不同铵态氮水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响

本试验观察了在杭州生态条件下土壤中不同NH₄⁺-N水平对水稻根际固氮活性的影响。试验的结果表明:1.NH₄⁺-N肥在一定时间内对水稻根际固氮活性具有明显的抑制效应,施用量越大,其抑制作用越严重。土壤速效氮浓度与水稻根际固氮活性之间呈高度(或中度)负相关,不同生育期两者的相关系数r值在-0.4288—0.9945之间。2.土壤速效氮对水稻土柱固氮活性抑制的起始浓度为20ppm。3.NH₄⁺-N对水稻根际固氮活性的抑制时间随施用量而不同,低氮区在20天左右,中氮区和高氮区在25—30天左右。此后施氮区对水稻根际固氮活性具有促进作用。     

早稻、晚稻和中稻干物质积累及氮素吸收利用的差异

  【目的】  阐明早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质积累和氮素吸收利用规律及其差异，为水稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  以2000—2016年各年份及田间试验、籼稻、目标产量最佳施肥处理等关键词，搜集了中国知网、维普科技期刊网等数据库中发表的论文和结果。分析了早稻、晚稻和中稻的产量、氮素积累量和百千克籽粒吸氮量。基于分析结果，于2016和2017年在湖北省武穴市大金镇布置田间试验，测定水稻关键生育时期的干物质量及氮含量，计算氮积累量，采用Logistic方程y = K/ (1 + ae–bt) 拟合水稻干物质积累和氮素积累过程，分析早稻、晚稻和中稻的干物质积累和氮素吸收利用规律。  【结果】  符合筛选标准的早稻、晚稻、中稻产量样本数分别为92、116、132个，氮素积累量样本数分别为55、56、55个，百千克籽粒吸氮量样本数分别为50、48、54个。试验省份包括湖北、湖南、江西、广西、江苏、安徽、浙江、福建、四川。数据分析结果显示，早稻、晚稻和中稻平均产量分别为7.40、7.84、8.67 t/hm2；平均氮素积累量分别为140.8、148.9、157.7 kg/hm2；平均百千克籽粒吸氮量分别为2.00、1.92、1.79 kg。两年田间试验结果表明，早稻、晚稻和中稻干物质积累均表现为“慢—快—慢”的增长趋势。早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质快速积累期分别在移栽后28～54、24～54、30～63天，均在拔节期—灌浆期；干物质快速积累持续时间分别为26、30、32天左右，表现为中稻 > 晚稻 > 早稻。早稻、晚稻和中稻氮素积累也表现为“慢—快—慢”的增长趋势。早稻、晚稻、中稻氮素快速积累期分别在移栽后17～41、14～46、11～43天；氮素快速积累持续时间分别为24、33、32天，中稻和晚稻氮素快速积累持续时间比早稻长。早稻、晚稻、中稻氮素籽粒生产效率分别为50.5～54.4、54.6～57.9、62.7～64.8 kg/kg，中稻显著高于早稻和晚稻；稻氮肥偏生产力分别为41.4～47.8、56.1～58.8、61.8～62.1 kg/kg，表现为中稻显著高于早稻。  【结论】  早稻、晚稻、中稻的干物质积累和氮素积累均呈“S”型曲线增长，但其特征值不同，中稻和晚稻的干物质快速积累持续时间和氮素快速积累持续时间比早稻长，有助于吸收较多的养分，积累较多的干物质。3种水稻的产量水平和氮素积累量均表现为中稻>晚稻>早稻，因此在施肥决策时应考虑早稻、晚稻、中稻的生长情况和养分需求特点，中稻氮肥投入要比早稻和晚稻略高。     

玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照,研究玉米?水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响,为稻田系统玉米?水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米?水稻轮作,在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样,测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%;土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%,主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低,土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤,玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际,水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中,轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量,有利于氮素有效性的提高。     

