瘤胃微生物对肽的利用

围绕瘤胃微生物对肽的利用这一主题，揭示肽在瘤胃内的积累现象及肽对瘤胃微生物的促生长作用，从瘤胃微生物肽酶的活性、肽的理化参数对肽在瘤胃内代谢的影响及合成肽的代谢研究３个方面勾画出了当前反刍动物营养学研究领域内肽的代谢研究现状，并指明了今后的研究方向。     

瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。     

反刍动物肽营养研究进展

综述了国内外对小肽在反刍动物体内吸收与营养研究的新进展，讨论了小肽在瘤胃内的代谢及其对反刍动物的营养作用，分析了影响小肽吸收，代谢，利用的因素，最后介绍了瘤胃微生物肽营养的体系。     

瘤胃代谢的神经内分泌调节

反刍动物试验证明,瘤胃液含有17β-雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P4）和睾酮（T）。E2抑制瘤胃代谢,而P4和T则提高瘤胃代谢水平。这些甾体类激素通过与瘤胃微生物细胞的相应受体结合而直接影响瘤胃内代谢变化。瘤胃液中只发现甲状腺激素的T3,而未检出T4,T3可促进瘤胃微生物代谢活动增强。豆科牧草和大豆含有植物雌激素异黄酮,可提高瘤胃内容物的菌体蛋白、TVFA和氨氮水平。瘤胃液及唾液内发现肽类激素如胃泌素。饲料蛋白在瘤胃内降解可产生一些活性肽,如外啡肽可能起肽类激素的生理作用。半胱胺可耗竭下丘脑和肠道的生长抑素,从而提高生长激素等水平,使瘤胃内代谢及蛋白质合成显著加强。因此,初步认为,瘤胃代谢受神经内分泌的调节,但尚有若干问题有待进一步试验阐明。     

反刍动物肽营养的研究进展

肽作为蛋白质的主要消化产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源。文章综述反刍动物对肽的吸收特点及影响因素、肽的吸收代谢机制、肽对瘤胃微生物的调控及对反刍动物生产性能发挥的作用,并阐述饲料蛋白源活性肽的开发应用及肽营养研究与应用前景。     

瘤胃微生物的研究进展

瘤胃微生物的活动受很多因素的影响,作者对蛋氨酸、肽类、有机酸、不同日粮类型等对瘤胃微生物代谢活动的影响及相关研究方法进行了综述。对生产实践中合理使用添加剂,增强瘤胃微生物的利用率,提高反刍动物的生产性能有重要意义。     

瘤胃微生物肽营养研究进展

本文就瘤胃内肽降解的微生物学、微生物摄取肽的机制、影响微生物摄取肽的因素、微生物对肽的营养需要、肽营养与微生物生长、肽营养对微生物发酵环境与饲料养分消化的影响、肽乙酰化保护与营养以及离子载体对肽降解的影响进行了综述和重点讨论 ,并对瘤胃微生物肽营养未来研究做了展望     

反刍动物限制性氨基酸营养及其氨基酸模式

反刍动物具有独特的消化生理特点 ,其蛋白质或氨基酸营养代谢更复杂 ,单胃动物氨基酸模式研究方法 ,并不完全适用于反刍动物 ,因此反刍动物氨基酸营养及其氨基酸模式研究与应用 ,已成为现代反刍动物蛋白质 (氨基酸 )营养代谢的研究热点。1　反刍动物蛋白质消化代谢特点反刍动物瘤胃内栖居着大量微生物 (细菌、原虫、真菌 ) ,饲料进入瘤胃后 ,部分被瘤胃微生物降解为小肽、氨基酸和氨 ,微生物再利用挥发性脂肪酸为碳架 ,利用发酵产生的能量 ,将部分小肽、氨基酸、氨合成微生物蛋白 ;饲料中未降解蛋白和微生物蛋白 ,随食糜进入真胃和小肠 ,在…     

反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展

肽是蛋白质降解的中间产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源,具有比氨基酸更强的刺激瘤胃微生物生长的作用,是近年来反刍动物营养研究的热点。文章从肽的产生和降解机制、吸收等方面阐述了反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展。     

反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展

肽是蛋白质降解的中间产物,是反刍动物和瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源,具有比氨基酸更强的刺激瘤胃微生物生长的作用,是近年来反刍动物营养研究的热点.文章从肽的产生和降解机制、吸收等方面阐述了反刍动物肽代谢的研究进展.     

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminal fermentation.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a kinetic submodel that predicts ruminal fermentation. The ruminal microbial population is divided into bacteria that ferment structural carbohydrate (SC) and those that ferment nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). Protozoa are accommodated by a decrease in the theoretical maximum growth yield (.50 vs .40 g of cells per gram of carbohydrate fermented), and the yields are adjusted for maintenance requirements (.05 vs .150 g of cell dry weight per gram of carbohydrate fermented per hour for SC and NSC bacteria, respectively). Bacterial yield is decreased when forage NDF is < 20% (2.5% for every 1% decrease in NDF). The SC bacteria utilize only ammonia as a N source, but the NSC bacteria can utilize either ammonia or peptides. The yield of NSC bacteria is enhanced by as much as 18.7% when proteins or peptides are available. The NSC bacteria produce less ammonia when the carbohydrate fermentation (growth) rate is rapid, but 34% of the ammonia production is insensitive to the rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Ammonia production rates are moderated by the rate of peptide and amino acid uptake (.07 g of peptide per gram of cells per hour), and peptides and amino acids can pass out of the rumen if the rate of proteolysis is faster than the rate of peptide utilization. The protein-sparing effect of ionophores is accommodated by decreasing the rate of peptide uptake by 34%. Validation with published data of microbial flow from the rumen gave a regression with a slope of .94 and an r2 of .88.     

