不同储藏条件对牛肉品质的影响

为研究不同包装方式和储藏温度对牛肉品质的影响,以宰后24 h的牛背最长肌为材料,对其分别进行托盘、真空、涂膜3种方式包装,并置于（4±1） ℃冷藏及（-1.0±0.5） ℃冰温条件下储藏,并在储藏期间对牛肉的pH值、TVB-N含量、TBARS含量、微观结构以及挥发性成分进行检测。结果表明：储藏15 d后,冰温＋涂膜组牛肉的pH值和TVB-N含量最低,分别为6.23和11.59 mg/100 g;冰温＋涂膜组、冷藏＋涂膜组牛肉的TBARS值分别为0.35 mg/kg和0.39 mg/kg;电镜观察发现冰温＋涂膜组牛肉肌内膜结构相对完整,其他组都有不同程度松散和破坏;储藏期间牛肉中酮类、醛类、烃类、酯类物质的相对含量由低到高依次为：涂膜组＜真空组＜托盘组。综上所述,冰温储藏结合涂膜保鲜能更好地维持牛肉的品质,延长货架期。     

壳聚糖-nisin复合包装膜在烧鸡保鲜中的应用

研究壳聚糖- nisin复合包装膜处理对烧鸡保鲜的作用。采用3种包装形式（普通包装、1%壳聚糖膜、1%壳聚糖+0.02% nisin复合膜）对烧鸡进行处理,定期测定菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N值）、脂肪氧化（TBARS值）和感官评定。结果表明,在4℃条件下处理组样品货架期为7~14 d,对照组样品货架期约为3 d。低温贮藏过程中,处理样品的pH值、 TVB-N值、 TBARS值、菌落总数均显著低于对照组。     

两种不同保鲜剂处理对羊肉储藏品质的影响

以鄂尔多斯白山羊肉为试材，探究不同质量浓度抗菌保鲜剂ε-聚赖氨酸（0.10、0.15、0.20 g/L）以及乳酸链球菌素（0.1、0.2、0.4 g/L）处理对4℃条件下羊肉储藏品质的影响。结果表明：采用不同质量浓度的ε-聚赖氨酸进行处理时，在储藏前期，0.20 g/L处理组的保鲜效果较好，其高铁肌红蛋白较低，感官评分较高；在储藏后期，0.15 g/L处理组各项指标的储藏效果优于其他浓度处理组，其硬度平均值波动较稳定，同时维持肉品色泽及感官品质。采用不同质量浓度的乳酸链球菌素进行处理时，0.2 g/L的处理较其他浓度处理能够抑制高铁肌红蛋白含量的升高，维持肌肉硬度，延缓肌肉持水力的降低，维持较高的亮度值，且在储藏21 d后未腐败变质，与空白组相比能够有效延长羊肉的货架期约7 d。     

复配天然保鲜剂对青虾冷藏保鲜效果的影响

采用复配天然保鲜剂(保鲜剂中含有壳聚糖12.5 g/L,卡拉胶1.75 g/L,迷迭香提取物0.9 g/L,Nisin 0.7 g/L)对青虾进行保鲜处理,以青虾肌肉的pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值和青虾菌落总数为指标,结合青虾肌肉蛋白质的SDS-PAGE电泳结果,分析复配天然保鲜剂对青虾4℃冷藏保鲜效果的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,采用复配天然保鲜剂处理能延缓青虾冷藏期间肌肉pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值和菌落总数的增长;SDS-PAGE图谱表明,该复配天然保鲜剂有利于维持青虾肌肉蛋白质结构和性质的稳定性.以上结果说明,在4℃冷藏条件下,复配天然保鲜剂处理青虾能够抑制其蛋白质降解、脂肪氧化酸败和微生物的生长,从而延缓青虾的腐败变质,货架期达到7 d,保鲜效果良好.     

大孔树脂纯化襄荷黄酮提取物及其对小鼠运动性疲劳的影响

采用大孔树脂纯化襄荷黄酮提取物,比较树脂之间静态吸附与洗脱性能的差异,确定最佳型号树脂的吸附机理后,采取动态吸附与洗脱试验确定最佳纯化工艺,另通过动物实验考查纯化后的襄荷黄酮抗疲劳活性.结果 表明,AB-8型大孔树脂为纯化襄荷黄酮的最佳树脂,饱和吸附量随上样浓度的升高逐渐增大,但随温度升高而逐渐减小,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型特征,最佳纯化工艺条件为:60 mL上样浓度为6 mg/mL襄荷黄酮(pH 6.0),上样流速3 mL/min,洗脱流速2 mL/min,洗脱液乙醇浓度60％,洗脱液体积150 mL,产物的黄酮纯度由11.25％提高至47.52％.动物实验结果显示,中、高剂量的纯化产物可明显延长小鼠的负重游泳时间,降低运动后体内乳酸与尿素氮浓度,并提高乳酸脱氢酶的活力,因此可较好地缓解运动性疲劳.     

