田间土壤钾素有效性影响因素及其评估

在全球性人口和资源的双重压力下,充分利用土壤有效钾素和科学地施用钾肥,对提高作物产量和保障农业生产可持续发展的意义重大。本文参考已有研究成果并结合自己最近的研究结果,综述了影响农田土壤钾素有效性及其正确评估的若干因素。在影响土壤钾素有效化的众多因素中,土壤黏土矿物类型、黏粒含量及气候水热条件是影响土壤钾素有效性评估的主要因素;耕作措施改变了自然条件下土壤钾库有效钾的数量和土壤钾素的有效转化;土壤有效钾的测定也是客观评价土壤供钾能力的重要环节,进而影响着农田钾素养分管理策略,这一因素在实践中常被忽视。文章最后还提出了今后该领域研究需要开展的主要内容和一些重要方向。     

湖南不同母质植烟土壤钾的形态与特征

采集湖南烟区4种主要成土母质的16个具有典型代表性土壤样品,分析各形态钾的含量与比例。结果表明:紫色板页岩发育的土壤钾素库容量大,但有效钾含量相对较低,说明土壤对有效钾的保持能力有限;石灰岩发育的土壤矿物钾数量较少,但非交换性钾和有效钾的含量相对较高;第四纪红土发育的土壤在钾容量和自身补给潜力有限的情况下,维持了较高的有效钾水平,这可能与钾肥的施用及土壤对有效钾的保持有着密切的关系。不同母质发育土壤交换性钾只有27%是有效性较高的非特殊吸附钾,这可能直接限制了土壤短期钾的供应强度。土壤钾素有效性因成土母质的不同具有一定的差异,石灰岩发育土壤钾素有效性最高,其次为板页岩、第四纪红土,紫色板页岩最低。     

施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响

以砂姜黑土长期施肥试验为平台,研究砂姜黑土冬小麦—夏大豆轮作系统下作物钾素吸收量、钾素回收率、土壤钾素盈亏量和速效钾含量的演变特征,探明土壤速效钾与外源钾投入、土壤累积钾盈亏的响应关系,分析不施肥(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、化肥+麦秆(SCF)、化肥+猪粪(PCF)、化肥+牛粪(CCF)等施肥方式对土壤钾素利用及盈亏的影响,以期探寻砂姜黑土地区高产高效的施钾方式。结果表明:29 a作物钾素平均回收率在55.1%~66.1%,高低顺序为CCFPCFSCFCF。土壤累积钾盈亏与土壤速效钾增量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),土壤中钾素每盈余100 kg hm-2,CF、SCF、PCF和CCF处理土壤速效钾含量分别增加1.4、1.8、2.3和15.8 mg kg-1;土壤钾素投入量与速效钾含量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),CF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.4 mg kg-1,而SCF、PCF和CCF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.5、0.6和4.3 mg kg-1,这说明适当增施有机肥可提升土壤钾素的供应能力。综上所述,投入有机物料是影响土壤钾素利用的重要调控措施,长期增施有机肥可提高作物钾素回收率以及土壤中盈余的钾素向速效钾的转化能力,本试验条件下以增施牛粪效果最好,猪粪和秸秆次之。因此,砂姜黑土小麦—大豆轮作系统下秸秆养畜过腹还田是实现作物高产高效的一种推荐施钾方式。     

