奶牛乳腺中4F2hc基因的表达模式及亮氨酸对其表达的调控研究

为了研究4F2hc在奶牛乳腺中的表达模式及调控方式,进一步明确氨基酸在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的跨膜转运过程,本研究采用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了4F2hc在泌乳期和干奶期奶牛乳腺组织中的表达变化;在体外培养的泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中添加亮氨酸,采用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc表达的影响;采用雷帕霉素抑制剂抑制mTOR信号通路,使用Western blotting方法检测mTOR信号抑制后奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc表达以及乳蛋白合成的变化。结果显示,在泌乳期的奶牛乳腺组织中4F2hc的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著或极显著高于干奶期(P0.05,P0.01);在体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中添加亮氨酸可以极显著提高乳腺上皮细胞中4F2hc的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平(P0.01);亮氨酸刺激可以激活细胞内的mTOR信号通路(P0.05),而雷帕霉素处理则可以显著抑制mTOR信号分子的磷酸化并极显著抑制亮氨酸诱导的4F2hc的表达(P0.05,P0.01),进而极显著抑制β-Casein的合成(P0.01)。以上研究结果表明,4F2hc基因的表达与奶牛乳腺的泌乳活性之间呈正相关,亮氨酸可以通过激活mTOR信号通路来调节4F2hc基因的表达,进而影响乳蛋白的合成。     

DDR1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的调控作用

旨在通过干扰或过表达盘状蛋白结构域受体1（DDR1）基因,探讨其对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖、凋亡及周期的影响。本研究将DDR1基因小干扰RNA片段和过表达载体pcDNA3.1-DDR1转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测细胞中DDR1的干扰和过表达效果;利用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡（早凋、晚凋）的变化;利用qRT-PCR检测增殖与凋亡相关基因的表达情况。结果,在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中干扰DDR1基因后,其mRNA和蛋白表达分别下调94%和30%,而过表达DDR1基因后,其mRNA和蛋白表达分别上调68.24和1.38倍;干扰DDR1极显著抑制细胞的增殖（P<0.01）,细胞早凋与晚凋比例极显著上升（P<0.01）;干扰组G1期细胞比例极显著上升（P<0.01）,S期细胞比例极显著下降（P<0.01）,G2期细胞比例显著下降（P<0.05）,提示细胞阻滞在G0/G1期。相反,过表达DDR1能显著促进细胞增殖（P<0.05）,显著抑制细胞晚期凋亡（P<0.05）,G1期细胞比例极显著下降（P<0.01）,S期细胞比例极显著上升（P<0.01）,促进细胞由G1期向S期的转换。qRT-PCR检测结果显示,干扰DDR1后显著上调BAX、Caspase9基因的表达（P<0.05）,极显著上调P53、FAS基因的表达（P<0.01）,且显著下调PCNA、CyclinB1基因的表达（P<0.05）;过表达DDR1后,分别显著和极显著下调Cytc与BAX基因的表达（P<0.05,P<0.01）,并极显著上调CyclinB1基因的表达（P<0.01）。综上可见,DDR1能够调控奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖、凋亡和周期,可为阐明DDR1参与奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长发育的分子机制提供参考。     

L型氨基酸转运载体1对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的影响

为研究L型氨基酸转运载体1（L type amino acid transporter 1,LAT1）对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的作用,本试验采用PCR技术体外扩增奶牛LAT1基因并构建LAT1真核表达载体,采用脂质体转染技术将LAT1真核表达载体转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并于转染48 h后采用Western blotting技术检测LAT1过表达后乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1、4F2hc和β-酪蛋白的表达变化。荧光显微镜检测结果显示,LAT1真核表达载体成功转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;Western blotting检测结果显示,LAT1过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1极显著增加（P<0.01）,β-酪蛋白的表达显著升高（P<0.05）,4F2hc表达变化不显著（P>0.05）。这些结果提示LAT1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成具有促进作用。     