利用15N2直接标记法研究水稻种植对稻田固氮量和固氮活性的影响

稻田固氮对土壤维持肥力有着重要的作用,但水稻种植与固氮菌及其活性之间的关系尚不清楚。本试验利用~(15)N_2直接标记法测定了下位砂姜土发育的简育水耕人为土在种水稻和不种水稻条件下的生物固氮量,及其在土壤不同层次(0～1、1～5、5～15 cm)和水稻中的分配,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了土壤中固氮菌nifH DNA及RNA基因数量。结果表明:种水稻处理显著提高了土壤各层固氮量,尤其提高了1～5 cm和5～15 cm土层土壤固氮量对总固氮量的贡献;种水稻处理的总固氮量是不种水稻处理的10.3倍;水稻植株中生物固定的氮占总固氮量的31.48%;在0～1 cm土层,种水稻处理显著提高了nifH RNA基因数量,而对nifH DNA基因数量的增加不显著。可见,水稻种植没有增加固氮菌的数量,稻田固氮量的增加是因为水稻种植极大地促进了固氮菌nifH基因的表达,提高了固氮菌的固氮活性。     

根际增氧对水稻根系形态和生理影响的研究进展

根际氧是影响稻田土壤环境和水稻根系生理代谢的重要环境因子,已有的关于水稻根际氧的综述多从低氧或缺氧胁迫的角度展开,随着技术的进步,越来越多的学者在水稻栽培中实施了主动的根际增氧措施,取得了一定的研究成果。根际增氧显著影响了水培水稻根系形态和结构,使其呈现细而长的特征,增氧条件下水稻根系形态、结构及其功能需求间存在内在的一致性;根际增氧对不同生育时期水稻的根系活力均有明显的促进作用,其增幅从10%到150%不等,并存在明显的品种间差异;从水稻根系形态、生理活性以及根部氮素形态转化等多个方面来看,增氧处理有利于水稻根系吸收氮素,但其对水稻氮素积累量的影响则与增氧处理方式和程度有关,过度增氧抑制了水稻植株对氮的利用,从而限制了其生物量的增加,反过来抑制了对氮的吸收。水稻对根际增氧的响应规律并非其对低氧和缺氧胁迫响应规律的简单倒转,饱和氧处理下水稻生物量和产量的剧烈降低表明了水稻对富氧响应的复杂性。探索根际增氧对三叶期前水稻幼苗的影响,完善根际增氧对水稻氮代谢的影响研究,并量化水稻田间需氧量,探索简单易行的苗期增氧措施,对进一步完善水稻育秧理论,改进水稻育秧技术具有重要意义。     

禾本科植物联合固氮的研究现状及应用前景

氮是限制农业生产的最重要因素之一。随着人工固氮技术的发展,氮肥的施用在提高作物产量、解决人类温饱问题的同时,导致了土壤板结、酸化、氮素流失及温室气体排放(N2O)等环境问题。与人工合成氨相比,生物固氮是一种绿色经济的固氮方式,其包括共生固氮和非共生(自生固氮及联合固氮)固氮,且每年固定的氮可占总固定量的50%以上。与共生固氮相比,非共生固氮存在范围广,如甘蔗、水稻、玉米和小麦等禾本科作物均能进行非共生固氮(联合固氮)。本文主要从禾本科植物的联合固氮菌种类及其作用机理、固氮活性及调控方式以及联合固氮菌的资源及应用3个方面进行综述,发现相比较共生固氮而言,联合固氮菌易受到土著微生物、氮素水平等环境因素影响,其研究难度更大,需要筛选纯化更多的联合固氮菌,为其固氮机制研究提供良好材料;氮、磷、钼、铁等肥料的适量添加可有效促进固氮菌的固氮效率;固氮菌不仅可以提高土壤固氮量,而且有利于植物根系激素调节,从而增加植物抗病抗逆能力,促进植物更健康的生长。本文最后对禾本科植物联合固氮的农艺管理措施及固氮菌剂的实际应用方面做了展望,以期为提高禾本科植物联合固氮效率及推动生物固氮菌在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