不同施肥措施提高南方黄泥田供钾能力及钾素平衡的作用

【目的】基于连续 30 年南方低产黄泥田培肥定位试验,研究土壤全钾、速效钾、缓效钾含量与钾素盈亏特性,明确钾肥投入量与产量的关系,以期为黄泥田钾素肥力定向培育及水稻钾肥施用提供科学依据。 【方法】定位监测不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥 + 牛粪 (NPKM)、化肥 + 全部稻草还田 (NPKS) 四种施肥处理代表性年份耕层土壤钾素含量动态变化,分析各形态钾素间及与有机碳含量的关系,并于相邻集中年份 2010、2011、2013、2014 年采集植株样品以评价土壤钾素水平、土壤钾素盈亏、植株养分对钾肥投入量的响应。 【结果】30 年施肥处理下,土壤全钾含量平均较 CK 增加 2.2%～5.0%,且双季稻年份不同处理差异较单季稻年份大,速效钾含量历年平均较 CK 增加 43.9%～102.4%,以 NPKS 增加最为明显,而不同处理的土壤缓效钾含量无明显差异。土壤速效钾含量与全钾呈显著正相关,土壤全钾、速效钾含量与有机碳均呈极显著正相关。各施肥处理提高了收获期植株钾含量与累积量。NPKS 处理每年盈余钾素 (K₂O) 101.1 kg/hm2,其余处理每年亏缺幅度为 –89.4～–18.6 kg/hm2。钾肥用量、速效钾含量、土壤钾素盈亏量相互间呈极显著正相关,可推算出外源钾肥 (K₂O) 每年投入量达到 161.8 kg/hm2 时,土壤钾素处于持平状态,其对应的土壤速效钾含量为 95.3 mg/kg。钾肥用量、速效钾含量、土壤钾素盈亏量及籽粒钾含量均与植株产量呈显著正相关。 【结论】水稻增产效果与土壤钾肥投入量、速效钾含量及钾素盈亏量有关。黄泥田土壤速效钾较缓效钾、全钾更直接反映生产力水平。长期施肥提高了黄泥田土壤全钾与速效钾含量,NPK 化肥加秸秆还田对增加土壤钾素盈余与提升速效钾效果要明显优于单施 NPK 化肥或 NPK 肥配合粪肥。     

山西运城地区耕地土壤含钾状况及施肥建议

介绍了运城地区土壤含钾状况，分析了土壤速效钾含量逐年下降的原因，并提出了改善土壤钾素状况的几点建议。     

解钾细菌C6X对不同富钾矿物含量土壤钾素迁移的影响

为了改善黄土高原地区煤炭开采引起土壤质量急剧退化的现状,该文以玉米为供试植物,通过日光温室短期盆栽的方式,系统研究解钾细菌C6X和玉米生长对土壤钾素迁移的影响.结果表明:1)玉米生长条件下,解钾细菌在富钾矿物质量分数45％上层土壤(0～20 cm)中对速效钾增量的促进作用最佳.2)解钾细菌和玉米生长协同提高上层土壤钾素固定能力,缓效钾增量在土壤富钾矿物质量分数68％为最大值.3)解钾细菌和玉米生长协同促进土壤钾素上移能力,在富钾矿物质量分数45％水平,土壤上移速效钾呈最大值;同时,解钾细菌促进土壤上移速效钾和玉米钾素积累量二者趋于线性稳定,利于土壤钾肥长期管理.因此,解钾细菌和玉米生长协同促进土壤钾素的释放和固定,并促进土壤钾素上移.     

长期定位施肥对不同粒级非石灰性潮土钾素释放的影响

土壤中矿物的种类与土壤的粒级有关,随着粒级变粗,矿物组成趋于简单,次生矿物类型及含量减少,而原生矿物种类及含量增加[1]。土壤钾素含量、有效性及其转化又与土壤矿物组成密切相关,存在于黏粒部分的含钾矿物(黏粒矿物)因直接影响钾的生物有效性而备受关注。土壤中钾素的研究较多[2,3],关于不同粒级的土壤钾素释放的差异已有报道[4~6],但长期定位施肥对不同粒级的土壤颗粒中钾素行为的影响研究得较少,笔者在这方面做了一系列的工作[7~9]。因此研究长期定位施肥中土壤粒级与土壤钾素释放行为的关系不仅能丰富土壤矿物风化和黏土矿物形成理论,而且对全面认识土壤中钾素状况、供钾能力、钾素的相互转化及合理利用有限的     

