供油提前角对C6121ZLG04型柴油机排放特性影响

针对C121ZLG04柴油机不同供油提前角下的性能进行研究与试验,分析了不同供油提前角对柴油机排放及油耗的影响情况.依据柴油机的工作特点和排放要求,确定了柴油机的最佳供油提前角.根据柴油机负荷特性试验对比分析,证实了在此供油提前角在柴油机满足所要求的动力性和经济性的同时,使柴油机的排放达到了"欧Ⅰ"排放标准.     

柴油机全负荷工况最佳供油提前角的模糊选择方法

针对495Q3柴油机全负荷工况下不同供油提前角时的性能进行了试验,分析了不同供油提前角对柴油机全负荷工况动力性、经济性和排放性的影响。根据柴油机的工作特点,基于试验数据,运用模糊数学理论,建立了供油提前角与柴油机动力性、经济性、排放性之间的模糊关系及隶属函数,通过模糊选择,优化出柴油机全负荷工况的最佳供油提前角为14°CA。     

HF495Q3柴油机供油提前角的优化选择

针对HF495Q3柴油机标定了26个工况点,同时改变供油提前角进行了柴油机性能试验,分析了不同供油提前角对柴油机各标定工况动力性、经济性和排放性的影响。根据柴油机的工作特点,基于实验数据,运用模糊数学理论,通过模糊选择,优化出柴油机2000rpm、负荷100%工况和2000rpm、负荷50%工况的最佳供油提前角分别为17°CA和14°CA。     

基于试验的柴油机多工况供油提前角的优化

针对495Q柴油机标定了28个工况点,同时改变供油提前角进行了柴油机性能试验,分析了不同供油提前角对柴油机各标定工况动力性、经济性和排放性的影响.根据柴油机的工作特点,基于实验数据,运用模糊数学理论,通过模糊选择,优化出柴油机1000r/min、负荷100%工况,1000r/min、负荷50%工况,2000r/min、负荷100%工况和2000r/min、负荷50%工况的最佳供油提前角分别为14,12,16,14℃A.     

供油提前角对甲醇发动机性能及排放的影响

利用在缸内加装电热塞的ZS1115单缸柴油,实现纯甲醇(M100)燃料的扩散燃烧,利用柴油机热效率高的优点,提高甲醇燃料的能量转换效率。通过改变供油提前角,研究不同供油提前角对甲醇发动机性能及排放的影响,并与原单缸柴油机燃用0#柴油进行对比。试验结果表明:供油提前角对甲醇发动机动力性、经济性及排放均有影响。与原机燃用0#柴油相比,燃油消耗率上升,使用成本降低;HC排放量升高,CO和NOX排放量降低。供油提前角提前4°CA时CO排放最少,最低平均减少23.89%;供油提前角退后2°CA时NOX排放最少,最低平均减少94.74%。     

柴油机供油提前角的检查与调整

柴油机供油提前角过大或过小对发动机工作影响较大,将供油提前角控制在正常的范围内,对柴油机的经济性、动力性和启动性能都有重要的意义。介绍了柴油机供油提前角的车上判断法,分析了供油提前角不准确产生的原因,及调整方法。     

小型柴油机降低排放性能的试验研究

以某小型非道路柴油机为研究对象,考察了柴油机的供油提前角分别为18、19、20、21°CA。喷油压力分别为19、20、21、22MPa时。发动机排放性能的变化情况,为确定供油提前角及喷油压力的调整范围提供依据。研究结果表明,发动机NOx排放值随供油提前角的减小而显著下降,烟度值随着供油提前角的减小而恶化;发动机排气的烟度值随着喷油压力的增大而明显改善。NOx排放值随喷油压力的增大而增加。证明减小喷油提前角与增大喷油压力是降低柴油机NOx与颗粒排放最直接有效的方法,为改善小型非道路柴油机排放性能提供参考。     

480柴油机降低NOX和PM排放的研究

通过对480QA型直喷式柴油机3个代表工况进行分析，研究了喷油嘴开启压力、供油提前角、喷孔直径等参数对直喷式柴油机NOx和PM排放的影响。试验结果表明：提高喷油嘴开启压力、减小喷孔直径和供油提前角可以改善整机排放，满足欧I排放法规的要求，甚至部分指标能够达到欧Ⅱ排放限值。     

供油提前角和喷射压力对柴油机排放影响试验--以J285T型柴油机为例

对J285T型柴油机试验不同供油提前角和喷射压力,测其HC、CO、NOX的排放量,得出了供油提前角和喷射压力对HC、CO、NOX排放影响规律;找出了J285T型柴油机排放HC、CO、NOX最佳供油提前角和喷射压力。     

供油提前角对M15甲醇柴油燃烧和排放特性影响的分析

在不同供油提前角下进行柴油机燃用M15甲醇柴油混合溶液台架试验,对燃烧和排放特性进行分析.结果表明:随着供油的提前,M15甲醇柴油混合溶液燃烧时产生的缸内最高压力和最大放热率增加,所对应的曲轴转角前移;CO,HC及碳烟排放得到改善,但NOx排放大幅度上升.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。