脾源性酪氨酸激酶基因在奶牛乳腺中的表达研究

为探讨脾源性酪氨酸激酶(spleen tyrosine kinase,SYK)的表达与奶牛乳腺发育和泌乳功能之间的关系,试验采用Western blotting和激光共聚焦显微技术对泌乳期高乳品质、低乳品质及干乳期的中国荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达含量和表达部位的变化进行研究。结果表明,干乳期奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达显著高于泌乳期奶牛乳腺组织(P<0.05),泌乳期高乳品质、低乳品质奶牛乳腺组织中SYK的表达差异不显著(P>0.05);在干乳期SYK主要在乳腺导管上皮细胞的胞质中表达,而在泌乳期SYK在腺泡上皮细胞中表达。结果提示SYK是乳腺上皮细胞增殖与分化的调节因子,主要参与干乳期乳腺组织的重建过程。     

亮氨酸对κ-酪蛋白合成的影响及相关信号通路的研究

本研究旨在探讨其他氨基酸缺乏条件下补充亮氨酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞κ-酪蛋白基因表达和蛋白合成以及细胞增殖的影响,并从mRNA水平探究mTOR信号通路介导的蛋白质合成的重要性。处理组1在对照组(稀释100倍的培养基)的基础上补充亮氨酸,处理组2在处理组1的基础上添加mTOR信号通路上游抑制剂,分别采用RT-qPCR技术和ELISA法测定基因的相对表达量和蛋白合成量,CCK-8法测定细胞增殖。结果表明:亮氨酸显著促进了κ-酪蛋白基因表达和蛋白合成(P<0.05),而添加抑制剂极显著降低了这种作用(P<0.01);各处理对蛋白质合成信号通路相关基因mTOR、S6K1、4EBP1、eIF4E、eEF2相对表达量均有一定影响;抑制剂能显著抑制细胞增殖(P<0.05)。结果提示,补充亮氨酸能显著促进κ-酪蛋白的合成,这可能与mTOR信号通路介导蛋白质合成有关,此外,mTOR信号通路也可调控奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖。     

L型氨基酸转运载体1对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的影响

为研究L型氨基酸转运载体1(L type amino acid transporter 1,LAT1)对奶牛乳腺中β-酪蛋白表达的作用,本试验采用PCR技术体外扩增奶牛LAT1基因并构建LAT1真核表达载体,采用脂质体转染技术将LAT1真核表达载体转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并于转染48h后采用Western blotting技术检测LAT1过表达后乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1、4F2hc和β-酪蛋白的表达变化。荧光显微镜检测结果显示,LAT1真核表达载体成功转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;Western blotting检测结果显示,LAT1过表达的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1极显著增加(P0.01),β-酪蛋白的表达显著升高(P0.05),4F2hc表达变化不显著(P0.05)。这些结果提示LAT1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白合成具有促进作用。     

雌激素调控奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡及生长周期作用机制的研究

试验旨在研究雌激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）凋亡及生长周期的影响。通过添加MAPK/ERK信号通路阻断剂探索雌激素调控BMECs凋亡及生长周期具体的作用机制,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及周期的变化情况,实时荧光定量PCR检测Bcl-2、Caspase3及CyclinD1基因mRNA的表达丰度。结果显示,对照组BMECs凋亡率极显著低于BMECs+PD98059、BMECs+E₂+PD98059组（P<0.01）,Bcl-2 mRNA表达丰度极显著高于BMECs+PD98059组（P<0.01）,Caspase3 mRNA表达丰度显著低于BMECs+PD98059组（P<0.05）;对照组细胞比例在G1期显著高于BMECs+E₂组（P<0.05）,极显著低于BMECs+E₂+PD98059组（P<0.01）,S期细胞比例极显著高于BMECs+PD98059、BMECs+E₂+PD98059组（P<0.01）,G2期细胞比例极显著低于BMECs+PD98059、BMECs+E₂+PD98059组（P<0.01）;对照组CyclinD1 mRNA的表达丰度极显著高于BMECs+PD98059组（P<0.01）;BMECs+E₂+PD98059组的Bcl-2 mRNA的表达量极显著高于BMECs+PD98059组（P<0.01）,Caspase3 mRNA的表达量显著低于BMECs+PD98059组（P<0.05）。结果表明,MAPK/ERK信号通路参与BMECs的增殖及细胞生长周期调节的过程,且雌激素可通过MAPK/ERK信号通路抑制BMECs的凋亡,MAPK/ERK信号通路可能参与由雌激素调控的细胞生长周期的进程。     

