高原地区肉鸡能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率测定及其方法的研究

采用经典全收粪代谢试验方法和Sibald强饲快速法，在青海省西宁地区测定了爱拔益加肉仔鸡的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率，并对肉用公鸡和蛋用公鸡的代谢率进行了比较。结果表明，高原地区肉用公鸡生长期（29-60日龄）的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率随日龄的增加而降低；日粮能量、蛋白水平对其能量代谢率无影响，对氮和氨基酸代谢率有影响。35-38日龄和57-60日龄期间，肉用公鸡的能量代放率和总氨基酸代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡；4-5月龄肉用公鸡的表观能量代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡。未去盲肠公鸡对豆粕、肉骨粉、脱毒菜籽饼的氨基酸表观和真代谢率高于去盲肠鸡；公鸡去盲肠后对低纤维素日粮中的消化率影响较大；内源物矫正对鸡代谢试验测定结果具有可靠性和精确性。用体外胃蛋白酶法测定的三种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸代谢率与体内法具有较好的回归关系。     

育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的代谢率比较

采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲快速法，测定了４－５月龄育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的能量，氮，氨基酸代谢率。结果表明；表观能量代谢率肉鸡明显低于蛋鸡。真能量代谢率差异不显著。两种鸡都再现氮负平衡，且肉鸡明显高于蛋鸡。总氨基酸真代谢率，表观代谢率两种鸡之间差异都不显著，各种氨基酸代谢率呈现一定规律性，蛋鸡表观代谢率以谷氨酸，组氨酸，精氨酸较高。     

育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的代谢率比较

采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲快速法，测定了４－５月龄育成肉用公鸡与蛋用公鸡的能量、氮、氨基酸代谢率。结果表明：表观能量代谢率肉鸡明显低于蛋鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。真能量代谢率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两种鸡都出现氮负平衡，且肉鸡明显高于蛋鸡。总氨基酸真代谢率...     

育肥蛋公鸡和肉仔鸡的试验

对０～７０日龄蛋公鸡和０～４９日龄的肉仔鸡（第Ⅳ组）进行育肥试验，结果表明：在育肥蛋公鸡的３个组中，以高营养水平组采食量最小，日增重最快，饲料报酬和经济效益最高，低营养水平组正好相反，中营养水平组介于两者之间。因此蛋公鸡的育肥应参照高营养水平即国标肉仔鸡饲养标准配制日粮；饲喂不同营养水平日粮的３个蛋公鸡组，在采食量和日增重方面远低于同期的肉仔鸡，试验全期４个组的料重比分别为２．８６：１、２．５９：１、２．３６：１、０．９６：１，前三个组的经济效益比Ⅳ组降低３１．５６％、１９．８６％和９．４７％。     

鸸鹋、公鸡和火鸡饲料利用率比较

本研究采用代谢试验比较了7月龄鸸鹋与7月龄火鸡和17月龄公鸡对饲料的利用率。研究结果表明:1)鸸鹋的采食量显著高于火鸡和公鸡(P<0.05);2)鸸鹋日粮能量的表观代谢率和NDF利用率显著高于公鸡(P<0.05),但与火鸡无显著差异,对CF和ADF的利用率显著高于公鸡和火鸡(P<0.05);3)鸸鹋日粮脂肪利用率显著低于火鸡或公鸡,而蛋白质的利用率与火鸡或公鸡无显著差异。因此认为,鸸鹋对能量代谢率较高是由于鸸鹋日粮纤维成分利用率较高的缘故,鸸鹋日粮EE和CP较低的利用率可能与鸸鹋未发育完全的消化系统有关。     