20年持续施钾对烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素Q/I关系的影响

研究长期施钾下烤烟/油菜轮作土壤钾素供应能力变化特征及其机制,为农田合理施用钾肥和农业土壤发生发育的研究提供科学依据。烤烟/油菜轮作下选取连续20 a烤烟季施钾量0、187.5和375 kg·hm~(-2)处理,测算其土壤钾素表观平衡(K_(ab))以及土壤钾素容量和强度关系曲线(Q/I曲线)的土壤钾素平衡活度比(AR_e)、土壤活性钾(K_L)、非专性活性钾(-ΔK_0)、专性活性钾(K_X)、土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC)、K~+与Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)交换自由能(-ΔG)等参数,以及速效钾(K_(av))、缓效钾(K_(nex))、K~+饱和度(K_S)、黏土矿物组分等土壤性质,分析Q/I曲线参数变化及其与土壤理化性质变化之间的关系。结果表明,经过20 a定位试验后,AR_e在0.38×10~(-3)～8.91×10~(-3)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔK_0在0.02～0.55 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_L在1.61～2.16 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,K_X在1.06～2.14 cmol·kg~(-1)之间,PBC在6.20～7.76 cmol·kg~(-1)(mol·L~(-1))~(0.5)之间,-ΔG在11.70～19.72 kJ·mol~(-1)之间。持续施钾土壤的AR_e、-ΔK_0较不施钾土壤显著增大,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG较不施钾土壤显著减小。AR_e、-ΔK_0与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著正相关,K_L、K_X、PBC、-ΔG与K_(av)、K_(nex)、K_S、K_(ab)呈极显著负相关。土壤钾素Q/I曲线参数彼此之间显著相关。上述指标可被整合成一个主成分指标,不施钾肥土壤的主成分指标值显著大于施钾肥土壤。施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的契形边缘点位,植物有效性较高,不施钾肥土壤的活性钾主要保持在黏土矿物晶体的层间点位,植物有效性降低。不施钾肥土壤的蛭石含量高于施钾土壤,而伊利石含量小于施钾土壤。综上,土壤钾素Q/I参数AR_e、-ΔK_0、K_L、K_x、PBC和-ΔG可作为土壤供钾能力指标,土壤钾素表观平衡驱动了土壤钾素Q/I曲线形状与参数分异、土壤供钾能力分异及土壤黏土矿物变化,施钾肥量越大、土壤钾素盈余越大,土壤供钾能力越强。长期钾素亏缺下,矿物钾转化为专性活性钾的速率大于专性活性钾释放成非专性活性钾的速率。长期钾素亏缺导致伊利石向蛭石转化。     

土壤钾素解吸模型及其特征值的作物效应

土壤钾素可解吸数量和强度及其缓冲系数是评价土壤供钾能力的重要指标。通过室内解吸试验研究土壤钾素解吸特性及其解吸特征值,应用盆栽和田间试验探讨土壤钾素解吸特征值与供试蔬菜鲜重产量和吸钾量的相关性。应用土壤镉解吸模型对7种土壤32个钾素解吸试验表明,土壤镉解吸模型能很好地模拟土壤钾素解吸动态特征,相关系数均达到显著水平。菜心和空心菜的盆栽和田间试验均表明,土壤钾可解吸量Q、土壤溶液初始钾浓度Cli和C1/比值等解吸特征值与供试蔬菜吸钾量或鲜重产量有显著的抛物线型关系。空心菜盆栽试验还表明,这种抛物线型关系与土壤类型无关,说明Q、Cli和C1/比值确实反映了土壤供钾能力。以最高产量的90%为基础,根据抛物线型关系可求得Q和Cli的临界值。解吸模型研究为评价土壤钾素生物有效性和钾素肥力临界指标提供了一种新方法。     

土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究

田间采样统计分析和框栽试验结果表明 ,土壤钾素状况及土壤的供钾能力是影响我国北方烟区烤烟烟叶含钾量的主要因子之一 ,合理施用钾肥和改善土壤的钾素状况是提高烟叶含钾量的有效措施 ;土壤湿度是保证土壤钾素向烟株根系运动的必要条件 ,在烟株生长期间 ,特别是在烟株移栽 4 0— 50天期间 ,保持土壤的相对含水量 6 0— 70 % ,是促进烟叶吸钾 ,提高烟叶含钾量的重要手段     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。