毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性及取样策略探讨

[目的]研究毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略,为其种质资源收集、保存和遗传多样性保护等提供参考依据。[方法]利用8对微卫星分子标记进行毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性和空间自相关分析,综合制定其天然群体合理取样策略。[结果]毛红椿天然群体等位基因数平均为7.5个,期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息指数(PIC)均值分别为0.643 7和0.636 0,基因分化系数(G_(ST))均值为0.290 7。在遗传多样性取样策略方面,提出了根据毛红椿群体基因分化系数来确定取样群体遗传变异所占总变异比例的运算公式为1-(G_(ST))~(n-1),其中,n为取样群体的数量。当取样群体达到4个时,基本上能包括该树种97.5%的遗传变异;同时确定了目标群体的选择方法,应选择与其它群体间基因分化系数均值较大的4个群体,即贵州册亨(CH)、浙江遂昌(SC)、浙江仙居(XJ)和云南师宗(SZ)。通过构建云南宾川(BC)、云南师宗(SZ)和江西宜丰(YF)群体内取样单株数量与基因多样性和等位基因之间的捕获曲线,确定了群体内取样单株数量应达到15个以上;毛红椿天然群体内300～520 m范围内的单株间存在相似关系,超出此范围个体间差别较大,说明在进行群体内单株取样时,单株间距应大于520 m。[结论]取样群体数量、群体间遗传分化系数、群体内单株数量以及单株间距离等影响了毛红椿取样群体的遗传多样性。毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略为取样群体4个、每个群体最少取样15个单株,单株间距大于520 m。     

利用RAPD标记对珙桐地理种群遗传分化的研究

利用RAPD标记对珙桐全分布区5个种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。研究发现，珙桐具有丰富的遗传多样性，但由于小种群效应，以及缺乏有效的基因流，种群间遗传分化巨大，26％的遗传变异存在于种群间。使用Nei’s遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析，可以很好地将珙桐划分为东南部和西北部两个种源区，为今后珙桐的种质资源保存和开发利用研究提供理论依据。     

珙桐天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记分析来自11个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性。从100条引物中筛选出5条引物能扩增出稳定、清晰且具多态性的条带,共扩增出77个条带。其中74个为多态,多态条带百分率(PPB)为96.10%;各种群PPB值为37.66%～63.64%,平均为54.07%。种内Shannon多样性指数(HSP)为0.4849,种群内Shannon多样性指数(HPOP)为0.1886～0.3274,平均为0.2774。这表明珙桐在物种和种群水平上均维持较高的遗传多样性。分子方差分析显示,种群间与种群内遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的46.22%,53.78%,种群间呈高度遗传分化。种群间遗传距离与对应的地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0.546,P<0.01)。UPGMA法聚类分析将11个珙桐种群分为3组。研究结果为珙桐遗传资源保护策略制定提供有价值的种群遗传学信息。     

黄藤遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记从DNA水平对收集的4个天然黄藤种群进行遗传多样性分析。15条引物扩增得到154条片段,整个种的多态性位点比率为75.97%,Ne i’s指数为0.258 4,Shannon信息指数为0.388 8。黄藤种的遗传多样性为0.257 8,种群间的Ne i遗传分化系数为0.141 2,各种群间的遗传变异非常小。4个种群间的遗传相似性分析结果显示:毛感乡和尖峰岭种群间的遗传相似度最高,吊罗山和坝王岭种群间的遗传相似度最低。AMOVA分析结果表明:种群间基因分化系数为0.026 2,大部分遗传变异(97.38%)来源于群体内。研究结果揭示:收集的天然黄藤种群具有较高的遗传多样性,有良好的保存和利用价值,尖峰岭种群可以作为重点保护。     

云南松主分布区天然群体的遗传多样性及保护单元的构建

以20个云南松天然群体为对象,SSR分析表明云南松遗传变异主要存在于群体内,各群体间的遗传多样性水平差异不显著。基于SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析,根据Nei's遗传相似度,采用逐步聚类优先取样法,分别对初始群体、遗传多样性保护单元和剩余群体进行比较、t检验,以此评价遗传多样性保护单元的代表性。结果表明,利用该方法抽样的群体能很好地代表初始群体的遗传多样性,按30%的群体抽样,等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数和期望杂合度的保留率分别达到初始群体的98.03%、105.36%、103.99%和105.56%。保护单元的遗传多样性均高于剩余群体,抽样群体组成的遗传多样性保护单元的效果较好。     

秃杉种内遗传多样性的RAPD分析

本文利用RAPD技术 ,通过 1 1个多态随机引物对 3个秃杉种源的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明 :秃杉天然群体内存在较丰富的遗传多样性 ,各位点平均基因多样度为 0 41 92 ,3个秃杉种源间的遗传多样性差异明显 ,1 9.5 %的遗传变异存在于种源间。通过秃杉种内遗传多样性的研究 ,为今后有效保存和合理利用秃杉种质资源提供了理论依据。     