稻田非共生固氮对当季水稻吸收氮的贡献

非共生固氮是水稻土氮素循环中的一个基本环节。作为一个基础数据,人们首先需要知道稻田土壤中的非共生固氮量。     

不同年限有机栽培对土壤生物固氮活性的影响

氮是对作物生长和产量维持最重要的元素。有机农业无化学肥料投入,生物固氮是氮素最重要的来源之一。然而到目前为止,有机栽培对农田土壤微生物固氮活性的影响尚不清楚。本文以20年常规栽培花椰菜农田土壤为对照,比较经10年、14年、20年有机栽培后土壤微生物固氮活性的变化,并通过多元统计分析探究了影响土壤生物固氮活性的因素。研究结果表明,在7天的测定周期中,与常规栽培相比,10年和14年有机栽培降低了前期土壤生物固氮速率,但整个周期累积固氮在量各处理间无显著差异。不同年限有机栽培对土壤生物固氮速率和累积固氮量影响显著,整体而言14年有机栽培的最低,10年和20年有机栽培间的差异因培养时间而异。培养结束时,常规栽培土壤固氮速率接近于0,有机栽培的花椰菜土壤则仍保持较高活性。皮尔森相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）表明,NH₄+、NO₃?及Olsen P含量是影响有机栽培土壤生物固氮活性的关键因素;其中,NO₃?对固氮有抑制作用,Olsen P则促进了土壤生物固氮活性的增加。     

根系通气组织发育程度对水稻苗期生长及氮素吸收的影响

水稻苗期由于根系通气组织发育不完善导致根际缺氧是限制水稻生长的因素之一。本研究在水培条件下通过施用不同种类通气组织刺激剂，硝普钠、亚硒酸钠、硫氢化钠，研究其对水稻苗期生长、氮素积累、根系内部通气组织发育（孔隙度）及外部形态、根际氧含量的影响。结果表明，不同通气组织刺激剂均能通过刺激通气组织发育改善根际氧环境从而促进苗期水稻生长。其中施用0.01 mmol/L亚硒酸钠处理效果最佳，植株干重、氮积累量、根孔隙度及根际氧含量分别较不添加刺激剂的对照处理显著增加36.7%、16.1%、70.5%和39.9%。无论是生物量还是氮积累均与水稻苗期通气组织发育程度存在一个明显的突变阈值（42.0%）。当孔隙度小于该阈值时，孔隙度每增加1%时，单株水稻生物量和氮积累量分别显著增加6.5及0.2 mg；而当孔隙度超过阈值时，二者则迅速降低。因此，苗期添加适宜浓度的通气组织刺激剂可以通过提高根系泌氧来缓解苗期水稻根际环境中溶解氧不足对水稻发育的抑制，同时也为提高水稻氮素吸收提供新的思路。     

水稻根际和周围土壤中微生物功能基因丰度与碳、氮状况及其通量之间的关系

Rapid nitrogen（N） transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms（NH＋4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N）, microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH＋4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.     

Biological nitrogen fixation associated with roots of field-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Nitrogenase (C₂H₂) activity was measured in microbial media inoculated with barley root segments or corresponding rhizosphere soil. Three different media were used, Döbereiner's malate medium, a modified Ashby medium, and an acid nitrogen-free medium. Only Döbereiner's medium gave consistently positive results, and cultures inoculated with roots showed higher activity than cultures inoculated with corresponding rhizosphere soil. Similar experiments with roots and rhizosphere soil from wheat gave only negligible nitrogenase activity, whereas the tropical grass, Cynodon dactylon, gave higher activity than barley. Measurements on intact soil cores containing barley root systems showed an initial lag phase followed by a rather stable activity level over a period from 12 h to 48 h, and then the activity again decreased. The activity during the stable period corresponded to fixation of about 100 to 200 g N₂ ha^?1 24 h^?1. Measurements on isolated, washed barley roots showed only negligible nitrogenase activity.     

