铜对青菜生长的影响及其在体内动态分布研究

用溶液培养的方法研究了铜对青菜幼苗生长的影响及铜在青菜体内的分布和积累情况.结果表明:低浓度的Cu2 处理对青菜幼苗根系的伸长有明显的抑制作用,3 μmol/L Cu2 处理时,根系伸长量下降为对照的26.12%;不同浓度的Cu2 处理能降低青菜幼苗地上部的生物量,但在低浓度的Cu2 (≤5μmol/L Cu2 )处理下,青菜根系生物量却有上升的趋势;青菜根系铜含量远大于地上部,随着铜离子处理浓度的升高,根系和地上部的铜含量均显著增加,而地上部的含铜量占植株总铜量的百分比有所下降,根系则相反.     

铜胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长的影响

铜是植物生长发育所必需的微量营养元素,但过量的铜会对植物产生毒害作用。以甜菜种子为材料,研究不同浓度铜(Cu)胁迫对甜菜(Beta vulgaris)株高、鲜重、干重的影响。结果表明:5~20μmo1/L Cu处理12 d,甜菜幼苗根系生长受到明显抑制,甜菜幼苗的干物重减少,甜菜幼苗地上部和根系Cu含量明显增加;甜菜幼苗吸收的Cu大部分积累在根部,而地上部分Cu含量较少,随Cu2+浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,其对幼苗的毒害作用越明显,表现为Cu2+对甜菜幼苗的生长,包括株高、鲜重和干重有明显的抑制作用。     

锌胁迫下水培枳幼苗锌分布及矿质营养元素含量变化

为了解锌胁迫(缺乏或过量)下枳体内锌分布及其他矿质元素含量变化,以30d枳实生幼苗为试材,分别进行锌缺乏(0μmol·L-1)、对照(0.7μmol·L-1)和锌过量(70μmol·L-1)水培处理,70d后测定和分析。结果表明,枳幼苗根、茎和叶中锌含量随处理浓度升高而显著升高,不同器官锌含量为根茎叶,锌胁迫下植株地上部分含锌量比例增加。与对照相比,缺锌处理枳幼苗叶片K、Mn和Cu含量显著降低,叶片Fe含量显著升高,根系Mn含量显著上升,根系Cu含量显著下降。与对照相比,锌过量处理枳幼苗叶片P、Ca、Mg和Cu含量,茎P和K含量,根系Fe和Cu含量均显著升高;叶片K、Fe和Mn含量,茎Ca和Fe含量,根系K和Mn含量均显著降低。各器官不同处理间S含量差异无显著性。相关性分析显示,Zn和Cu含量在枳幼苗根、茎、叶中呈显著或极显著正相关;Zn和Fe含量在叶片和茎中呈极显著负相关,在根中呈极显著正相关。     

Cu2+对生菜生长发育的影响

用水培法研究铜对不同品种生菜幼苗生长、叶片中叶绿素含量及蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明:随着铜浓度的增加,叶绿素的含量均呈先下降后上升趋势,叶绿素含量减少到最低时,铜的浓度为4μmol/L.蛋白质的含量也呈先上升后下降趋势,在铜浓度为6μmol/L时,蛋白质的含量最低.     

外源NO供体对甘蓝根系和叶片光合特性的影响

在100mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究NO供体硝普钠(SNP)及其副产物NaNO2对甘蓝幼苗根系和叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明:10μmol/L SNP和0.10 mmol/L NaNO2处理能缓解盐胁迫对甘蓝幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高根系活力、根相对生长量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和净光合速率,并且10μmol/L SNP对提高盐胁迫下甘蓝的根系活力和根相对生长量方面效果好于0.10 mmol/L NaNO2,而对净光合速率和色素的影响则NaNO2的效果要好于SNP。     

镉对白菜、青菜生长的影响

采用溶液培养的方法,比较研究了镉(Cd)对芸苔属植物白菜和青菜生长发育的影响.结果表明,白菜对Cd毒害的耐性大于青菜,并具有较高的吸收和转运Cd的能力.10 μmol/L Cd处理5 d(天),根系的净增长量白菜比青菜高出10个百分点;随着Cd处理浓度的增大,白菜和青菜叶片叶绿素含量均呈下降的趋势;相同Cd浓度处理下,白菜地上部含Cd量高于青菜,且Cd地上部含量/根系的值大于青菜.     