基于SSR标记的杜仲群体遗传多样性及遗传结构

通过分析杜仲群体的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构,旨在为杜仲资源的管理、保护和利用提供依据。利用9对基因组SSR引物对42个杜仲群体的868份种质资源进行遗传多样性分析、群体遗传结构分析、分子方差分析和聚类分析,主要结果如下:(1)遗传多样性分析表明,42个杜仲群体的遗传多样性水平均较高;(2)遗传结构分析表明,42个群体宜分为2个类群;(3)分子方差分析和聚类分析表明,杜仲的遗传变异主要在群体内,占93%,群体间的遗传变异仅占7%,群体间遗传分化水平低,相似程度高。本研究认为:杜仲群体的遗传多样性较高;杜仲群体间的遗传分化水平低,相似程度高;杜仲的遗传变异以群体内的变异为主,保护杜仲的遗传多样性时,应保存尽可能多的种群和特异单株。     

湘鄂西地区珙桐天然群体遗传结构的研究

以珙桐叶为材料,对湘西和鄂西两天然珙桐群体的60个样品进行RAPD分析.结果表明,9个随机多态引物,获得24个多态标记位点,平均每个引物产生2.67个多态位点;湘西和鄂西两群体之间的遗传多样性差异不明显,Shannon指数分别为0.427 4和0.448 1;种内平均遗传多样性为0.326 9,群体内平均遗传多样性为0.297 6,群体间的遗传多样性为0.029 3,基因分化系数为0.089 6,基因流为5.079 2.两个天然珙桐群体的遗传相似性非常高,达到0.923 3,遗传距离为0.079 8;湘西群体的多态百分位率略高于鄂西.这表明,湘西和鄂西两群体间存在着非常频繁的基因流.     

七子花种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

按胸径将浙江省天台山天然七子花划分为大树、中树、小树和幼树 4个大小级种群 ,利用RAPD分子标记技术对 4个大小级种群共 4 5株个体的遗传多样性及遗传分化进行了比较分析 ,结果表明 :通过 12种随机引物扩增共检测到 6 4个可重复的位点 ,4个大小级种群的多态位点百分率高低为大树 >中树 >小树 >幼树。Shannon信息指数估计七子花 4个大小级种群的遗传多样性高低为大树 >中树 >小树 >幼树 ,大小级种群内的遗传变异占总变异的 5 4 4 1% ,大小级种群间的遗传变异占总变异的 4 5 5 9% ,表明不同大小级种群内、大小级种群间个体均存在一定的遗传分化 ,但大小级种群内的遗传分化比大小级种群间高。Nei指数估计的七子花不同大小级种群的基因多样性的高低与Shannon指数估计的一致 ,大小级种群内的遗传分化高于大小级种群间 ,大小级种群间的基因分化系数为 0 3939。不同大小级种群间的遗传相似度以大树与中树最高 ,大树与幼树最低。聚类分析显示大树与中树先聚成一组 ,小树与幼树再聚成一组 ,最后 2组聚在一起     

长阳栓皮栎天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用5种等位酶对长阳栓皮栎天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了研究。共检测到7个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中5个位点为多态位点;群体多态位点比例P=71.4%,平均等位基因数A=3.2000,平均有效等位基因数AE=1.6090,平均期望杂合度HE=0.3563,观测杂合度HO=0.3625。长阳栓皮栎群体的遗传多样性较高,遗传变异水平较高。     

Genetic Diversity of RAPD Mark for Natural Davidia involucrata Populations

The genetic diversity and genetic variation within and among populations of five natural Davidia involucrata populations were studied from 13 primers based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The results show that natural D. involucrata population has a rich genetic diversity, and the differences among populations are significant. Twenty-six percent of genetic variation exists among D. involucrata populations, which is similar to that of the endangered tree species Liriodendron chinense and Cathaya argyrophylla in China, but different from more widely distributed tree species. The analysis of the impacts of sampling method on genetic diversity parameters shows that the number of sampled individuals has little effect on the effective number of alleles and genetic diversity, but has a marked effect on the genetic differentiation among populations and gene flows. This study divides the provenances of D. involucrata into two parts, namely, a southeast and a northwest provenance. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(4) (in Chinese)     

RAPD Marker Diversity Within and Among Natural Populations of the Clonal Tree Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.

