采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的Kirby-Bauer法对分离出的大肠杆菌进行耐药性测定。200份不同日龄犊牛粪源大肠杆菌分离率为100%;犊牛日龄与耐药率成正比关系,耐药趋势为阿米卡星恩诺沙星诺氟沙星庆大霉素阿莫西林克拉维酸钾阿莫西林环丙沙星氨苄西林。大肠杆菌的耐药率较高,养殖户要正确使用抗菌药,通过药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物,要针对性用药以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

同一养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性比较

本试验旨在比较新疆相同养殖模式下不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况。分别在某规模化养猪场呼图壁(207份)、玛纳斯(210份)和昌吉(210份)地区采集粪样,共计627份样品,各地区猪源大肠杆菌的分离率均为100.0%。采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离出的大肠杆菌进行临床常用抗菌药物的药敏试验,并通过卡方检验比较3个地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药率的差异。结果显示,呼图壁地区猪源大肠杆菌对安普霉素、阿米卡星、阿莫西林—克拉维酸和头孢噻呋的耐药率均极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);玛纳斯地区猪源大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.05),对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于另外两地区(P< 0.01);昌吉地区猪源大肠杆菌对诺氟沙星的耐药率极显著高于呼图壁地区(P< 0.01),而对阿莫西林—克拉维酸和氨苄西林的耐药率均显著高于玛纳斯地区(P< 0.05)。呼图壁地区3~8耐菌株占94.7%,玛纳斯地区3~7耐菌株占89.5%,昌吉地区4~8耐菌株占82.4%。不同地区之间3~7耐菌株数差异不显著(P> 0.05)。结果表明,在相同的养殖模式下,不同地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况不同。此外,养殖场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药问题严重,以多药耐药为主,耐药谱型呈多样化。     

鸡大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性研究

2008～2010年在辽宁地区共采集990份鸡泄殖腔拭子样品,分离鉴定出380株大肠杆菌,用10种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果表明,2008年分离的大肠杆菌耐药性较轻,对氨苄西林和恩诺沙星的耐药率为74.60%和57.14%;2009年和2010年分离的大肠杆菌耐药性非常严重,对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、四环素、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明和恩诺沙星的耐药率均大于80%,多重耐药性严重。     

新疆克拉玛依市某猪场不同生长期猪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为调查新疆克拉玛依市某规模化猪场不同生长期猪源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,从该猪场的550份粪样中分离出大肠杆菌549株,其中,哺乳猪源菌200株、妊娠猪源菌100株、保育猪源菌100株、育肥猪源菌99株和哺乳母猪源菌50株。试验采用微量肉汤稀释法测定不同生长期猪粪源大肠杆菌对9种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度。并通过卡方检验比较不同生长期猪粪源大肠杆菌耐药率的差异。结果发现,不同生长期的猪粪源大肠杆菌均对氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸两种抗菌药物高度耐药。其中,保育猪粪源大肠杆菌对安普霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和头孢噻呋的耐药率显著高于其他生长期猪粪源大肠杆菌(P0.05),哺乳猪和保育猪粪源大肠杆菌耐药情况严重,对多种抗菌药物高度耐药,以7耐为主;育肥猪、哺乳母猪和妊娠猪粪源大肠杆菌以3耐为主。不同生长期的猪粪源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药程度不同。     

鸡源大肠杆菌多重耐药性的监测

为了了解和掌握鸡群中大肠杆菌耐药菌株的产生情况和耐药程度,了解其对各种抗菌药物的敏感程度,自哈尔滨地区部分鸡场分离、鉴定出80株鸡源大肠杆菌临床株,采用纸片扩散法测定30株分离菌株对18种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明:鸡源大肠杆菌分离株对各抗生素的敏感性不同,且多重耐药现象严重;分离的菌株对阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾、氨苄西林、环丙沙星的耐药率为100%,但对氨曲南、安普霉素、多黏菌素B高度敏感,对庆大霉素、新霉素较敏感。     

