Effect of storage time and Furolan on the contents of nitrogen, protein and non protein nitrogen in winter wheat grain

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage time and growth regulator, Furolan on protein, non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen contents of three varieties of winter wheat grains namely Batko, Diya and Krasnodar 99. The contents of the nitrogen, protein and non-protein nitrogen in winter wheat grain were determined by different protocols during the full ripeness phase of the grain and the period of 12 months storage. The grains (both the control and experimental) were kept in storage for varied periods under normal conditions. Krasnodar 99 variety responded most to the Furolan and recorded an increase in protein nitrogen content by 46.3% followed by 24.9% in experimental Batko variety and 17.4% in Diya??s variety in comparison with the control. The content of protein nitrogen in the grain of experimental Batko variety increased up to the seventh month of storage, and then decreased by the 12th month of storage. In the control??a similar tendency of change in this parameter was observed. It was noted that seven months of storage is critical in change dynamics of the content of non-protein nitrogen in the selected winter wheat varieties studied.     

Influence of different treatments on the variation of grain size trait in winter wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) varieties

Genetical and biometrical analyses were carried out to investigate the variation of grain sizes in three winter varieties (namely Batko, Diya and Krasnodarskaya 99) under the influence of the growth regulator, Furolan and mineral fertilizer. The 1000–grain weight trait was equally analyzed. The difference in germination energy of large seeds between extreme variants amounted 6.0% (LSD₀₅-var. = 2.85). There were significant differences in germination energy of seeds. Extreme variants differed significantly among themselves in laboratory germinating power of seeds. The difference between them was 4.0% (LSD₀₅-var. = 1.84). The variant treated with growth regulator, Furolan did not differ significantly from control. Mineral fertilizers in Bat’ko variety increased laboratory germinating power of seeds; its increase in comparison with control was 2.0% (LSD₀₅-var. = 1.84). The difference between experimental variants in 1000–grain weight of small grains was 0.6 g (LSD₀₅-fact. C = 0.13) which showed that Furolan significantly increased 1000–grain weight of most of the winter wheat varieties studied.     

临时强光胁迫对18个冬小麦幼苗色素含量的影响

[目的]研究强光胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶片色素含量的影响,比较品种间的耐性差异。[方法]以18个冬小麦品种的幼苗为试验材料,当第二片叶完全展开时进行3 h的强光处理,采用反射光谱仪测定叶片色素含量。[结果]临时强光胁迫对冬小麦幼苗色素含量的影响较为复杂,多数品种冬小麦幼苗的花青素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的含量受到临时光胁迫的抑制,少数受到促进或效果不明显。从色素含量来判断,山农12、临麦2号、天y9220、晋麦69、NCW4、农大6044的花青素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量均被短时间强光促进,是耐性品种;旱2、A115、山农14、山农15、泰农2413、山农164和鲁麦14均被短时间强光抑制,且抑制程度较大,是敏感品种。[结论]为今后冬小麦的抗性育种提供了参考。     

高温胁迫对2个冬小麦品种幼苗的影响

[目的]比较高温胁迫对2个冬小麦品种幼苗的影响,为进一步研究其耐性机制奠定基础。[方法]采用盘栽法,以冬小麦品种济麦19和临麦2号为材料,在苗期用40℃高温胁迫处理7 d,比较2品种的株高、干重、PSII的光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、相对电导率、色素含量等指标。[结果]与对照相比,高温胁迫导致临麦2号的花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量降低,相对电导率增加;Fv/Fm值和株高降低;并导致其干重显著降低。高温胁迫除导致济麦19的株高受到抑制外,对其他指标没有影响。[结论]冬小麦济麦19的耐高温胁迫能力比临麦2号强。     

不同氮肥水平与毛竹林反射光谱的关系

为了探讨施肥量与毛竹叶片反射光谱特性和色素含量的关系,对不同氮肥水平下毛竹叶片色素含量及反射光谱参数进行了测试,并分析了光谱参数红边位置与色素含量的相关性。结果表明：施用氮肥能够显著提高毛竹叶片的色素含量。在施氮肥250kg/hm2时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量比对照分别提高了19.9%、31.7%和14.0...     