Sesbania rostrata as a green manure for lowland rice: Growth,N2 fixation,Azorhizobium sp. inoculation,and effects on succeeding crop yields and nitrogen balance

Summary Root and stem nodulation, nitrogen fixation (acetylene-reducing activity), growth and N accumulation bySesbania rostrata as affected by season and inoculation were studied in a pot experiment. The effects ofS. rostrata as a green manure on succeeding wet-season and dry-season rice yields and total N balance were also studied.S. rostrata grown during the wet season showed better growth, nodulation, and greater acetylene-reducing activity than that grown during the dry season. Inoculation withAzorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 StrSpc® (resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin) on the stem alone or on both root and stem significantly increased N₂ fixation by the plants. Soil and seed inoculation yielded active root nodules under flooded conditions. Plants that were not inoculated on the stem did not develop stem nodules. The nitrogenase activity of the root nodules was greater than that of the stem nodules in about 50-day-oldS. rostrata. S. rostrata incorporation, irrespective of inoculation, significantly increased the grain yield and N uptake of the succeeding wet season and dry season rice crops. The inoculated treatments produced a significantly greater N gain (873 mg N pot^–1) than the noinoculation (712 mg N pot^–1) treatment. About 80% of the N gained was transferred to the succeeding rice crops and about 20% remained in the soil. The soil N in the flooded fallow-rice treatment significantly declined (–140 mg N pot^–1) but significantly increased in bothS. rostrata-rice treatments (159 and 151 mg N pot^–1 in uninoculated and inoculated treatments respectively). The N-balance data gave extrapolated values of N₂ fixed per hectare at about 303 kg N ha^–1 per two crops forS. rostrata (uninoculated)-rice and 383 forS. rostrata (inoculated)-rice.     

Microsensor analysis of oxygen and pH in the rice rhizosphere under field and laboratory conditions

 O₂ and pH microsensors were used to analyse the microdistribution of O₂ and pH inside and outside roots of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). The roots of 3-week-old transplants had O₂ concentrations of about 20% air saturation at the surface, but due to a high rate of O₂ consumption in the rhizosphere, the oxic region only extended about 0.4 mm into the surrounding soil. Also the fine lateral roots created an oxic zone extending about 0.15 mm into the soil. The O₂ concentration within the roots approached air saturation close to the base, but only about 40–60% of air saturation in a region about 8 cm below the base where lateral rootlets were present. A shift from air to N₂ around the leaves led to a drop of 50% in the O₂ concentration after 12 min at a distance of 8.5 cm from the base. Flowering plants did not export O₂ to the soil from the majority of their roots, but high microbial activity was present in a very thin biofilm covering the root surface. A brown colour around the thin lateral roots indicated some O₂ export from these also during flowering. No oxidized zone was present around the roots at later stages of crop growth. The roots caused only minor minima in pH (<0.2 pH units) in the rhizosphere as compared to the bulk soil. Illumination of the plants had no effect on rhizosphere pH. Received: 28 April 1998     

Nitrogen fixation in paddy soils

Several important features of the N. fixation in paddy fields which were reported previously were confirmed and some new additional results regarding the evaluation of the N₂ fixation in the rhizosphere were obtained by reinvestigation in the fields. In addition, rice plants were cultivated in the submerged soil in pots and various parts of the soil were analyzed for the N₂-fixing activity as well as several other properties. The results of the pot experiments were found to be fairly similar to those observed in the field investigations, indicating the validity of the submerged soil in a pot as a rather simulated model for the actual paddy field. By using this model system, the following facts were ascertained: (1) Water-percolation had almost no effect on the N₂-fixing activities of both the rhizosphere and the non-rhizosphere soils. (2) Suppressing effect of washing the root of rice plant on the N₂-fixing activity was slight in the seedling stage and marked in the tillering and flowering stages. (3) The N₂-fixing activity of a single rice root varied from tip to base.     