叶面喷施蔗糖对弱光胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为探究外源蔗糖对弱光胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,以蜜本南瓜为材料,设置4个处理:正常光照(300μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下叶面喷施清水(CK),弱光(150μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下喷施清水(T0)、1%的蔗糖(T1)和2%的蔗糖(T2)。结果表明,与正常光照相比,弱光显著降低了南瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、生物量、壮苗指数、比叶重等生长指标,以及荧光参数、净光合速率等光合指标。弱光下叶面喷施1%和2%的蔗糖提高了南瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、生物量、比叶重、叶绿素含量、荧光参数和P_n-PPFD响应曲线及其参数等,其中喷施1%蔗糖增加幅度较大,地上部鲜质量、干质量、比叶重、叶绿素总含量、Fv/Fm、qP、TRO/RC、Ψo、AQY和P_(n max)分别比弱光处理显著增加了28.5%、40.6%、31.3%、5.7%、27.9%、37.5%、3.4%、14.3%、38.5%和34.3%,以上指标喷施2%蔗糖处理与1%蔗糖处理无显著差异。综上所述,弱光下喷施蔗糖可促进南瓜幼苗的生长并有效改善光和性能,且以1%蔗糖处理效果最好。     

外源H_2O_2对枳生长和根系碳水化合物含量的影响

以盆栽枳实生幼苗为试材,采用不同浓度(0~1.25μmol/L)过氧化氢(H_2O_2)进行灌根处理,12周后观测株高、叶片数、根系形态、侧根数量及根系葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量。结果表明,与清水对照相比,只有外源0.25μmol/L H_2O_2显著提高了株高和叶片数,0.05和0.25μmol/L H_2O_2显著提高了根系鲜重,0.05、0.25和1.25μmol/L H_2O_2均显著提高了根系干重、一级侧根数、二级侧根数、三级侧根数、根系果糖含量和根系葡萄糖含量。其中,0.25μmol/L H_2O_2促进枳生长的效果最好。     

不同生物刺激剂对茄子幼苗质量的影响

为探究不同生物刺激剂在茄子育苗产业中的应用，研究了腐殖酸、鱼蛋白、海藻精、甲壳素和氨基酸等5种生物刺激剂对茄子幼苗质量的影响。结果表明，5种生物刺激剂处理对茄子幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部及地下部干鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积、根系平均直径、叶片中叶绿素a+b含量及净光合速率的影响均存在浓度效应，呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，且各处理均以稀释600倍效果较好。主成分分析结果表明，稀释600倍的鱼蛋白对茄子幼苗的促生效果最好。与对照相比，壮苗指数提高54.12%；根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积和根系平均直径分别提高74.70%、89.34%、80.70%和26.92%；叶绿素a+b含量和净光合速率增加41.26%和45.00%。海藻精和甲壳素的促生效果次之，壮苗指数分别提高33.03%和34.86%。     

番茄幼苗叶绿素荧光参数对锌胁迫的响应

以番茄种子为试材,采用土壤基质培养方法,设置了不同锌处理浓度(10、50、100、150μmol·L~(-1)),以0μmol·L~(-1)为对照,比较分析了不同浓度锌胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系生长、叶绿素含量以及叶片的叶绿素荧光变化。结果表明:锌处理浓度为10μmol·L~(-1)的番茄幼苗表现出更好的增长,而高浓度的锌对植物是有害的,可能会导致植物生长发育缓慢以及叶片萎黄病;过量的锌元素使番茄幼苗的光合系统遭到破坏,这是由于锌胁迫降低了番茄幼苗总叶绿素含量,并且提高了丙二醛(MDA)含量。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。