2个枇杷品种叶片养分吸收特性比较

以‘东湖早’和‘早钟6号’枇杷为材料,分析比较其叶片营养状况,探讨枇杷养分吸收特性。结果表明,‘东湖早’枇杷春梢叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于‘早钟6号’,而2个品种的夏梢、秋梢、冬梢均无显著性差异;2个品种的春梢、夏梢、秋梢和冬梢叶片全磷含量均无显著性差异;2个品种的春梢叶片全钾含量无显著性差异,‘东湖早’枇杷夏梢叶片全钾含量显著低于‘早钟6号’,秋梢和冬梢叶片均显著高于‘早钟6号’。2个品种氮的吸收高峰均在冬梢,磷和钾的吸收高峰均在春梢。     

Predictive models of drought tolerance indices based on physiological,morphological and biochemical markers for the selection of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties

The use of tolerant crop varieties is a strategy that mitigates the water deficit effect in a sustainable way. The generation of these varieties is more efficient when variables associated with this tolerance have been identified, since they can facilitate the breeding processes. This study aimed to establish the relationships between water deficit tolerance of four cotton varieties (Nevada-123, Oasis-129, Guatapuri, and Festivalle) and morphological variables (monopodial branches, boll weight, root/shoot ratio, and leaf and root dry matter), physiological variables (relative water content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, electron transport rate, photochemical quenching, photochemical efficiency of PSII, chlorophyll a/b ratio (Chl a/b), C¹²/C¹³ isotope ratio, and electrolyte leakage), and biochemical variables (contents of sugars, proline, carotenoids, and malondialdehyde). Furthermore, calibrated predictive models of the drought tolerance indices were developed based on the key variables identified. For this purpose, a pot experiment was established where plants were subjected to a moderate or severe water deficit during the blooming stage for 12 days. The stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) were calculated. For the evaluated variables, the differences between well-watered and water deficit plants (Δ) were calculated and ANOVA, partial least squares, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression analyzes were performed. A model was generated that explained 95% of the STI and was composed of Δmalondialdehyde, Δproline, and Δboll weight. For MP, the model was comprised of Δstomatal conductance, Δroot/shoot ratio, and ΔChl a/b, and explained 89% of the MP. The analysis of the assessed variables allowed the identification of key variables and the development of calibrated predictive models that can be used in screening to obtain cotton varieties with different levels of water deficit tolerance.     

A double-layer model for improving the estimation of wheat canopy nitrogen content from unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral imagery

The accurate and rapid estimation of canopy nitrogen content (CNC) in crops is the key to optimizing in-season nitrogen fertilizer application in precision agriculture. However, the determination of CNC from field sampling data for leaf area index (LAI), canopy photosynthetic pigments (CPP; including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) can be time-consuming and costly. Here we evaluated the use of high-precision unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for estimating the LAI, CPP and CNC of winter wheat over the whole growth period. A total of 23 spectral features (SFs; five original spectrum bands, 17 vegetation indices and the gray scale of the RGB image) and eight texture features (TFs; contrast, entropy, variance, mean, homogeneity, dissimilarity, second moment, and correlation) were selected as inputs for the models. Six machine learning methods, i.e., multiple stepwise regression (MSR), support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), Gaussian process regression (GPR), back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), were compared for the retrieval of winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC values, and a double-layer model was proposed for estimating CNC based on LAI and CPP. The results showed that the inversion of winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC by the combination of SFs+TFs greatly improved the estimation accuracy compared with that by using only the SFs. The RBFNN and BPNN models outperformed the other machine learning models in estimating winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC. The proposed double-layer models (R²=0.67–0.89, RMSE=13.63–23.71 mg g^–1, MAE=10.75–17.59 mg g^–1) performed better than the direct inversion models (R²=0.61–0.80, RMSE=18.01–25.12 mg g^–1, MAE=12.96–18.88 mg g^–1) in estimating winter wheat CNC. The best winter wheat CNC accuracy was obtained by the double-layer RBFNN model with SFs+TFs as inputs (R²=0.89, RMSE=13.63 mg g^–1, MAE=10.75 mg g^–1). The results of this study can provide guidance for the accurate and rapid determination of winter wheat canopy nitrogen content in the field.     

