清原县农村生活饮用水水质现状评价

通过对清原县14个乡镇农村生活饮用水的水质分析,得出生活饮用水水质超标的指标有大肠菌群、菌落总数、铁、高锰酸盐指数,超标率分别为100%、100%、78.6%、7.1%.运用MapGIS和surfer软件绘图等值线图,模拟分析了水质污染物的空间分布特征,最后对研究区生活饮用水水质污染原因进行分析:人畜粪便、生活污水、生活垃圾等是水质污染的主要原因.     

农村饮用水源地水质监测节点研制

针对目前农村饮用水水源地水质监测存在实时性差、监测区域小、多点同步连续感知手段缺失等问题,对水源地水质在线监测传感器节点和GPRS网关节点进行了设计。传感器节点负责对监测区域水质参数进行采集,通过无线传感器网络将数据发送至网关节点,并由网关节点通过GPRS模块远程传输数据至监测中心。传感器节点与网关节点在系统休眠时的电流消耗平均为0.026 m A,传感器节点在数据采集、数据发送以及数据接收时的电流消耗分别为32.82、27.35与23.45 m A,网关节点在数据发送、数据接收以及数据上传时的电流消耗分别为34.47、30.12和57.43 m A;节点p H远程采集误差范围为0.63%~1.67%,溶解氧远程采集误差范围为1.10%~2.20%,温度远程采集误差范围为2.23%~2.27%;在43 d的组网测试中,网络平均丢包率为2.08%。测试结果表明,所设计的节点与网关可实现数据采集以及远程、稳定传输,满足农村饮用水水源地水质在线监测需求。     

重庆市农村集中式饮用水源地安全评价

饮水安全是关系到国计民生的重大问题。根据重庆市供水规模500人以上农村集中式饮用水水源地现状调查结果,采用农村饮用水安全评价指标体系对33个行政区（县）进行评价。结果表明：重庆市500人以上农村集中式饮用水水源地仅6个区（县）的水质与水量安全状况综合等级为高,比例为18.2%;全市500人以上农村集中式饮用水水源地水质不合格影响人口为295.87万人;水量不合格影响人口为234.56万人;通过对风险应急能力等级（高、中、低三级）分级,全市500人以上农村集中式饮用水水源地供水人口分别为142.50万人、233.95万人和323.27万人,占农村总人口的比例为6.10%、10.00%和13.82%。     

主成分分析法在农村生活饮用水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法是一种降维的多元统计分析方法,运用主成分分析法对水质进行评价,能够反映水质的综合状况。清原县农村饮用水汛期污染较为严重,针对汛期农村饮用水水质污染特征,选取具有代表性的14个采样点进行监测分析,以《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）为标准,筛选出污染指标,然后采用主成分分析法对其水质（污染指标）进行综合评价。结果显示：清原县农村饮用水水质问题主要是微生物污染;大孤家镇采样点水质最差,其次是土口子,北三家采样点水质最好,评价结果与实际情况相一致;主成分分析法以较少的综合指标反映了实际情况,是一种切实可行的综合评价方法。     

基于LWCA-SVM模型对洪泽湖饮用水源地二河闸断面水质的预测分析

二河闸位于洪泽湖出湖口,是二河上游重要的饮用水安全监测断面,为了对其富营养化指示因子TN和TP以及波动幅度较大的DO指标准确的预测,提出了基于领导者策略狼群搜索算法和支持向量机模型的饮用水水源地水质预测模型。对初始狼群进行了敏感性分析,得到狼群数量超过150时,模型的寻优效果最佳;利用LWCA-SVM模型对水质进行预测,得到DO、TN和TP的MSE、MAPE和Pearson系数依次分别为0.791、6.79%和0.931,1.32×10-4、0.5%和0.907,4.49×10-5、5.0%和0.903,说明基于LWCA-SVM的二河饮用水源地水质预测模型预报精度高,推广适应能力强,为二河水质预测提供了一种新方法。     

新江省农村饮用水水质状况分析

浙江省正在实施千万农民饮用水工程，把解决农村饮用水问题作为今后一段时期水利工作的中心任务之一。在抽样调查的基础上，分析了浙江省农村饮用水水质状况，并提出了解决农村饮用水水质问题的一些对策建议。     

商丘市农村饮用水安全问题探源

依据商丘水环境监测中心对商丘市农村生活饮用水监测分析，对照《农村实施（生活饮用水卫生标准）准则》进行评价，结果表明：大部分饮用水不符合标准，总硬度、氯化物、硫酸盐、氟化物、砷化物等超标。不安全的原因主要有：企业排放的废水及固体废弃物、污水灌溉、畜牧养殖、居民生活污水和农村的面源等污染。解决农村饮水安全问题的对策是：首先要提高对解决饮水安全在全面建设小康社会中重要地位的认识；二是加强农村水环境保护与治理；三是对直接造成饮用水源污染的工矿企业、城镇生活污水进行综合治理，减少污染源。四是兴建和改造农村供水工程设施，在条件适宜地区提倡发展集中供水，在缺乏优质饮用水源的地方，打深水井。     

河北省农村饮用水现状调查与评价

农村饮用水安全问题直接影响着农村生活条件的改善和社会经济的发展。进行河北省农村饮用水现状调查与评价,掌握河北省各地区农村饮用水真实状况,对于河北省农村安全饮用水工程的推进和社会主义新农村建设具有重要意义。选定饮用水水质、水量、方便程度和保证率四项指标,依据调查数据,结合多因子综合指数法和层次分析法对河北省农村饮用水现状进行综合评价。     

农村饮用水安全与地下水管理

在阐述农村饮用水安全现状的基础上，分析了影响农村饮用水安全的主要原因是水质污染、水源不足、技术薄弱、管理落后和资金匮乏，表明了地下水在保障农村饮用水安全中的作用，最后，提出了地下水管理的长效机制。     

辽宁省农村饮用水水源地安全评价

从水源地水量、水质和水源地的水环境方面,对辽宁省农村饮用水水源地进行了安全评价及问题分析,并按照饮用水水源类型制定了相应的工程措施和非工程措施,以确保农村饮用水水源地水源质量。     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

不同时段刺五加叶片黄酮含量的高光谱无损估测

针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。     

吉林省图们市农村精神文明建设现状问题及对策建议

农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设.     

北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。