新疆不同动物源大肠埃希菌耐药性比较

为了比较新疆不同动物源大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,从猪场、羊场和牛场分别分离猪源大肠埃希菌454株、羊源大肠埃希菌638株和牛源大肠埃希菌89株,用微量肉汤法对上述细菌进行临床常用β-内酰胺类、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和酰胺醇类抗菌药物最小抑菌浓度测定。结果表面,猪源大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林(67.0%)和阿莫西林/克拉维酸(63.7%)耐药率较高,其他药物耐药率在10.4%~41.2%之间;羊源大肠埃希菌对安普霉素(33.9%)和阿莫西林/克拉维酸(21.2%)耐药率较高,其他药物耐药率在3.1%~15.6%之间;牛源大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林(24.4%)和阿莫西林/克拉维酸(8.9%)耐药率较高,其他药物耐药率在1.1%~6.7%之间。多药耐药结果,猪源大肠埃希菌以2耐~5耐为主,羊源大肠埃希菌以0耐~2耐为主,牛源大肠埃希菌以0耐~1耐为主。新疆猪源大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药情况最严重,羊源菌次之,牛源菌最轻;猪源大肠埃希菌多药耐药现象严重。     

湖南省规模化猪场猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性调查

目前兽药临床上,猪源性大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药的耐药率相当高,耐药谱也相当复杂,是目前大肠杆菌耐药的一个普遍现象。本试验应用了13种抗菌药物对湖南地区分离的58株猪源致病性大肠杆菌进行了药物敏感性试验,实验结果显示,猪源大肠杆菌分离菌株对目前常用和应用时间较长的抗菌药物,如四环素、氨苄青霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林、诺氟沙星等产生了非常严重的耐药性。猪源大肠杆菌分离株对于一些新药和未大量应用于猪场的药物如安普霉素、丁胺卡那霉素等则比较敏感。因此细菌耐药性与用药情况密切相关。     

不同生长期猪源大肠埃希菌年度耐药趋势分析

采用微量肉汤稀释法对新疆等规模化猪场2013年分离的不同生长期猪源大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验,对2010年和2013年新疆某养殖场不同生长期猪源大肠埃希菌的耐药情况结果应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果显示,2013年不同生长期猪源大肠埃希菌存在不同程度耐药;与2010年相比,2013年该养殖场总体耐药呈上升趋势,不同生长期分离菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星和氨苄西林抗菌药物耐药率明显升高;哺乳仔猪源菌和妊娠猪源菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率分别高出13.0%和65.4%;保育猪源菌对恩诺沙星的耐药率高出44.0%。多药耐药结果显示,多药耐药率按年份呈快速增长趋势,妊娠猪源菌多药耐药上升明显,由0耐上升为6耐;哺乳猪源菌由5耐上升为7耐,保育猪源菌由5耐上升为6耐。与2010年耐药结果相比,2013年不同生长期猪源大肠埃希菌耐药性除安普霉素外耐药率均呈现上升趋势,提示细菌耐药形势严峻,临床应联合兼或交替使用敏感的抗菌药物。     

Comparison of Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli from Different Cattle Farms in Kuitun Area of Xinjiang

In order to understand the resistance of E.coli to clinical antimicrobial drugs from different farms in Kuitun area of Xinjiang,the bovine fecal samples were collected using the anal swab and E.coli was isolated from 123 (30),127 (30) and 128 (30) farms,respectively.The minimum inhibitory concentrations of E coli isolated from fecal samples to 10 antimicrobial drugs were determined by agar dilution method and the difference of resistance rate of E.coli from different farms was compared by chi square test.The results showed that the resistance rates of 128 farm to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (33.3%) and apramycin (23.3%) were relatively high;The resistance rates of 127 farm to ampicillin (20.0%),amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (16.7%) and florfenicol (16.7%) were relatively high;The resistance rates of 123 farm to ampicillin (13.3%) and the apramycin (13.3%) were relatively high.The chi square test results showed that resistance rates of E.coli to florfenicol and enrofloxacin from 127 farm were significantly higher than that from 123 and 128 farms (P<0.05);The resistance rates of E.coli to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and apramycin from 128 farm were significantly higher than that from 123 and 127 farms (P<0.05),respectively.The most of the antibiotics resistance pattern of E.coli from different farms was 1 to 2 resistant.The results showed that the drug resistance rates of bovine E.coli in Kuitun was not high,while the resistance rates to commonly used drugs such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and apramycin were high.It suggested that this kinds of antimicrobial drugs should be replaced or avoid using to treat bacterial diseases.In addition,the antimicrobial resistance between farms was different,indicating the farms medicine would impact the drug resistance in bacteria.     