18个冬小麦品种幼苗的高温耐受性比较研究

以18个冬小麦品种（品系）为材料,用短时间（4h）和长时间高温（41℃）处理其幼苗,通过测定叶片的花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率及光反应系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的功能,研究不同冬小麦品种（品系）幼苗期对高温的耐受性。结果表明,长时间高温处理均增加了花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量,其中类胡萝卜素含量的增加最明显,平均增幅为38.9%,花青素和叶绿素的平均增幅相近,分别为20.9%和22.3%。短时间高温胁迫对色素含量影响较为复杂,变幅也较大,大多数材料的色素含量受到抑制,少数受到较小幅度的促进,且品种间差异较大;2种高温胁迫均导致PSⅡ的活性下降,光合速率（PRI）降低,且抑制程度相同。根据上述指标综合分析得出：临麦2号、山农14及晋太170是耐性品种（品系）,旱2、良星99及济麦19是敏感品种（品系）,其对高温胁迫的耐受机理有待今后进一步研究。     

Influence of furolan-treated seeds on sowing characteristics of winter wheat cultivars

The study was carried out at the All-Russian Rice Research Institute, Belozerny, Krasnodar, Russia in 2009. The seeds of three varieties of winter wheat namely; Bat’ko, Deya and Krasnodarskaya 99 were grown in different concentrations of growth regulators namely; Furolan, (2-furyl-2)-1,3-dioxolane, gibberellins (plant hormone) and water as control. The influence of the growth regulators on seed germination energy and germinating power were determined. The effect of the regulators was higher in all the experimental variants than in the control. However, this increase was insignificant (LSD_0.05 = 6.88). Application of Furolan in concentration of 0.001 and 0.0001% in Deya’s variety decreased germination energy in comparison with that of concentration 0.01%. Weak concentration virtually did not stimulate germination energy of seeds. The different varieties investigated in this study showed very positive response to growth regulators at different stages of ontogenesis of the plants. The effect of the factor B (growth regulators) on the formation of sprout length was 11.7%. Interaction of factors A and B was very small; its effect was only 0.6%.     

辣椒果实发育过程中果色与类胡萝卜素的变化

 【目的】研究不同颜色辣椒果实发育过程中类胡萝卜素种类和含量的变化规律,分析辣椒果实色泽与类胡萝卜素变化的相关性,为选育高辣椒红素新品种提供参考。【方法】采用薄层层析方法测定不同时期辣椒果实的类胡萝卜素种类和含量。【结果】（1）青果期绿色、成熟期为红色的品种共分离出16种色素;青果期前合成的叶绿素和部分黄色类胡萝卜素含量在转色期后下降,青果期后合成的红色、橙色和黄色类胡萝卜素含量大幅增加;成熟期类胡萝卜素总含量和辣椒红素含量高。（2）青果期乳白色、成熟期为红色品种共分离出12种色素,青果期色素含量较低;随着果实发育,青果期前合成的黄色类胡萝卜素含量变化不大,青果期后合成的黄色、橙色和红色类胡萝卜素含量增加较快;成熟期类胡萝卜素总含量较低,辣椒红素含量较高。（3）青果期绿色、成熟期为橙色的品种共分离出14种色素;叶绿素逐渐降解,青果期前合成的黄色类胡萝卜素含量变幅不大,青果期后合成的黄色和橙色类胡萝卜素含量迅速增加;成熟期类胡萝卜素总含量较高,没有合成辣椒红素。（4）青果期绿色、成熟期为黄色的品种共分离出9种色素;叶绿素和黄色类胡萝卜素逐渐降解,没有合成新的类胡萝卜素,成熟期类胡萝卜素总含量低。【结论】在辣椒果实发育过程中,不同颜色类型果实中类胡萝卜素种类和含量不同,同一类型不同品种变化趋势基本相同,但含量有差异;青果期为绿色、成熟期为红色的品种为选育高辣椒红素的理想材料;不同颜色辣椒果实中类胡萝卜素合成途径不同。     