Abstract

The Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don., is one of the most important endemic species in Japan. A long history of heavy logging has resulted in natural populations being discontinuously distributed and scattered among small, restricted areas. An understanding of the patterns of genetic variability among and within populations of C. japonica is important for conserving the genetic resources of this economically important species. We studied genetic variation by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in C. japonica of Kyoto prefecture, western Japan. A total of 398 plants sampled from six natural populations were analyzed by ten arbitrarily chosen decamer primers, resulting in 50 highly reproducible RAPD bands. Analysis of molecular variance partitionated the RAPD variation into the among- and within population components. The within-population component accounted for 93.75% of the variation. The among-population component accounted for only 6.25%. Indirect estimates of gene flow indicated that the average number of migrants exchanged among six populations per generation was 3.72. A Mantel test for each population did not yield significant correlations between geographic and genetic distances. The extent and distribution of C. japonica diversity in the Kyoto prefecture is in agreement with the conclusion that long-lived, wind-pollinated, out-crossing species with wide ranges retain a considerable amount of genetic diversity within populations and exhibit little genetic differentiation among populations.     

Genetic diversity and conservation of two threatened dipterocarps(Dipterocarpaceae) in southeast Vietnam

Two threatened dipterocarp species,Dipterocarpus costatus and Dipterocarpus alatus are well-known endangered species in lowland forests of southeastern Vietnam,primarily from habitat loss and over-exploitation of their wood.To develop conservation strategies for these species,we analyzed 242 samples using nine microsatellite markers to determine the genetic variability within and among five populations of D.alatus and three of D.costatus,representing the natural range of dipterocarps in Southeast Vietnam.Results indicated low levels of genetic variability within populations with an average gene diversity of 0.223 for D.alatus and 0.152 for D.costatus.Results of bottleneck tests indicated a reduction in population size of both species(P>0.05).Genetic differentiation among populations was high(FST=0.347 for D.costatus and 0.274 for D.alatus),indicating limited gene flow(Nm=0.662 for D.costatus and 0.47 for D.alatus)and isolated populations related to geographical distances.Analysis of molecular variance showed high genetic variation within populations(72.92%for D.alatus and 60.81%for D.costatus)compared to among populations.Bayesian analysis and UPGMA tree also indicated the two optimal genetic clusters related to geographical distances.These results will provide a platform for the conservation,management and restoration of these species.     

Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species

The plant allozyme literature was reviewed to: (1) compare genetic diversity in long-lived woody species with species representing other life forms, and (2) to investigate whether the levels and distribution of genetic diversity in woody species are related to life history and ecological characteristics. Data from 322 woody taxa were used to measure genetic diversity within species, and within and among populations of species. Woody species maintain more variation within species and within populations than species with other life forms but have less variation among populations. Woody species with large geographic ranges, outcrossing breeding systems, and wind or animal-ingested seed dispersal have more genetic diversity within species and populations but less variation among populations than woody species with other combinations of traits. Although life history and ecological traits explain a significant proportion (34%) of the variation among species for the genetic parameters measured, a large proportion of the interspecific variation is unexplained. The specific evolutionary history of each species must play an important role in determining the level and distribution of genetic diversity.     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

Assessment of morphological and genetic diversity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> Roxb.

Gmelina arborea is an important timber-yielding tree that grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia and has also been introduced as a plantation species outside these regions. Genetic diversity in this tree species was observed in stone/seed-related traits and in vitro responses of cultured nodal segments from plants of eight different populations representing natural forests, fragmented forests and plantations. Variance analysis showed significant differences between populations for these traits. However, it was not possible to separate the different populations using these traits by multivariate analysis, even after environmental variation was reduced over six subcultures. Genetic diversity was therefore analysed using molecular markers. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers yielded 95% polymorphic loci among the eight populations and UPGMA analysis enabled separation of these populations on the basis of their genetic distances. Diversity was also analyzed using population genetics parameters like Nei’s genetic diversity and gene differentiation. Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.29 between populations and 0.11 within populations. AMOVA analysis indicated 41 and 59% within- and between-population genetic diversity, respectively. Mantel test suggested that genetic differentiation between six Indian populations was positively correlated to geographic distance (r = 0.626, P = 0.029). Assessment of the genetic variation in G. arborea populations is an important step in selection of conservation strategies for this species since diversity forms the basis for species adaptation.     

Genetic variation of Fraxinus angustifolia natural populations in Greece based on nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers

Assessment of genetic variation within and among populations is an essential parameter for the effective conservation of forest genetic resources. In this work, the genetic diversity within and among natural populations of the forest tree species Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl in Greece was studied using selected nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite DNA loci. Eight natural populations of F. angustifolia were identified in different locations of the mainland of Greece, and a total of 230 individuals were studied. High polymorphism was observed within populations, while the genetic differentiation among populations was moderate. Intra-population diversity was correlated with geographical coordinates, but no isolation by distance was observed. Of the three haplotypes identified, only one was dominant. Putative ancestral haplotypes were found at small spatial scales suggesting that population expansions could have originated in the region. This study located in sympatry haplotypes that in other parts of Europe are in allopatry, reinforcing the notion of population expansions from the south of Balkans including Greece. Suggestions for conservation and management of F. angustifolia are also reported.