不同壳聚糖抗菌膜对草鱼保鲜效果的比较

本试验比较不同壳聚糖抗菌膜对草鱼鱼片的保鲜效果。试验以壳聚糖作为成膜材料,以葱、姜、蒜乙醇提取液作为抗菌剂,制备了4种涂膜液（壳聚糖、壳聚糖＋葱、壳聚糖＋姜、壳聚糖＋蒜）,以蒸馏水作为对照,对草鱼鱼片浸渍涂膜后进行冷藏保存（8℃）,分别在冷藏0、3、6天时取样,对鱼片进行感官分析,测定鱼片的细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）和pH值。试验结果为4 种涂膜液组鱼片的感官评分均显著高于对照组,而细菌总数、TVB-N和pH显著低于对照组;壳聚糖＋葱、壳聚糖＋蒜组的感官评分显著高于壳聚糖组,而细菌总数、TVB-N和pH之显著低于壳聚糖组。试验结果表明,壳聚糖涂膜利于草鱼鱼片的贮藏,添加葱、蒜提取液可提高壳聚糖涂膜的保鲜效果。     

复合香辛料提取物对冷藏猪肉糜氧化及品质特性的影响

为探究桂皮、生姜、八角茴香复合香辛料提取物对冷藏期间猪肉糜氧化稳定性及品质的影响,分别向猪肉糜中加入浓度为0.3%、0.7%、1.1%的香辛料提取物溶液,测定不同处理组的硫代巴比妥酸值（Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）、蛋白质羰基、总巯基、pH、蒸煮损失、色差、质构特性等指标,并通过电镜观察其微观结构。结果表明：添加复合香辛料提取物的猪肉糜TBARS值、羰基含量和巯基损失量显著低于空白组（P＜0.05）,添加浓度为0.7%和1.1%两组间无显著差异;与空白组相比,冷藏后期3个不同提取物浓度组肉糜的pH、蒸煮损失、L*值、a*值、质构特性均有显著改善（P＜0.05）,并降低了因氧化诱导引起的微观结构的改变,但1.1%浓度组肉糜a*值较其他浓度组低（P＜0.05）,说明高浓度的复合香辛料提取物对肉糜色泽有一定的负面影响。综上所述,添加浓度为0.7%的复合香辛料提取物可有效抑制冷藏猪肉糜的氧化和品质的劣变。     

不同光照处理对金枪鱼新鲜度的影响

以冷藏金枪鱼前腹肉为试材,托盘包装后置于4℃冷柜中,经700 Lux光照强度的不同光源(红光(波长630 nm)、绿光(波长530 nm)、紫光(波长400 nm))照射处理4 d后测定L~*值等理化指标。结果表明,不同光源照射对金枪鱼新鲜度的变化有显著影响,供试波长越长,越有利于保持冷藏金枪鱼的新鲜度;红光照射的效果最好,可考虑做为金枪鱼展柜的光源;红光照射金枪鱼4 d后的L~*值、a~*值、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)值、高铁肌红蛋白(Met Mb)相对百分含量和鱼肉鲜度K值分别为32.27、7.11、0.89 mg/100 g、30.34%和12.96%。     

酸性电解水对冰鲜鸽保鲜效果的研究

以刚宰杀急速冷却的鸽子为研究对象,用酸性电解水处理后进行0~4 ℃冷藏保鲜,通过测定鸽肉的pH、挥发性盐基氮（TNB-N）含量、菌落总数、汁液流失率及感官评价等指标,研究酸性电解水电解时间、浸泡时间及pH对冰鲜鸽保鲜效果的影响。结果表明：酸性电解水能有效抑制冰鲜鸽肉中微生物的生长繁殖,在一定程度延缓TNB-N含量、汁液流失率、pH的上升。在0~4 ℃冷藏条件下,对照组鸽肉可以保存5 d,经pH 2.65的酸性电解水浸泡15~20 min后的鸽肉能保存7~9 d,延长了2~4 d的保质期。     

电子束辐照对储藏期间三文鱼鲜度的影响

为探究电子束辐照技术对三文鱼保鲜效果的影响,以新鲜三文鱼为原料,经不同低剂量（0~4 kGy）电子束辐照结合真空包装处理,研究4 ℃储藏条件下三文鱼的鲜度变化情况。以微生物菌落总数（Total bacterial counts, TBC）、挥发性盐基氮（Total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量及鲜度值（K值）为指标,并结合感官评价（Sensory assessment, SA）对三文鱼的鲜度进行综合评定,同时对各鲜度指标进行了相关性分析。结果表明,辐照剂量越高,杀菌效果越好;电子束处理后的三文鱼K值和TVB-N含量随贮藏时间的延长均呈现不同程度的增加,且冷藏期内其K值、TVB-N含量的上升速度均低于对照组;低剂量辐照对三文鱼感官品质影响不明显,其中经2、4 kGy辐照处理的三文鱼虽有一定的保鲜效果,但同时伴有色泽变淡,轻微辐照异味产生的现象。综合考虑,电子束辐照处理三文鱼的最佳辐照剂量为1 kGy,相应的货架期可达到12 d,与对照组相比,延长了6 d左右。同时三文鱼的K值与菌落总数、感官评分均具有极显著的相关性（P＜0.01）。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...