奶牛SP1基因结构及对乳脂合成功能的初步分析

旨在探讨中国荷斯坦奶牛的特异性蛋白1（specificity protein，SP1）基因结构特征及其对奶牛乳脂合成的影响。根据NCBI已经公布的奶牛SP1基因序列（NM_001078027.1），利用生物信息学分析其序列保守性、理化性质、蛋白亲水性、蛋白质结构及互作蛋白；采用PCR技术扩增并克隆SP1基因CDS序列。然后，选取6头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛，分别取泌乳期和干奶期奶牛乳腺组织，运用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测SP1基因在不同时期奶牛乳腺组织中的表达情况。分离并纯化泌乳期奶牛乳腺上皮细胞，通过SP1过表达及干扰检测其对乳脂合成的影响，分别进行3次独立试验。结果显示，SP1基因序列在不同物种间高度保守，与山羊相似度最高（98.94%）。奶牛SP1基因CDS区序列长2 361 bp，编码786个氨基酸，蛋白分子质量为80 902.17 u，理论等电点为6.94。平均疏水指数为-0.438，为不稳定的亲水性蛋白。SP1序列包含3个锌指结构，SP1蛋白二级结构以无规则卷曲（52.29%）为主。STRING蛋白互作分析结果显示，SP1与转录因子AP-1（JUN）、雌激素受体α（ERα）、MYC原癌基因蛋白（MYC）、TATA盒结合蛋白（TBP）等蛋白存在相互作用。实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果显示，SP1的mRNA和蛋白在泌乳期的表达量显著高于干奶期（P<0.01）。在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中过表达SP1显著增加细胞甘油三酯的合成（P<0.01），而干扰SP1的表达，甘油三酯合成显著降低（P<0.01）。以上结果提示，SP1正向调控乳脂合成，分析SP1基因结构和功能为深入研究SP1对泌乳奶牛乳脂合成调控机制提供理论依据。     

敲低SQLE基因对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

为了探讨角鲨烯环氧酶（squalene epoxidase,SQLE）基因对体外培养奶牛乳腺细胞凋亡及增殖的影响,本研究用RNAi技术敲低奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中SQLE基因;用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中SQLE基因及凋亡和周期相关基因的表达;用CCK-8法检测其对细胞增殖的影响;用周期和凋亡检测试剂盒筛选细胞,用流式细胞术准确计数处于不同周期的细胞数和凋亡细胞数。结果显示,奶牛乳腺上皮细胞转染siRNA后,SQLE基因相对表达量显著下降（P<0.05）,细胞增殖受到极显著抑制（P<0.01）;G1期细胞数量显著下降（P<0.05）,G2期细胞数量没有显著性改变,S期细胞数量显著上升（P<0.05）;肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员6（又称Fas或CD5）的相对表达量显著上升（P<0.05）,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1B（cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B,P27）相对表达量显著上升（P<0.05）,而细胞周期素D1（Cyclin D1）、B淋巴细胞瘤因子2（B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2）、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂1A（cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A,P21）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bcl-2 associated X,apoptosis regulator,Bax）显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,敲低SQLE基因通过调节相关基因的表达抑制乳腺上皮细胞的增殖。     