不同基因型烤烟质体色素降解及与烤后烟叶挥发性降解物含量关系

【目的】研究不同基因型烤烟成熟和调制过程中色素降解及与烤后烟叶中性挥发性色素降解成分含量的关系。【方法】采用液相色谱方法测定豫中浓香型烟区9个不同基因型烤烟中部叶质体色素含量。【结果】在成熟和调制过程中烟叶的质体色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素的总降解量总体大于类胡萝卜素,且叶绿素a的降解量显著大于叶绿素b,在调制后烟叶中叶绿素b残留量较多,叶绿素在烟叶成熟期的降解量大于在调制期间的降解量。在类胡萝卜素中叶黄素含量和降解量最大,且在成熟期间的降解量大于调制期间的降解量,新黄质在成熟期的降解量大于调制期间的降解量,但β-胡萝卜素和紫黄质在调制期间的降解量大于成熟期间的降解量。不同基因型色素降解量不同,且与调制后烟叶色素降解类中性香气成分含量多呈显著正相关关系,与调制后烟叶色素含量无显著相关性或呈负相关关系。类胡萝卜素降解产物总量和许多重要香气成分与成熟期色素降解量的相关性大于与调制期降解量的相关性。【结论】烟叶成熟过程中叶绿素、叶黄素和新黄质的降解量大于调制期的降解量。烤后烟叶中挥发性色素降解香气成分含量与质体色素的降解量,特别是成熟期色素降解量有密切关系,提高烟叶成熟度对促进烟叶香气物质形成至关重要。     

Early selection of bread wheat genotypes using morphological and photosynthetic attributes conferring drought tolerance

Genetic diversity is the base of any genetic improvement breeding program aimed at stress breeding. The variability among breeding materials is of primary importance in the achievements of a good crop production. Herein, 105 wheat genotypes were screened against drought stress using factorial completely randomized design at seedling stage to determine the genetic diversity and traits association conferring drought tolerance. Analysis of variances revealed that all the studied parameters differed significantly among all genotypes, indicating the significance genetic variability existed among all genotypes for studied indices. The 10 best performance genotypes G1, G6, G11, G16, G21, G26, G39, G44, G51, and G61 were screened as drought tolerant, while five lowest performance genotypes G3, G77, G91, G98, and G105 were screened as drought susceptible. Root length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents were significantly correlated among themselves which exhibited the importance of these indices for rainfed areas in future wheat breeding scheme. Shoot length exhibited non-significant and negative association with other studied traits, and its selection seems not to be a promising criteria for this germplasm for drought stress. Best performance genotypes under drought stress conditions will be useful in future wheat breeding program and early selection will be effective for developing high yielding and drought tolerant wheat varieties.     

红壤旱地不同施氮量对冬萝卜莲座期光合色素的影响

在红壤旱地,施用不同量的尿素,分别用丙酮溶液和MinoltaSPAD-502叶绿素计在实验室和田间测定冬萝卜莲座期叶片光合色素的含量,研究不同施氮水平对萝卜叶片光合色素的影响及通过光合色素为冬萝卜施肥提供较好理论依据。结果表明,不同施氮水平和光合色素平均增量呈线性关系,其中施氮水平与光合色素平均增量、叶绿素平均增量和叶绿素a平均增量达到极显著相关,与叶绿素b增量和类胡萝卜素平均增量达到显著相关水平。并且,冬萝卜叶片叶绿素a/b比值随着施氮水平的提高而降低。室内分光光度法分析的冬萝卜叶片叶绿素含量与SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定的叶绿素SPAD值呈极显著正相关关系。     

遮荫对小麦旗叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

 【目的】研究长期遮荫对小麦旗叶光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】以扬麦158、扬麦11、南农9918和南农02Y393等4个冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种为材料,从拔节至成熟期进行遮光22%和33%处理。【结果】灌浆前中期,遮荫对较耐荫的品种扬麦158和南农02Y393旗叶SPAD（Soil-Plant Analyses Development）值无显著影响,而降低不耐荫品种扬麦11和南农9918的旗叶SPAD值,但遮荫显著提高了灌浆后期小麦旗叶SPAD值。遮荫降低了小麦旗叶光合速率（Pn）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）与干物质积累量,而提高了光系统Ⅱ的初始荧光强度（Fo）和最大光化学转化效率（Fv/Fm）。【结论】遮荫主要是通过降低叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率和光化学荧光猝灭系数,引起单叶光合速率下降,最终降低小麦干物质积累。     

遮荫对重瓣大花萱草光合色素含量及生理特性的影响

对重瓣大花萱草进行不同程度遮荫处理,研究了其生长过程中叶片中的光合色素含量、叶绿素a/b值、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化及其生理特性.结果表明:不同处理的重瓣大花萱草在生长过程中,光合色素的含量呈先升后降的趋势;与全光照相比,遮荫处理的叶绿索含量较高,叶绿素d/b值较低;持续遮荫的过程中,游离脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;可溶性糖含量先升高后降低;MDA含量呈上升-下降一上升的变化趋势.适度的遮荫可以提高重瓣大花萱草的叶绿素含量,对延缓叶片的成熟期和花期有重要的影响,同时对重瓣大花萱草的生长及园林应用有重要意义.     