不同精粗比日粮中添加小肽对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响

为研究不同精粗比日粮中添加小肽对牦牛瘤胃体外发酵产气量、养分降解率以及发酵参数的影响,采用3×5交叉设计,以底物的精粗比(40∶60、50∶50、60∶40)和小肽的添加水平(0、0.75%、1.50%、2.25%、3.00%)作为两试验因素,试验共15个处理,每个处理3个重复,在发酵48 h后采集发酵样品进行测定。结果表明:1)日粮精粗比对中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率无显著影响(P>0.05);随小肽添加水平的升高,NDF和ADF的降解率呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P<0.01),以1.50%和2.25%水平效果较佳。日粮精粗比和小肽添加水平对产气量(GP)和干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)的降解率存在极显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。2)随日粮精粗比的升高,pH逐渐降低(P<0.01),微生物蛋白(MCP)合成量逐渐升高(P>0.05),且50∶50和60∶40无显著差异。随小肽添加水平的升高,pH和MCP均呈二次曲线变化(P<0.01),以2.25%水平最高。日粮精粗比和小肽添加水平对氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。3)日粮精粗比和小肽添加水平对挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)存在极显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。在3种精粗比条件下,随小肽添加水平的升高,乙酸与丙酸比(乙/丙)和乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸比例呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05),以1.50%水平时乙/丙最小,乙酸比例最低,2.25%水平时异位酸比例最高。综上所述,日粮精粗比和小肽添加水平对体外产气量、养分降解率和发酵参数有着显著影响。本试验条件下,精粗比为50∶50和60∶40时效果较好,小肽的添加水平以1.50%和2.25%为宜。     

小肽对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究小肽(small peptides,SP)对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能及氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期[(45±15)d]相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,分为4组,每组10头,对照组和试验1组、2组、3组分别补饲0、50、100和150 g/(d·头)SP。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)试验组的瘤胃微生物蛋白产量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高17.38%、22.94%、12.22%。2)试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高9.93%、12.64%、7.53%;SP能显著提高乳脂率和乳蛋白率(P0.05),显著降低乳体细胞数(P0.05)(以试验2组最低)。3)在氮总排泄量上,试验组显著低于对照组(P0.05),试验1组、2组、3组分别降低13.31%、15.01%、9.43%。本试验条件下,综合考虑瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶量、乳成分含量及氮排泄等指标,SP以添加100 g/(d·头)最有利。     

瘤胃纤维降解的研究进展

瘤胃微生物群降解和发酵粗料细胞壁的结构性碳水化合物,为宿主动物提供挥发性脂肪酸和蛋白质。但是,瘤胃降解纤维的速度和程度受到微生物对底物的可及性、粗料的物理和化学特性及瘤胃消化动力学等因素的调控。本文对瘤胃纤维降解微生物降解纤维的机制和调控作一介绍,并阐明今后的研究方向。     

Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers.

In a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment, six heifers (443 +/- 6.1 kg) fed a 61% barley grain:39% alfalfa silage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera (YS). Doses of 0 (control), 20, or 60 g/d were given at 0800 daily. Ruminal content was sampled 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after dosing. Acidity, concentrations of reducing sugars, free amino acids, and peptides in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by YS. Relative to control, ruminal ammonia concentration was reduced (P < .05) 2 h after YS dosing. Ruminal propionate concentration was increased (P < .05) by YS. Protozoal numbers in the rumen were lower (P < .05) with YS than without. Yucca did not affect (P > .05) rate or extent of in situ DM degradability. Fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic activities in ruminal contents were similar among treatments (P > .05). Dry matter intake, apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, and CP, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by treatment. The effect of YS on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoa and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YS. The effect on ruminal propionate was probably a result of a selective inhibitory effect of YS on rumen microbial species.     