干扰HSD17B4基因对水牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂和酪蛋白的影响

通过将小干扰-17β-羟基固醇脱氢酶Ⅳ（si-HSD17B4）基因转染水牛乳腺上皮细胞,检测酪蛋白、甘油三酯含量及脂肪酸相关基因的表达变化,从而揭示干扰HSD17B4基因对水牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳脂和酪蛋白的影响。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测HSD17B4 mRNA在水牛各个组织中的相对表达量。合成3条水牛HSD17B4小干扰RNA （siRNA）和1条对照si-HSD17B4-nc （si-nc）,并筛选干扰效果最佳的片段和时间。si-HSD17B4转染水牛乳腺上皮细胞后,通过酪蛋白试剂盒检测酪蛋白的表达情况,通过甘油三酯测定和油红O染色检测甘油三酯含量,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测干扰HSD17B4基因对甘油三酯、脂肪酸合成以及氧化相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,HSD17B4基因在水牛心脏和卵巢中相对高表达,且显著高于其他组织（P<0.05）。3条HSD17B4 siRNA片段均能有效地抑制HSD17B4基因的表达,其中si-HSD17B4-1干扰效果最佳,HSD17B4 mRNA表达量极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;最佳干扰时间为24 h。酪蛋白检测结果显示,干扰HSD17B4基因对水牛乳腺上皮细胞中酪蛋白合成无影响。甘油三酯测定结果显示,干扰HSD17B4基因后细胞中甘油三酯含量上升,差异显著（P<0.05）。油红O染色结果显示,干扰HSD17B4基因后细胞中的脂滴明显增多。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,干扰HSD17B4基因会使FABP3、ACSL1、DGAT1、DGAT2、PLIN2、BTN1A1基因表达量上调,分别上调9.28（P<0.01）、1.36（P<0.05）、1.17（P<0.05）、1.83（P<0.01）、1.60（P<0.01）和2.17（P<0.01）倍;同时使PPARA、SREBP1C、SCD、ACSS2、ACACA、AGPAT6、LPIN1、XDH、ABCD1、ACOX2、EHHADH、SCP2基因表达量下降,分别下调至50.55%（P>0.05）、61.15%（P<0.01）、84.91%（P<0.01）、89.34%（P<0.01）、21.88%（P<0.01）、86.48%（P<0.01）、25.35%（P<0.01）、27.24%（P<0.01）、41.74%（P<0.01）、22.17%（P<0.01）、62.70%（P<0.01）和70.33%（P<0.01）。结果表明,HSD17B4基因在水牛组织中广泛表达;si-HSD17B4高效抑制HSD17B4基因在水牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达,未检测到干扰HSD17B4基因对乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白的影响,干扰HSD17B4基因上调了FABP3、ACSL1、DGAT1、DGAT2基因的表达,从而促进甘油三酯的合成,同时降低ABCD1、ACOX2、EHHADH、SCP2基因的表达,减少脂肪酸β-氧化。     

Study on Expression of SYK in Dairy Cow Mammary Gland

To investigate the relationship between the expression of SYK and dairy cow mammary gland development and lactation, the expression of SYK in lactating dairy cow mammary gland with high or low quality milk and dry period Holstein dairy cow mammary gland was detected by Western blotting and laser confocal microscope.The results showed that SYK expression in dry period mammary gland was significant higher than that in lactating mammary gland (P<0.05).There was no SYK differential expression detected between lactating mammary gland with high quality milk and low quality milk (P>0.05).SYK was mainly located in the cytoplasm of ductal epithelial cells in dry period mammary gland.In lactating mammary gland, SYK was existed in acinar epithelial cells.All these results revealed that SYK was a regulator in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.It participated in mammary gland reconstitution in dry period.     