新疆地区牛和新引进牛大肠埃希菌耐药性比较

为了解新疆地区牛和新引进牛大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药差异,采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离的大肠埃希菌进行耐药性检测,通过卡方检验比较新疆地区牛和引进牛大肠埃希菌耐药性的差异。结果显示,新疆地区牛大肠埃希菌和引进牛大肠埃希菌除对氨苄西林(地区牛为11.90%、引进牛为6.25%)和阿莫西林(地区牛为5.55%、引进牛为5.21%)有较高的耐药率外,对其他临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较低,但引进牛对氟苯尼考、庆大霉素和安普霉素的中度敏感率分别为82.81%、44.79%和33.33%。经卡方检验比较,新疆引进牛对氟苯尼考、庆大霉素、安普霉素、阿莫西林和氨苄西林的中度敏感率显著高于新疆地区牛(P0.05)。虽然被检牛源大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物耐药较低,但引进牛大肠埃希菌高中度敏感率会导致其耐药率短期内迅速增高,因此须在临床治疗引进牛细菌性疾病中避免使用中度敏感率高的抗菌药物。     

仔猪致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

由湛江市3个养猪场采集到40份仔猪黄痢、白痢腹泻粪便样品,共分离到40株大肠杆菌,其中7株是致病性大肠杆菌,三个猪场致病性大肠杆菌的分离率分别为15.4%、10%和43%。对7株致病性大肠杆菌进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明:它们均对恩诺沙星、菌必治和丁胺卡那霉素敏感,而对复方新诺明、阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、四环素和庆大霉素的耐药率为100%,对氯霉素、头孢氨苄和痢特灵的耐药率为85.7%,对卡那霉素和链霉素的耐药率为57.1,%对氟哌酸和环丙沙星的耐药率为14.3%。猪场选用较敏感药物来防治仔猪大肠杆菌病,使疫病得到了有效控制。     

Retrospective study on Escherichia coli infection in broilers subjected to postmortem examination and antibiotic resistance of isolates in Trinidad

An 8-yr retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the rate of Escherichia coli infection and antibiotic resistance of isolates from diseased broilers submitted for diagnosis in Trinidad from 1990 to 1997. Of a total of 906 cases of diseased birds subjected to postmortem examination, 603 (66.6%) had E. coli infection. The number of cases increased over the years from 16 in 1990 to a peak of 294 in 1996. For every year, at least 50% of all broiler cases had E. coli infection. The rate of infection was significantly higher during the rainy season (74.1 +/- 6.9%) than during the dry season (57.8 +/- 7.0%). Approximately 50% of all E. coli isolates were resistant to 9 out of a total of 11 antimicrobial drugs selected for the study. The isolates showed an increasing trend of resistance to amoxicillin, apramycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. However, only the trends of resistance to apramycin and norfloxacin were statistically significant. Overall, of the antimicrobial drugs selected, norfloxacin relatively appeared as the best choice for treatment. From this study, we conclude that the high rate of E. coli infection in broilers submitted for diagnosis along with the high resistance of isolates to antimicrobial drugs constitute a threat to the poultry industry on the island.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from finishing swine and the environment of 60 Alberta swine farms

The study objective was to describe and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolated from Alberta swine finishing farms. Salmonella isolates (n = 322) were obtained from 192 fecal and 84 environmental samples of the 60 Salmonella-positive swine finishing farms. Isolates were classified susceptible, intermediate or resistant based on NCCLS guidelines. More than half of the isolates (53.4%) were susceptible to all of the 18 antimicrobials in the testing panel. No resistance was observed to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem or nalidixic acid. Less than 1% of isolates were resistant to apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Higher frequencies of resistance were observed for chloramphenicol (4.7%), ampicillin (7.8%), kanamycin (11.8%), sulfamethoxazole (21.1%), streptomycin (25.5%) and tetracycline (38.8%). Eleven Salmonella serovars had isolates with resistance to > or =3 antimicrobials. The most frequently resistant serovar was Salmonella Derby, with 27 (38.0%) isolates resistant to > or =3 antimicrobials, including resistance to five and six antimicrobials. An absence of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquniolones and a low proportion of isolates resistant to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are encouraging findings from public health and animal health perspectives. Frequent resistance observed for ampicillin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline, antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine for decades, indicates an urgent need to utilize these antimicrobials more prudently if their benefits are to be preserved.     