种公鸡日粮营养水平及其对繁殖性能影响的研究

用29～36周龄海赛克斯(褐色)蛋用型父母代种公鸡112只、种母鸡1024只,研究了种公鸡日粮营养水平及其对繁殖性能的影响。上述试鸡,种母鸡饲用同一蛋鸡料,种公鸡则分别给饲下列4种日粮:1.高CP(17.5％),高AA(0.86％L_(Ys),0.63％SAA),高Ca(3.7％)日粮;2.CP(12.5％),低AA(0.55％L_(YS),0.45％SAA),高Ca(3.7％)日粮; 3.低CP(12.5％), 低AA(0.55％ L_(Ys), 0.45％SAA), 低Ca(1.0％)日粮;4,同3,仅更换维生素-微量元素综合预混料。结果:1.采用低CP、低AA、高Ca或低CP、低AA、低Ca日粮时,种公鸡的精液品质、种蛋受精率、孵化率等均无异于用高CP、高AA、高Ca日粮者(P>0.05);2.采用种公鸡专用维生素-微量元素综合预流料,入孵蛋孵化率提高3.35％,日饲用低CP、低AA、低Ca日粮的种公鸡体增重(29～36周龄)大于用高CP、高AA、高Ca日粮者(P<0.05),其36周龄体重较接近于品种标准。     

尼克粉鸡饲料能量和粗蛋白代谢的研究

比较成年蛋公鸡和产蛋鸡对饲料原料表观代谢能和粗蛋白代谢率的差异。选取80只30周龄尼克粉鸡,公母各半,采用套算法分别测定蛋公鸡和产蛋鸡对次粉、碎米、玉米皮、玉米胚芽饼、水解羽毛粉、芝麻饼、亚麻饼和小麦胚芽粉8种原料的表观代谢能和粗蛋白代谢率。结果表明:次粉、碎米、玉米皮和玉米胚芽饼的表观代谢能测定值产蛋鸡高于公鸡,其他原料表观代谢能测定值均高于公鸡,但差异不显著;粗蛋白的表观代谢率母鸡测定值均高于公鸡,但仅在碎米、玉米皮和水解羽毛粉等3种原料方面存在显著性差异。这说明,蛋公鸡和产蛋鸡对饲料能量和粗蛋白代谢存在一定的差异。     

去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡氨基酸代谢率的比较研究

本研究应用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲快速法，测定并比较了去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡对３种蛋白质饲料氨基酸的代谢率，结果表明，未去盲肠鸡对３种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸表观和真代谢率均高于去盲肠鸡（Ｐ〈０．０５）。豆粕的氨基酸代谢率均高于其它２种蛋白质饲料（Ｐ〈０．０５），从总体来看，去盲肠和去盲肠公鸡豆粕的蛋氨酸（ＭＥＴ），酪氨酸（ＴＹＲ），组氨酸（ＨＩＳ）精氨酸（ＡＲＧ），胱氨酸（ＣＹＳ）等氨基酸的表观及真代谢率差异     

芝麻饼加香味素可替代豆粕育肥蛋公鸡

在以玉米和豆粕为基础的日粮中，用占日粮15％的芝麻饼替代等蛋白量的豆粕饲喂20─40日龄的豫州褐壳蛋育肥蛋公鸡，结果表明：芝麻饼组公鸡的日增重、采食量均高于豆饼组，但饲料报酬低于豆饼组，经济效益两组基本相同。说明在育肥蛋公鸡日粮中，用芝麻饼替代一定量豆粕是完全可行的。     

中药-甜菜碱复方对高温环境下三黄鸡营养代谢的影响

本试验通过研究中药、中药-甜菜碱及甜菜碱对高温环境下三黄鸡营养代谢的影响,筛选出其最佳添加剂量,为进一步开发抗高温应激中药饲料添加剂提供参考.选用288只三黄鸡,公、母各半.育雏2周后,随机分为8组,在日粮中添加中药、中药-甜菜碱或甜菜碱,分别测定33～35日龄、56～58日龄及88～90日龄鸡的钙、磷代谢率,蛋白质、能量代谢率,以及在代谢试验期间的采食量、体增重.结果显示,与高温对照组相比,(1)在33～35日龄段,添加中药、中药-甜菜碱及甜菜碱均能显著提高公、母鸡的钙、磷、蛋白质代谢率和采食量、体增重;(2)在56～58日龄段,添加中药组、中药-甜菜碱组及甜菜碱组均能显著提高公、母鸡的钙、磷、蛋白质代谢率和在代谢试验期间的采食量、体增重以及公鸡的能量利用率;(3)在88～90日龄段,中药、中药-甜菜碱和甜菜碱均能显著提高高温环境中公、母鸡的钙、磷、蛋白质代谢率和采食量,公鸡的能量利用率和体增重.中药-甜菜碱复方抗三黄鸡热应激的最佳添加量为0.8%中药 0.2%甜菜碱.     