不同素质烟叶烘烤过程中颜色值与色素含量的关系

【目的】研究不同素质烟叶烘烤过程中外观颜色参数与内在色素含量间的关系,为实现不同素质烟叶的精准烘烤提供理论依据。【方法】以烟叶K326品种为试验材料,分别取其下部嫩黄烟、中部返青烟、上部高温逼熟烟和上部贪青晚熟烟4种特殊素质烟叶进行烘烤,测定烘烤过程中烟叶外观颜色参数[绿色度(SPAD)、明度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)、黄蓝值(b*)]及色素含量,并对二者进行相关分析。【结果】4种素质烟叶的SPAD均在30~38℃下降最快。烘烤过程中,4种素质烟叶的L*、a*和b*均呈不同程度上升趋势,返青烟、嫩黄烟和高温逼熟烟在30~38℃上升最快,贪青晚熟烟在30~42℃上升最快。叶绿素a与叶绿素b的含量变化趋势基本一致,嫩黄烟、返青烟和高温逼熟烟在30~38℃降解量最大,贪青晚熟烟则在42~48℃降解量最大;4种素质烟叶的类胡萝卜素含量相对降解量均较小,其中嫩黄烟的类胡萝卜素含量在42~48℃迅速下降,高温逼熟烟在30~38、48~54℃时有较小幅度下降,返青烟和贪青晚熟烟则呈缓慢下降趋势;嫩黄烟、返青烟、高温逼熟烟和贪青晚熟烟的类胡萝卜素含量与叶绿素含量比值增长最快分别出现在30~42、30~38、42~48和48~54℃。不同素质烟叶SPAD与叶绿素含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),高温逼熟烟L*与叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),其他3种素质烟叶L*、a*、b*与叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关。【结论】不同素质烟叶在烘烤过程中其外观颜色参数与内在色素含量具有密切相关性,可依据外观颜色参数估计烟叶内部色素含量,为准确把握不同素质烟叶烘烤进程提供理论依据。     

小麦生育后期不同叶位光合色素含量比较

为了研究小麦生育后期不同叶位的叶片衰老情况,采用分光光度法,以郑麦7698、周麦18、矮抗58、京411小麦品种为材料,对抽穗期、灌浆中期和成熟期小麦不同叶位光合色素含量进行了测定比较。结果表明,抽穗期和灌浆中期,4个小麦品种不同叶位叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均表现为旗叶>倒2叶>倒3叶,且品种间差异不大。抽穗期,4个品种旗叶、倒2叶和倒3叶平均叶绿素a含量分别为3.22、2.68、2.34mg/g,叶绿素b含量分别为1.02、0.89、0.82mg/g,类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.59、0.49、0.43mg/g;灌浆中期,旗叶、倒2叶和倒3叶4个品种平均叶绿素a含量分别为3.22、2.68、1.86mg/g,叶绿素b含量分别为1.29、1.15、0.81mg/g,类胡萝卜素分别为0.14、0.08、0.05mg/g。而成熟期不同叶位间光合色素变化无明显规律,且品种间差异较大。叶绿素a/b值在抽穗期和灌浆中期也基本呈现出随着叶位上升而升高的规律,而成熟期叶绿素a/b值明显降低,且倒3叶叶绿素a/b值高于旗叶,相同叶位品种间叶绿素a/b值变化不大。     

2个枇杷品种叶片若干生理指标比较

以‘东湖早’和‘早钟6号’枇杷为材料,对其成年树4个季节枝梢叶片的若干生理指标进行比较分析,探讨枇杷树叶片生理规律。结果表明,‘东湖早’枇杷春梢叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于‘早钟6号’,而2个品种的夏梢、秋梢、冬梢叶片均无显著性差异;‘东湖早’枇杷春梢叶片POD、SOD、CAT和PPO活性均极显著高于‘早钟6号’,MDA含量极显著低于‘早钟6号’,而2个品种的春梢、夏梢、秋梢和冬梢叶片则均无显著性差异。室内试验数据与田间观察到的‘东湖早’枇杷春梢生长较为旺盛具有一致性。