Effects of Interference and Overexpression of DDR1 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Mammary Epithelial Cells in Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) gene on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells through interfering and overexpressing DDR1. The small RNA interference fragment of DDR1 gene and overexpression vector pcDNA3.1-DDR1 were transfected into dairy cow mammary epithelial cells, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the interference and overexpression efficiency of DDR1; CCK-8 was employed to detect cell proliferation; Flow cytometry was performed to detect the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis (early apoptosis and late apoptosis). qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of genes related to proliferation and apoptosis. After interfering DDR1 gene in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells, mRNA and protein expression levels of DDR1 were down-regulated by 94% and 30%, respectively; While after overexpressing DDR1 gene, its mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated 68.24 and 1.38 times, respectively. Interfering DDR1 extremely significantly inhibited the proliferation of cells (P<0.01), the ratio of early and late apoptotic cells was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); the ratio of G1 phase cells in the interference group was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the proportions of S and G2 phase cells were significantly decreased (P<0.01 and P<0.05), which suggested that the cells were blocked in G0/G1 phase. Conversely, overexpression of DDR1 could significantly promote cell proliferation (P<0.05), significantly inhibit the late apoptosis of cells (P<0.05), the proportion of G1 phase cells was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the proportion of S phase cells was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), suggesting the enhancement of transition from G1 to S phase. The results of qRT-PCR detection showed that after interfering DDR1, the expressions of BAX and Caspase9 genes were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05), and the expressions of P53 and FAS genes were extremely significantly up-regulated (P<0.01), while the expressions of PCNA and CyclinB1 genes were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05). After overexpression of DDR1, the expressions of Cytc and BAX genes were significantly (P<0.05) and extremely significantly down-regulated(P<0.01), respectively, and the expression of CyclinB1 gene was extremely significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). In summary, DDR1 can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis and cycle of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells, this result will provide a reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism of DDR1 involved in the growth and development of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells.     

必需氨基酸上调乳腺腺泡中L型氨基酸转运载体1的表达

To investigate the effect of essential amino acids on LAT1 expression in lactation mammary gland, the lactation mammary acini were cultured and LAT1 and 4F2hc expression were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that essential amino acids upregulated LAT1 and 4F2hc expression significantly in lactation mammary acini of dairy cow. It revealed that LAT1 was the mainly amino acid transporter in lactation mammary gland. The expression of LAT1 and 4F2hc was induced by essential amino acids.     

不同季节添加复合水溶性维生素对奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化和抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合水溶性维生素对春、夏季奶牛生产性能、血液生理生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响。采用2×2因子随机区组设计,选取胎次、体重相近的健康成年奶牛80头,随机分为4个处理,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,4组均饲喂基础日粮,Ⅲ、Ⅳ处理在春季补充复合水溶性维生素,Ⅱ、Ⅳ处理组在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素,各组添加量均为0.02%(日粮干物质为基础),预试期7 d,正式期70 d。结果表明:在春季添加复合水溶性维生素极显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量和日产奶量(P<0.01);在夏季显著提高奶牛的平均日采食量(P<0.05),极显著提高日产奶量(P<0.01);均能极显著提高乳脂率(P<0.01),极显著降低体细胞数(P<0.01);均能显著影响淋巴细胞总数(P<0.05)。在夏季补充复合水溶性维生素能极显著增加血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶(P<0.01),极显著降低乳酸脱氢酶、白蛋白、总蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白和磷酸肌酸激酶含量(P<0.01)。综上所述,复合水溶性维生素可以提高奶牛的生产性能,增强奶牛非特异性免疫,改善奶牛抗氧化性能,减少夏季热应激。     

Effects of Supplemental Complex Water Soluble Vitamin on Production Performance,Blood Biochemical Parameters and Oxidation Resistance of Dairy Cows

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of supplemental complex water soluble vitamins on production performance, blood biochemical parameters and oxidative resistance of dairy cows in spring and summer.The experiment was designed by 2×2 factorial randomized blocks design.Eighty healthy dairy cows with similar parity and body weight were randomly divided to four groups, with 7 days of adaptation and 70 d experimental phase.The dairy cows in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in spring.The dairy cows in group Ⅱ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in summer.The results showed that the ADFI and daily milk yield of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin in spring were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The ADFI of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin was significantly higher in summer (P<0.05) and daily milk yield were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The butterfat rate was extremely significantly increased and SCC was extremely significantly decreased in spring and summer (P<0.01);Supplementation of water soluble vitamin was also significantly increased LYM (P<0.05).In summer, T-AOC, T-SOD were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and TP, CK, LDH, TP, HDL and ALB were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) by water soluble vitamin supplementation than that of control group.In conclusion, complex water soluble vitamins could increase the production performance and non-specific immune function, improve the oxidative resistance and relieved the heat stress of the dairy cows.