鸡鸭对饲料能量利用的比较研究

选用18周龄健康、体重基本一致的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只,以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定了公鸡和公鸭常用谷物、饼粕和油脂等3大类9种常用饲料的代谢能。结果表明:鸡和鸭对饲料能量利用存在明显的差异。AME除棉粕和玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著外(P>0.05),其余7种饲料AME鸭都比鸡高;TME玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著(P>0.05),其余8种饲料TME鸭都比鸡高。48h鸭内源能排泄量(113.10MJ)比鸡(88.88MJ)高(P<0.01)。并且饲料蛋白质含量越高,鸭和鸡饲料AME、TME值之间差异越大。     

鹅和鸡4种常用饲料原料的代谢能比较

本试验旨在比较鹅和鸡常用饲料原料的代谢能差异.选用体重为(3.76±0.23)kg的成年扬州鹅(公)和体重为(2.57±0.17)kg的成年新扬州鸡(公)各10只,采用Sibbald真代谢能法测定玉米、豆粕、稻谷、麦麸4种常用饲料原料的代谢能值,内源能测定采用饥饿法.结果表明:玉米、豆粕的表观代谢能(AME)鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05),真代谢能(TME)鹅显著低于鸡(P＜0.05);而稻谷、麦麸的AME鹅显著高于鸡(P＜0.05),TME鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05).每小时内源能排出量,除强饲豆粕条件下鹅略高于鸡但差异不显著外(P＞0.05),强饲其他3种饲料条件下,鹅均显著高于鸡(P＜0.05).由此表明,鹅的饲料代谢能与鸡的并不完全相同,部分饲料的代谢能鹅和鸡之间存在显著差异,并且鹅的内源能排出量高于鸡.     

食糜在鸡、鸭消化道排空速度的比较研究

为阐明鸡、鸭对营养物质利用率差异的原因，研究了禽别（公鸡和公鸭）和消化道排空期（4、8、14、24、32、38、48 h）对消化道残留内容物含量的影响，比较食糜在鸡和鸭消化道不同部位的排空速度和排空率。结果表明：鸭排空速度比鸡快,但鸭消化道总残留干物质量和各段消化道残留干物质量都较鸡高；食糜在鸭小肠、直肠及整个消化道的排空率低于鸡的；鸭在强饲后24 h，鸡在32 h其内容物基本排空。在本试验条件下，用Sibbald的TME法测定饲料代谢能和氨基酸真消化率时，鸡的排空期定为32 h，鸭的排空期定为24 h为宜。     

Comparative observations on the growth changes of the histochemical property and collagen architecture of the Musculus pectoralis from Silky, layer-type and meat-type cockerels

Growth‐related changes in the histochemical properties and collagen architecture of the Musculus pectoralis were compared among Silky, layer‐type and meat‐type cockerels. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were used and collagen architecture was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The total amount of collagen present was also measured. The diameter of type IIB myofibers was similar or rather larger in the layer‐type birds compared with the meat‐type. The collagen content was generally low for 5–10 weeks across the breeds and then increased in the other breeds except for Silky. In the perimysium, the collagen bundles gradually increased in size and the density of the fibrils also increased during growth. At 30 weeks of age, the layer‐type birds showed compact collagen bundles while the meat‐type had loose bundles. The endomysial collagen network appeared relatively denser in the meat‐type chicks compared to the others at week 1. At 30 weeks of age, compact and felt‐like structure of endomysium was shown by Silky and layer‐type chickens, while the meat‐type showed a relatively loose arrangement of tissue in the endomysial collagen. From these results, it appears that the meat‐type chicken can produce a large M. pectoralis with many, relatively thinner myofibers and a relatively undeveloped form of intramuscular collagen structure.     