穿心莲水提物与10种临床常用抗菌药联用的体外抑菌试验

为研究穿心莲水提物与临床常用10种抗菌药联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用传统的水提法制备穿心莲中药液并浓缩至浓度为1 g/mL,用琼脂平板稀释法测定穿心莲水提物分别与阿莫西林、头孢曲松等10种常用抗菌药物联用对临床分离的10株鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用。结果表明,穿心莲和头孢曲松、穿心莲和氟苯尼考联用100%呈现协同作用;穿心莲和头孢噻呋联用90%呈现协同作用,10%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和大观霉素联用80%呈现协同作用,20%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和林可霉素联用50%呈现协同作用,40%为无关或颉颃作用,10%为无关作用;穿心莲与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用以无关或颉颃作用为主。以上结果表明,在体外,穿心莲与头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、大观霉素、氟苯尼考联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌呈现协同作用,与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、林可霉素、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用呈现无关或颉颃作用。     

92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌的耐药性分析

分析92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。采集腹泻病猪直肠拭子,分离、鉴定大肠杆菌,采用微量稀释法测定分离菌对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,从92份腹泻直肠拭子样品中共分离鉴定出92株大肠杆菌,对17种抗菌药物的耐药率从高到低依次为磺胺甲噁唑（100%）、甲氧苄啶（100%）、卡那霉素（89%）、庆大霉素（80%）、氯霉素（78%）、链霉素（76%）、新霉素（76%）、四环素（73%）、大观霉素（72%）、恩诺沙星（66%）、氨苄西林（50%）、阿米卡星（45%）、氟苯尼考（32%）、安普霉素（27%）、利福平（23%）、头孢唑啉（22%）、头孢噻呋（0%）;所有菌株均为多重耐药菌株,92株菌的耐药谱型为81种,菌株最多对14种药物耐药,最少对3种药物耐药。研究结果表明,92株猪腹泻大肠杆菌耐药谱广,耐药率高。     

Isolation of pathogenic aerobic bacteria from the blood of septicaemic neonatal calves and the susceptibility of isolates to various antibiotics

An automated blood culture system (BACTEC 9240) was used for the isolation of aerobic bacteria from the blood of septicaemic neonatal calves. Blood samples were collected from 90 clinically septicaemic and 20 healthy neonatal calves and inoculated into blood culture bottles. There were 89 significant isolates from 90 positive blood cultures using the BACTEC system. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen detected accounting for 56 (63%) out of 89 isolates. The other pathogens were beta-haemolytic streptococci (15.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.1%), Klebsiella sp. (5.6%) and Corynebacterium sp. (5.6%). All isolates showed a susceptibility rate of 100% to enrofloxacin, cefepim, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem and meropenem while some of them were ranged from 75 to 91.7% susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamicin and cephalosporins.     

Study on Molecular Characterization of Class Ⅰ Integron and Integron-associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from Beef Cattle

To investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of class Ⅰ integron in Escherichia coli isolated from beef cattle, and analyze the relationship between integron and antimicrobial resistance, susceptibilities to 11 antimicrobials were conducted on 92 isolates, the presence and characterization of class Ⅰ integrons and inserted gene cassettes were performed using PCR combined with sequencing analysis. The results showed that 29 isolates had been detected positive for class Ⅰ integron integrase gene (intⅠ1) among 92 isolates, and aadA1 and dfrA17＋aadA5 were the most prevalent gene cassette arrays detected. The resistance rates of 92 isolates to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline were all more than 45.0%. As revealed by analyzing the association between resistance phenotypes and class Ⅰ integron, isolates that contained the class Ⅰ integron were significantly highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (P<0.05), but not to quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The conclusion was that E.coli isolated from beef cattle were seriously resistant to antimicrobials,and integron/cassettes widely existed. The presence of integrons and the association of antimicrobial resistance determinants with transferable elements might play a crucial role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among E.coli. Data reported here clearly emphasized the need for a stricter application of antimicrobials restriction policies in feedlot setting.