Accounting for the effects of a ruminal nitrogen deficiency within the structure of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) prediction of fiber digestion and microbial mass production from ruminally degraded carbohydrate has been adjusted to accommodate a ruminal N deficiency. The steps for the adjustment are as follows: 1) the ruminal available peptide and ammonia pools are used to determine the N allowable microbial growth; 2) this value is subtracted from the energy allowable microbial growth to obtain the reduction in microbial mass; 3) this mass reduction is allocated between pools of bacteria digesting fiber (FC) and nonfiber (NFC) carbohydrate according to their original proportions in the energy allowable microbial growth; 4) the reduction in fermented FC is computed as the FC bacterial mass reduction divided by its yield (g bacteria/g FC digested); and 5) this reduction is added to the FC fraction escaping the rumen. Five published studies included information that allowed us to evaluate the response of animals to added dietary N. These evaluations compared observed and CNCPS-predicted ADG with and without this adjustment. The adjustment decreased the CNCPS overprediction of ADG from 19.2 to 4.7%, mean bias declined from .16 to .04 kg/d, and the r2 of the regression between observed and metabolizable energy (ME) or metabolizable protein allowable ADG was increased from .83 to .88 with the adjustment. When the observed dry matter intake was regressed against CNCPS-predicted DMI with an adjustment for reduction in cell wall digestibility, the r2 was increased from .77 to .88. These results indicated the adjustment for ruminal nitrogen deficiency increased the accuracy of the CNCPS model in evaluating diets of growing animals when ruminally degraded N is deficient.     

Effects of defaunation and various nitrogen supplementation regimens on microbial numbers and activity in the rumen of sheep

Five sheep (average BW 62 kg) were fed 65% roughage: 35% concentrate diets (CP = 15%) in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to study the effects of combinations of defaunation and N supplements (soybean meal [SBM], corn gluten meal [CGM], blood meal [BM], urea, and casein) differing in ruminal degradation on ruminal microbial numbers and activity. Diets were fed twice daily (DM intake 1,759 g/d). Defaunation was accomplished with doses of 30 ml of alkanate 3SL3.sheep-1.d-1 for 3 d with 2 d of fasting. Treatment 1 (control) involved feeding faunated sheep a diet in which the supplemental N was 67% SBM N and 33% urea N. Treatment 2 involved feeding defaunated sheep the same diet as the control. Treatments 3, 4, and 5 involved feeding defaunated sheep diets in which the supplemental N source was either 67% CGM-BM N (CGM and BM combined on a 1:1 N ratio): 33% urea N, or 33% CGM-BM N:67% urea N or 33% CGM-BM N:33% urea N:33% casein N, respectively. Compared with the faunated control, defaunation (Treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5) increased (P less than .05) total direct counts of ruminal bacteria (2.7 vs 1.3 x 10(11)/ml), fungal zoospores (2.8 vs 1.4 x 10(5)/ml), and ruminal microbial protease activity (1.4 vs 1.0 mg azocasein/[ml ruminal fluid.h]). Defaunation did not have a consistent effect on ruminal microbial deaminase activity. Compared with the control, defaunation resulted in lower (P less than .05) total perchloric acid-soluble amino N in ruminal fluid at 4 and 10 h after the morning feeding. Defaunation did not decrease (P greater than .05) total free amino acid concentrations in ruminal fluid, but it altered the profile of free amino acids. Although defaunation increased (P less than .05) ruminal bacterial numbers, no increases in total microbial CP or OM concentrations in ruminal contents were observed.     

Pathophysiological evaluation of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous ruminal pH monitoring

Evaluation of the radio‐transmission pH‐measurement system for monitoring the ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in cattle is described. This is done in order to reveal the possible application of this system for detection and pathophysiological research of SARA by continuous ruminal pH measurement. The possibility of using this system for assessment of the ruminal pH in SARA cattle, and the presence of negative correlation between the ruminal pH and ruminal temperature in heathy and SARA cattle were determined. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis showed that the ruminal microbial community was simpler in SARA cattle, and the bacterial numbers in SARA cattle were lower than those in healthy hay‐fed cattle. Concentrate feeding might have reduced the diversity of the ruminal microbial community. Changes in the ruminal microbial community of SARA cattle might be related to the changes in ruminal pH followed by the decrease in the number of some bacteria. Continuous monitoring of the ruminal pH using the radio‐transmission pH‐measurement system would be applied for detection and prevention of SARA in the field and pathophysiological research of SARA, including ruminal zymology and bacteriology, which have been determined previously by sampling of the ruminal fluid and measuring of ruminal pH.     

Effects of degree of fat saturation on fiber digestion and microbial protein synthesis when diets are fed twelve times daily

Three Holstein heifers and one nonlactating cow, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of degree of fat saturation on ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestion and microbial protein synthesis and to determine whether changes in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were related to protozoal populations in the rumen. Corn silage-based diets contained no added fat or 4.85% of diet dry matter as partially hydrogenated tallow, tallow, or animal-vegetable fat. Iodine values of fat sources were 12.8, 50.6, and 109.7 for partially hydrogenated tallow, tallow, and animal-vegetable fat, respectively. Cattle were fed every 2 h and consumed 1.5% of body weight as dry matter daily. Ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility was decreased by added fat but was not affected by increasing iodine value. Flows of microbial N and non-NH3-nonmicrobial N to the duodenum were not affected by treatment. Ruminal protozoa concentration decreased linearly as the iodine value of fats increased. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was increased and protozoa concentrations tended to decrease when fat was fed. Decreased ruminal protozoa concentration may have decreased intraruminal N recycling. Biohydrogenation of added fat may result in a low ruminal concentration of unsaturated fatty acids when cows are fed frequently, reducing the negative effects of unsaturated fat sources on ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Protozoa were inhibited by unsaturated fat, but it is not clear if biohydrogenation and frequent feeding lessened inhibition.