鸡对饲料氨基酸有效利用率的研究

采用Sibbald“真代谢能”法测定饲料原料的氨基酸有效利用率。试验鸡分别强饲玉米、大豆粕和鱼粉 ,测定鸡强饲后的氨基酸排出量。结果表明 ,不同种类饲料原料的氨基酸利用率存在差异 ,玉米与大豆粕、鱼粉间差异显著 (P <0 0 5)。不同种类氨基酸之间利用率也有差异。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸真利用率均大于表观利用率 ,其中玉米的差异达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 1 ) ,表明内源性氨基酸对氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且这种影响随饲料原料中粗蛋白质水平的下降而增大。 3种饲料原料的氨基酸利用率在去盲肠鸡与正常鸡之间存在差异。盲肠微生物对饲料原料的氨基酸利用率有影响 ,且对不同种类氨基酸的影响有差异 ,这种影响不能通过内源性氨基酸的校正而消除。另外 ,内源性氨基酸的排泄量在去盲肠鸡大于正常鸡。表明内源性氨基酸也受到盲肠微生物的影响     

不同水平丁酸钠对肉仔鸡养分利用率的影响

为了研究不同添加水平包膜和不包膜(粉剂)丁酸钠对肉仔鸡养分利用率的影响,本研究选用42日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡72只,随机分为9个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2只鸡。分别饲喂对应日粮:处理A为基础日粮;处理B为基础日粮+抗生素(杆菌肽锌40mg/kg+硫酸粘杆菌素8mg/kg);处理C、D、E分别为基础日粮+100、200、300mg/kg粉剂丁酸钠;处理F、G、H分别为基础日粮+100、200、300mg/kg包膜丁酸钠;处理Ⅰ为内源组。收集饲料和排泄物样品进行干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和代谢能的测定。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,两种剂型丁酸钠能够提高肉仔鸡干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和总能的表观代谢率和真代谢率,剂量达200mg/kg和300mg/kg时可起到部分替代杆菌肽锌和硫酸粘杆菌素的作用。肉仔鸡的表观和真实代谢率随着丁酸钠添加水平的增加而提高,包膜丁酸钠的作用效果优于粉剂丁酸钠。本试验研究范围内,推荐肉仔鸡日粮生产中的最适添加量为200mg/kg包膜或粉剂丁酸钠。     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

Comparative observations of the growth changes of the histochemical properties and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle from Silky, layer and meat type cockerels

Growth‐related changes in the histochemical property and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle were compared among Silky, layer and meat cockerels. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were employed to observe the collagen architecture. The total intramuscular collagen was also determined. The muscle consisted of type IIA, IIB and IIC myofibers, of which type IIB occurred at the highest frequency. The diameter of type IIB myofibers in each week was largest in the layer, followed by the meat, and was smallest in the Silky. The total amount of collagen reached 3.38 mg/g in the meat bird, 3.03 mg/g in the layer and 2.71 mg/g in the Silky by 30 weeks of age, respectively. In the perimysium, the collagen bundles increased in size and density of fibrils with growth. At 30 weeks of age the layer had compact collagen platelets while the Silky had loose collagen bundles. In the meat bird, the collagen bundles were moderately compact. The endomysial collagen network had a large mesh size at 1 week and thereafter accumulated many collagen fibrils to form a felt‐like fabric of fibrils at 30 weeks of age. From these results it appears that growth‐related changes in the iliotibialis lateralis muscle are not necessarily causally affected by the different growth rates of chicken breeds.     

番鸭日粮添加溢多酶P-8306的饲养效果试验

试验选用21日龄白番鸭480只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂含12%、14%、16%杂粕并添加溢多酶P-8306(0·2g/kg)的日粮,对照组饲喂含7%杂粕(菜粕 棉粕)无酶制剂的日粮。在相同的饲管条件下,观测各组番鸭体增重、饲料代谢率和屠体性能。结果表明:4~6周龄番鸭成活率和饲料利用率差异不显著(P>0·05),体增重Ⅰ组比对照组低9%(P<0·05),其他各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);6~8周龄体增重组间差异不显著(P>0.05)、屠宰率、全、半净膛率、胸腿骨率、心脏、肝脏、小肠、腺胃和矶胃的重量组间差异均不显著。且在含较高水平的杂粕日粮中添加溢多酶P-8306可达到与日粮杂粕含量较低相同的饲养效果;饲料效益以试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组较高,其增重成本分别比对照组降低34·69%、4·93%,即每增重1kg可分别节约成本0·19元和0·02元。