旱作水稻与花生间作系统中的氮素固定与转移及其对土壤肥力的影响

以花生和旱作水稻为材料 ,采用分隔方法和15N同位素示踪法 ,在不同氮素水平下研究了水稻与花生间作复合体的氮素营养优势、间作花生的生物固氮效率、花生体内氮素向水稻的转移。并在田间条件下研究了花生单作、水稻单作、水稻 /花生间作 3种栽培方式下对土壤氮素肥力的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )水稻和花生间作有产量优势和氮素营养优势 ,在N 0kghm- 2 、N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 三个氮素水平下 ,根系不分隔的水稻生物量分别比分隔处理的高 3 0 0 3 %、1 0 1 %和 2 2 % ;水稻氮素吸收量分别比分隔处理的高 74 0 3 %、1 6 93 %和 2 3 2 % ;( 2 )花生在N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 氮素水平下 ,分隔处理和不分隔花生固氮量分别为 3 8 1 1 %、40 97%和 1 4 81 %、2 0 49% ,间作能提高花生固氮效率 ;( 3 )花生体内氮素在共生期内可以转移到水稻体内 ,花生固氮量和氮素转移没有相关 ;( 4 )与水稻单作比较 ,花生 /水稻间作可以改善土壤的氮素营养。     

Nitrogen fixation of Sesbania rostrata: Contribution of stem nodules to nitrogen acquisition

Abstract

Nitrogen contents, nodule numbers, and nodule dry weights of 6-week-oId Sesbania rostrata plants grown in sand culture with only root nodules, only stem nodules or with both were compared and the root nodules were found to contribute to nitrogen acquisition more significantly than the stem nodules. Similar findings were obtained in ¹⁵N₂-fixing experiments. An 8-week-old plant with both stem and root nodules fixed 1.50 mg nitrogen in a 12 h light period, while the fixation decreased to 1.15 mg nitrogen after the removal of the stem nodules, suggesting that root nodules played major role in nitrogen fixation. However, acetylene-reducing activities per nodule dry weight were higher in the stem nodules. Under flooding conditions, the aerenchyma tissues contributed to about 40% of N₂ transport to root nodules, and 60% was supplied through stem.     

杂交水稻氮肥施用技术的研究

本试验结果表明:杂交水稻亩产千斤,早稻需要的氮素营养比常规稻多,晚稻则相反;杂交早稻和晚稻都以生育中期为吸肥最多的时期,吸收的氮量占全生育期吸氮总量的一半以上,土壤供氮则相反.本试验从协调水稻吸氮、土壤供氮和人工补氮三者之间的平衡关系出发,设计的“稳前攻中”施肥法,在衡阳几种土壤上进行对比示范试验结果表明,无论是杂交早稻还是杂交晚稻都表现有显著的增产效果,增产幅度:早稻为2.97-8.99%,晚稻为7.54-14.06%.“稳前攻中”施肥法增加了中、后期的氮肥比例,从而增加了每亩穗数和每穗粒数.“稳前攻中”施肥法,减少了前期施肥,不仅充分利用了杂交水稻生育前期的根系优势和分蘖优势,发挥了生育中期的穗粒优势,而且还能防止早衰,巩固后期优势,充分挖掘杂交水稻的增产潜力.     

Nitrogenase activity of sugar cane propagated from stem cuttings in sterile vermiculite

About one-quarter of 6- to 15-day old sugar cane (cv NA56-79) propagated from surface sterile or untreated single node cuttings in sterile vermiculite exhibited acetylene-reducing activity (ARA). Most of this ARA was in the rhizosphere vermiculite. There was no ARA before sprouting of the cuttings. There were numerous nitrogen-fixing and other bacteria in macerated untreated and macerated surface sterile cuttings, and nitrogen-fixers were enriched when small sections taken from internal tissues of cuttings were incubated on sucrose agar slants under air. Possible sites of N₂-fixers in the stem tissues, and possible routes of movement of these bacteria into the rhizosphere after germination were indicated by observations of distributions of tetrazolium-reducing bacteria. There was no evidence of progressive invasion of the stem from the surface inwards. It is suggested that the most likely origin of bacteria in the stem is in the root interior where tetrazolium-reducing bacteria were observed in the same types of sites as in the stems, viz. in intercellular spaces and in the xylem. Reestablishment of the stem bacteria in the roots and rhizosphere soil following germination appears to constitute an instance of cyclic infection. This phenomenon may be of significance historically, and potentially, to perpetuate and enhance N₂ fixation by sugar cane.